Abstract
Like most developing countries, Afghanistan still employs the traditional philosophy of supplying all its load demands whenever they happen. However, to have a reliable and cost-effective system, the new approach proposes to keep the variations of demand at the lowest possible level. The power system infrastructure requires massive capital investment; demand response (DR) is one of the economic options for running the system according to the new scheme. DR has become the intention of many researchers in developed countries. However, very limited works have investigated the employment of appropriate DR programs for developing nations, particularly considering renewable energy sources (RESs). In this paper, as two-stage programming, the effect of the time-of-use demand response (TOU-DR) program on optimal operation of Afghanistan real power system in the presence of RESs and pumped hydropower storage (PHS) system in the day-ahead power market is analyzed. Using the concept of price elasticity, first, an economic model indicating the behaviour of customers involved in TOU-DR program is developed. A genetic algorithm (GA) coded in MATLAB software is used accordingly to schedule energy and reserve so that the total operation cost of the system is minimized. Two simulation cases are considered to verify the effectiveness of the suggested scheme. The first stage programming approach leads case 2 with TOU-DR program to 35 MW (811 MW − 776 MW), $16,235 ($528,825 − $512,590), and 64 MW reductions in the peak load, customer bill and peak to valley distance, respectively compared to case 1 without TOU-DR program. Also, the simulation results for stage 2 show that by employing the TOU-DR program, the system’s total cost can be reduced from $317,880 to $302,750, which indicates a significant reduction in thermal units’ operation cost, import power tariffs and reserve cost.
Highlights
The availability of energy in a country plays an essential role in building its socialeconomic development
The peak load which happens for every few hours and needs power plants to be built for those limited hours is reduced from 811 MW to 776 MW
The other important factor of load factor which has an effective role in economics of power systems is increased from 82.33% to 85.53%
Summary
The availability of energy in a country plays an essential role in building its socialeconomic development. The index of per capita energy consumption is an indicator used to show the prosperity of a nation. Afghanistan is an energy-rich country but still has an energy crisis. Afghanistan’s average annual per capita energy consumption at 149 kWh per person ranks it among the lowest in the world [1]. Afghanistan is a mountainous landlocked country situated in South and Central Asia. It borders Iran in the west, Pakistan in the south and east, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan in the north and China in the northeast, as shown in Figure 1 [2]. Afghanistan lies at latitude 33◦56 20.8 N and longitude 67◦42 35.8 E. It has a total land area of 652,237 km and a population of about
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