Concentrations Of ZnO NPs Research Articles

Induced effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on human acute myeloid leukemia cell apoptosis by regulating mitochondrial division.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have exhibited excellent anti-tumor properties; the present study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanism of ZnO NPs induced apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells by regulating mitochondrial division. THP-1 cells, an AML cell line, were first incubated with different concentrations of ZnO NPs for 24 hr. Next, the expression of Drp-1, Bcl-2, Bax mRNA, and protein was detected, and the effects of ZnO NPs on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), apoptosis, and ATP generation in THP-1 cells were measured. Moreover, the effect of Drp-1 inhibitor Mdivi-1 and ZnO NPs on THP-1 cells was also detected. The results showed that the THP-1 cells survival rate decreased with the increment of ZnO NPs concentration and incubation time in a dose- and time-dependent manner. ZnO NPs can reduce the cell Δψm and ATP levels, induce ROS production, and increase the levels of mitochondrial division and apoptosis. In contrast, the apoptotic level was significantly reduced after intervention of Drp-1 inhibitor, suggesting that ZnO NPs can induce the apoptosis of THP-1 cells by regulating mitochondrial division. Overall, ZnO NPs may provide a new basis and idea for treating human acute myeloid leukemia in clinical practice.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle-Loaded Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride Nanofibers as a Potential Face Protector against Respiratory Viral Infections.

ZnO-NPs loaded polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning and optimized using different concentrations (0, 2, and 5 wt %) of ZnO-NPs. Characterization techniques, for example, FTIR, SEM, XRD, and tensile strength analysis were performed to analyze the composite nanofibers. Molecular docking calculations were performed to evaluate the binding affinity of PVDF and ZnO@PVDF against the hexon protein of adenovirus (PDB ID: 6CGV). The cytotoxicity of tested materials was evaluated using MTT assay, and nontoxic doses subjected to antiviral evaluation against human adenovirus type-5 as a human respiratory model were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. IC50 values were obtained at concentrations of 0, 2, and 5% of ZnO-loaded PVDF; however, no cytotoxic effect was detected for the nanofibers. In 5% ZnO-loaded PVDF nanofibers, both the viral entry and its replication were inhibited in both the adsorption and virucidal antiviral mechanisms, making it a potent antiviral filter/mask. Therefore, ZnO-loaded PVDF nanofiber is a potentially prototyped filter embedded in a commercial face mask for use as an antiviral mask with a pronounced potential to reduce the spreading of infectious respiratory diseases, for example, COVID-19 and its analogues.

ZnO nanoparticles attenuate polymer-wear-particle induced inflammatory osteolysis by regulating the MEK-ERK-COX-2 axis

Background/ObjectivesAdvanced thermoplastic materials, such as polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) and highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE), have been increasingly used as orthopaedic implant materials. Similar to other implants, PEEK-on-HXLPE prostheses produce debris from polymer wear that may activate the immune response, which can cause osteolysis, and ultimately implant failure. In this study, we examined whether the anti-inflammatory properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) could attenuate polymer wear particle-induced inflammation.MethodsRAW264.7 ​cells were cultured with PEEK or PE particles and gradient concentrations of ZnO NPs. Intracellular mRNA expression and protein levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were detected. An air pouch mouse model was constructed to examine the inflammatory response and expression of pro-inflammatory factors in vivo. Furthermore, an osteolysis rat model was used to evaluate the activation of osteoclasts and destruction of bone tissue induced by polymer particles with or without ZnO NPs. Protein expression of the MEK-ERK-COX-2 pathway was also examined by western blotting to elucidate the mechanism underlying particle-induced anti-inflammatory effects.ResultsZnO NPs (≤50 ​nm, 5 ​μg/mL) showed no obvious cytotoxicity and attenuated PEEK or PE particle-induced inflammation and inflammatory osteolysis by reducing MEK and ERK phosphorylation and decreasing COX-2 expression.ConclusionZnO NPs (≤50 ​nm, 5 ​μg/mL) attenuated polymer wear particle-induced inflammation via regulation of the MEK-ERK-COX-2 axis. Further, ZnO NPs reduced bone tissue damage caused by particle-induced inflammatory osteolysis.The translational potential of this articlePolymer wear particles can induce inflammation and osteolysis in the body after arthroplasty. ZnO NPs attenuated polymer particle-induced inflammation and inflammatory osteolysis. Topical use of ZnO NPs and blended ZnO NP/polymer composites may provide promising approaches for inhibiting polymer wear particle-induced inflammatory osteolysis, thus expanding the range of polymers used in joint prostheses.

Synthesis and investigation of physicochemical properties of alginate dialdehyde/gelatin/ZnO nanocomposites as injectable hydrogels

There has been a great interest in injectable hydrogels for cartilage tissue regeneration since it can simply fill damaged defects within minimum invasive surgical therapies. Injectable nanocomposite hydrogels provide a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold that fits perfectly with the defects and combines the structure of an extracellular matrix to mimic cartilage cells. In this research, we present novel thermoresponsive injectable gelatin (GEL)/oxidized alginate (OA) hydrogels reinforced by zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)/1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) as chemical cross-linkers of polymer chains in the 3D scaffold system. The effect of ZnO NPs concentrations was investigated on the mechanical properties of scaffolds, and the outcomes revealed that boosting ZnO NPs content improved the storage modulus of the hydrogel by more than five folds. Comprehension of the injectable hydrogel viscoelasticity is essential in the formulation of suitable GEL/OA/ZnO nanocomposite scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. The morphology of the scaffolds possesses porous structures. The scaffold containing 0.05% ZnO NPs has a denser structure compared with uncross-linked hydrogel, and the pore size reduces by increasing the amount ZnO NPs. The in vitro swelling ratio has decreased at higher quantity of ZnO, due to the smaller pore sizes in the scaffolds, which minimizes the water absorption. The in vitro biodegradation reveals that the scaffold containing a higher amount of ZnO NPs (0.05%) is more durable than the one without ZnO NPs. The nanocomposite scaffold exposed biocompatibility >90% for MTT assay and excellent cell adhesion to MG-63 cells.

The protective role of vitamins (E + C) on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to ZnO NPs and Zn ions: Bioaccumulation and proximate chemical composition

Abstract The accumulation potency of zinc nanoparticles in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was previously studied but their impacts on proximate chemical composition in muscle tissue by describing the dose-dependent accumulation and the protective role of vitamins (E + C), have not been investigated. Therefore, this study was carried out to assess the protective role of vitamins (E + C) on Zn accumulation in muscle and gill tissues of O. niloticus exposed to three sub-lethal concentrations (1/8 LC50, 1/4 LC50, and 1/2 LC50) of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) compared to zinc oxide bulk particles (ZnO BPs) as well as their effects on the induced chemical composition alterations for different experimental periods (7, 14, 21, and 28 days). The data displayed that fish exposed to the different sub-lethal concentrations of ZnO NPs or ZnO BPs have a significant increase (P<0.05) in Zn ions accumulation in muscle and gill tissues compared to control group but Zn was accumulated in gill tissue higher than muscle tissue at all exposure periods. Also, Zn accumulation was higher in fish tissues exposed to ZnO NPs than ZnO BPs. On the other hand, groups supplemented with vitamins (E + C) showed a significant decreasing (P<0.05) in accumulated Zn levels compared to groups without supplementation. The values of these supplemented groups returned to similar levels established in the control at low concentrations but still higher than control at the high concentrations. Furthermore, the results showed that moisture and ash content slightly increased while protein and fat decreased in fish exposed to ZnO NPs or ZnO BPs compared to control group. In conclusion, the findings supported that a combination of vitamins (E + C) reduced Zn accumulation and ameliorated chemical composition alterations in O. niloticus fish.

Green synthesis and optimization of zinc oxide quantum dots using the Box–Behnken design, with anticancer activity against the MCF-7 cell line

A green strategy and cost-effective approach was adapted to prepare Zinc oxide quantum dots (ZnO QDs) for biomedical applications. The prepared ZnO QDs may hold great promise as sensing scanners for diagnostics and therapy, as demonstrated in our current study. Zinc sulfate, Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera gel and Catharanthus roseus leaves extract were used to synthesize a novel natural Zinc oxide bionanocomposite (ZnO BC) and used as a precursor to prepare ZnO QDs by microwave-assisted technique. The ZnO BC was characterized by SEM–EDX, FT-IR, XRD, Zeta potential, and particle size analysis. The optical properties of QDs were investigated using UV and PL spectrophotometers. Experimental factors like the concentrations of ZnO Nps, C. roseus, and Aloe vera were evaluated using Box–Behnken design (BBD). MTT and hemolysis assay was performed using ZnO BC and ZnO QDs. Maximum absorbance was observed at optimized values of 0.5% ZnO Nps, 1 g A. vera gel, and 0.5 ml C. roseus leaf extract of ZnO QDs against BBD. There was a decreased viability rate, ranging from 60 to 15% for 0.5 mg/ml ZnO BC and 45 to 5% for 5 mg/ml ZnO QDs which revealed a tenfold decrease in cell viability with less concentration scale for 5 mg/ml of ZnO QDs when compared with that of 0.5 mg/ml ZnO BC. Also, the hemolysis test shows that the hemolysis ratio was below 0.5%, indicating non-hemolysis of ZnO QDs. Cellular morphology by results was supported by phase-contrast microscopy images. Good biocompatibility and high anticancer activity were noticed for ZnO QDs when compared to ZnO BC and provide versatile applications in the field of nano-biomedicine.Graphical abstract

Foliar Spray of Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Alleviate Salinity Stress Effect on Vicia faba Plants

Previous studies recorded positive impact of ZnO NPs on plants stressed with salinity. The current work was performed to study the effect of two different concentrations of biosynthesized ZnO NPs (50 and 100 mg L−1) on faba bean plants under salinity stress. The zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized using Mentha extract, and their shape and size were characterized using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope while diffuse reflectance spectra were measured using UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The generated ZnO NPs were spherical with a particle size 9.4 nm and had a rod form with particle size 15.2 in length and 3.5 nm in width. The response of faba been plants to the foliar spray of ZnO NPs concentrations (0, 50, and 100 mg L−1) alone and in combination with salt stress at 150 mM NaCl was studied. Salinity induced reduction in faba bean root and shoot length and dry/fresh weights, while an enhancement was recorded in response to foliar treatment with ZnO NPs at 50 and 100 mg L−1 either in presence or absence of salinity stress. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, and total pigments were recorded in plants received 50 mg L−1 ZnO NPs compared to the alternative control. Secondary metabolites (phenols, flavonoids, and tannins) were accumulated in salinity-stressed plants and further accumulation in response to ZnO NPs treatment was noticed. Amino acids, proline, glycine betaine, and total soluble sugars, as well as enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant contents, increased almost onefold in salinity-stressed plants as compared to control plants while the 50 mg L−1 ZnO NPs treatment resulted in higher accumulation of the previously mentioned substances. In contrast, plants oxidative stress was reduced in response to ZnO NPs treatments. The nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, zinc, and iron contents of faba bean plants were recorded under salinity stress and in response to the two applied concentrations of ZnO NPs. Faba bean plants stressed with 150 MN NaCl showed growth decline that may be attributed to osmotic stress and low water availability imposed by salinity. The treatment of stressed plants with 50 mg L−1 ZnO NPs induced an enhancement in plant growth as well as an accumulation of antioxidants, osmolytes, and secondary metabolites that could help plants overcome the negative effects of salinity.

Both Zn biofortification and nutrient distribution pattern in cherry tomato plants are influenced by the application of ZnO nanofertilizer

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the influence of commercial nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) at different doses for use as nanofertilizer on nutrient uptake and its distribution in cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L var. cerasiforme) plants in an acidic (soil pH 5.5) and calcareous soil (soil pH 8.5) from the Mediterranean area. We determined crop yield; macro- (N, P, K, Mg, S and Ca) and micro-nutrient (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na and Zn) concentrations in the different parts of the crop (root, stem, leaves and tomato fruits) and the extent of nutrient translocation to the aerial part of the plant. The concentrations of macronutrients N, P, K and Mg in tomato fruits grown in both soils can be considered adequate in terms of nutritional requirements. However, the Ca concentration in tomato fruits grown in the calcareous soil did not reach the required concentration to be considered sufficient. This effect was related to the characteristics of this calcareous soil. Although different concentrations of ZnO-NPs did not affect Fe and Na concentrations in tomato fruit, B concentration in tomato fruits increased with the application of ZnO-NPs. In addition, Cu concentration decreased with the application of ZnO-NPs compared to treatments without any Zn application (Nil-ZnO NP) in the calcareous soil. Manganese concentrations decreased with ZnO-NPs application in both soils. The effect of the application of ZnO-NPs depends on soil characteristics. Zinc applied as a nanofertilizer in the form of ZnO-NPs can be used to increase the crop yield and to obtain an adequate Zn biofortification in cherry tomato crop. The Zn concentrations in tomato fruits reached ranges of 4.5–4.8 mg Zn kg−1 in the acidic soil and 2.5–3,5 mg Zn kg−1 in the calcareous soil. Nutrient concentrations in these fruits following biofortification are adequate for human consumption.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Improve Pleioblastus pygmaeus Plant Tolerance to Arsenic and Mercury by Stimulating Antioxidant Defense and Reducing the Metal Accumulation and Translocation.

The utilization of nanoparticles to potentially reduce toxicity from metals/metalloids in plants has increased in recent years, which can help them to achieve tolerance under the stressful conditions. An in vitro experiment was conducted to investigate five different levels of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs; 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 μM) both alone and in combination with 150 μM arsenic (As) and 150 μM mercury (Hg) in one-year-old Pleioblastus pygmaeus (Miq.) Nakai plants through four replications. The results demonstrated that As and Hg alone had damaging effects on the plant growth and development. However, the addition of various concentrations of ZnO-NPs led to increased antioxidant activity, proline (79%) content, glycine betaine (71%) content, tyrosine ammonia-lyase (43%) activity, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (69%) activity, chlorophyll indices, and eventually plant biomass, while the lipoxygenase activity, electrolyte leakage, soluble protein, hydrogen peroxide content, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were reduced. We concluded that ZnO-NPs detoxified As and Hg toxicity in the plants through increasing antioxidant activity, reducing As and Hg accumulation, As and Hg translocation from roots to shoots, and adjusting stomatal closure. This detoxification was further confirmed by the reduction of the translocation factor of As and Hg and the enhancement of the tolerance index in combination with ZnO-NPs. However, there is a need for further investigation with different metals/metalloids.

In vitro efficacy of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles against biofilm and virulence of Serratia marcescens

Zinc oxide reduced into nanosized exhibits antibacterial activity due to the interaction of ZnO with the cell surface and inside of the bacteria making them adaptive candidate for antibacterial activity. ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized using plant extract and their biomolecules makes them a safer, non-toxic and bactericidal solution against pathogenic bacteria. Till date, only few research articles are published on analysing the antibiofilm and anti-virulence activity of ZnO NPs synthesized using Ruellia tuberosa extract. Based on these literature survey, the present study was focused on synthesizing ZnO NPs using Ruellia tuberosa and efficacy to inhibit biofilm formation and virulence factor of Serratia marcescens. ZnO NPs at the concentration of 100 μg/mL showed highest antibacterial activity by reducing S. marcescens growth upto 4-fold (0.25 OD600nm) in comparison to untreated bacteria (1.8 OD600nm). ZnO NPs also showed 50% of inhibition of biofilm formation 25 μg/mL concentration. Microscopic analysis revealed the phenotypical change in the biofilm matrix formation after treating with >25 μg/mL of ZnO NPs. Prodigiosin, a quorum sensing regulated factor of S. marcescens was also inhibited >70% at 100 μg/mL concentration of ZnO NPs. Therefore, the present study shows the efficacy of green fabricated ZnO NPs to inhibit the growth, biofilm, and virulence factor of S. marcescens.

ZnO nanoparticles with spectroscopically controlled morphology, bioinspired from Holigarna grahamii (Wight) Kurz and delving its antioxidant and anticancer potential on A498 cell line

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have emerged as a rising module operation in cancer detection, possessing multifunctional qualities and therefore being used for a variety of applications in the twenty-first century. The current research focuses on the optimization via the green approach for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles employing leaves of Holigarna grahamii (HG). The nanopowder was characterized by using various analytical techniques to explore their bonding, morphological and structural features. The UV–visible spectrum showed an absorption peak at 276.8 nm reflecting surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of ZnO NPs. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of various functional groups. PXRD (Powder X-ray diffraction) patterns confirmed the hexagonal phase of ZnO with the wurtzite structure. The scanning and transmission electron microscopic (SEM and TEM) analysis revealed the spherical structures. The size range of nanoparticles obtained upon synthesis at optimum conditions was 9–16 nm as reported by TEM. The zeta potential value of − 26.7 mV revealed the surface charge of green synthesized ZnO NPs. HG extract showed significantly greater DPPH scavenging action at lower concentrations (12.5–50 µg/ml) with IC50 value of 141.8 µg/ml compared to HG-ZnO NPs (147.5 µg/ml) and ascorbic acid (68.85 µg/ml). However, HG-ZnO NPs showed higher scavenging activity then HG extract as the concentration was increased. Furthermore, FRAP assay and PM assay revealed that HG extract and HG-ZnO NPs are good radical scavengers. The cytotoxic effect of HG extract and ZnO NPs with various concentrations (6.25–200 μg/ml) was investigated against A498 cell line (Human renal carcinoma) along with non-cancerous HEK-293 cell line by MTT and XTT assay which showed dose dependent response. Selectivity index were found to be 5.45 (HG extract), 6.64 (HG-ZnO NPs) and 3.83 (cisplatin) in case of MTT assay and 7.35 (HG extract), 4.10 (HG-ZnO NPs) and 3.37 (cisplatin) in case of XTT assay. SI value more than 2 was considered as high selectivity. Cellular morphology studies after MTT and XTT assay exposure revealed that cancer cell viability decreased with increasing ZnO NP concentration. Annexiv V and DAPI staining revealed that HG extract and HG-ZnO NPs induced a significant apoptosis of the A498 cells in a dose-dependent manner. As a result, this work reports a simple and effective green technique for the production of ZnO NPs with anticancer potential.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Eucalyptus lanceolata leaf litter: characterization, antimicrobial and agricultural efficacy in maize.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01136-0.

Effects of Foliar Application of ZnO Nanoparticles on Lentil Production, Stress Level and Nutritional Seed Quality under Field Conditions.

Nanotechnology offers new opportunities for the development of novel materials and strategies that improve technology and industry. This applies especially to agriculture, and our previous field studies have indicated that zinc oxide nanoparticles provide promising nano-fertilizer dispersion in sustainable agriculture. However, little is known about the precise ZnO-NP effects on legumes. Herein, 1 mg·L−1 ZnO-NP spray was dispersed on lentil plants to establish the direct NP effects on lentil production, seed nutritional quality, and stress response under field conditions. Although ZnO-NP exposure positively affected yield, thousand-seed weight and the number of pods per plant, there was no statistically significant difference in nutrient and anti-nutrient content in treated and untreated plant seeds. In contrast, the lentil water stress level was affected, and the stress response resulted in statistically significant changes in stomatal conductance, crop water stress index, and plant temperature. Foliar application of low ZnO-NP concentrations therefore proved promising in increasing crop production under field conditions, and this confirms ZnO-NP use as a viable strategy for sustainable agriculture.

Role of Bio-Based Synthesized Nanozinc Oxide in Ameliorating the Deleterious Effects Caused by Lead in Vigna radiata L.

The present work describes the bio-based green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using leaf extract of Tridax procumbens; the synthesized nanoparticles were used to study their beneficial effect on the growth and metabolism of Vigna radiata. ZnO NPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis spectra). Growth of V. radiata seedlings was measured in terms of shoot length and root length that were treated 20 and 40mg/L concentrations of green synthesized ZnO NPs and constant concentration (50mg/L) of PbCl2. These studies have shown the effect of ZnO NPs in the stimulation of growth as well as physiological and biochemical parameters. Vigna seedlings showed positive effects depending upon the increasing concentrations of ZnO NPs. This study suggests that ZnO NPs can be effectively used to ameliorate the toxicity of Pb in Vigna plants.

Assessment of toxicity in the freshwater tadpole Polypedates maculatus exposed to silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles: A multi-biomarker approach

Nanoparticles (NPs), especially silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), are widely used in various industrial applications and are released into the surrounding environment through industrial and household wastewater. They have enormous toxic effects on aquatic animals and amphibians. In the current study, a multi-biomarker approach was used to assess toxicity on Polypedates maculatus (P. maculatus) tadpoles collected from a freshwater pond and exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of Ag-NPs (1, 5 and 10 mg L−1) and ZnO-NPs (1, 10 and 50 mg L−1). A significant bioaccumulation of silver (Ag) and Zinc (Zn) was observed in the blood, liver, kidney and bones in comparison to control tadpoles. Blood parameters (Red blood cells (RBC), Hematocrit (Htc), White blood cells (WBC), monocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils), immunological markers (ACH50, lysozyme, total Ig, total protein, albumin, and globulin), biochemical markers (glucose, cortisol, cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine transaminase (ALT), asparatate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea and creatinine) and the oxidative stress marker (LPO) of serum were increased significantly (p < 0.05) in Ag/ZnO-NPs exposed groups when compared to the control groups. The levels of mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and haemoglobin (Hb) in the ZnO NP-exposed groups were significantly different from those in the control group. Antioxidant (SOD and CAT) levels were significantly declined in the treatment groups. Based on the results, Ag/ZnO-NPs are toxic to aquatic organisms and amphibians at sub-lethal concentrations. The species P. maculatus can be used as a bioindicator for the nanomaterial (NM) contamination of freshwater systems.

Development and characterization of cotton fabrics by dipping in solutions of chitosan and ZnO-nanoparticles as promising environmentally friendly reinforcements for polymer composites

The goal of this study is to improve the qualities of Saudi cotton fabrics to be used in a variety of industrial and medicinal applications. Cotton fabrics were treated by dipping in chitosan/ZnO-NPs solutions with various ZnO-NPs concentrations. XRD and SEM of crystal and morphological structure, thermal analysis (TG and DSC) of fabric stability for heat assessment, were used to characterize the fabrics. The produced textiles were tested for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative Escherichia coli (bacteria), and Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans (fungus) using agar diffusion method. According to the XRD data, the fabrics treated with chitosan and by increasing the concentration of ZnO-NPs had increased crystallinity. The successful deposition and strong binding of chitosan and ZnO-NPs to the fabric surface, and the obvious change in fabric morphology, were confirmed by SEM micrographs. The pyrolysis peak positions were changed to a higher temperature. The creation of the inhibitory zone indicated that the treated fabrics had bactericidal effects. The results could be useful in an open innovation approach to improving the qualities of treated textiles that point to their use in medical applications.

Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles for promoting seed germination of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under salinity stress

Salinity stress had a direct impact on rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and physiological features throughout the early stages of development. The current study aimed to investigate the influence of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in the rice germination stage during salinity stress because the germination and seedling stage is critical for the correct development and growth of plants. The different concentrations of NaCl and ZnO NPs (T1 -60 mM NaCl, T2 -80 mM NaCl, T3 -100 mM NaCl, T4 -60 mM NaCl+50 ppm ZnO NPs, T5 -80 mM NaCl+50 ppm ZnO NPs and T6 -100 mM NaCl+50 ppm ZnO NPs) improve the germination rate in rice during salinity stress. We conducted our experiment in a landrace of rice Kargi and salinity tolerance rice variety CSR 30. The current study’s findings reveal that ZnO NPs have a significant effect in reducing salt stress during rice germination.

Experimental investigations on effects of ZnO NPS and annona muricata extract for in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity

ZnO NPs and annona muricata extract was used as antibacterial against some pathogenic bacteria isolated from different sources of infections. Furthermore, this work demonstrated the effect of oral dosage of ZnO NPs and annona muricata extract on the infected experimental animals. Moreover, the results showed the sensitivity of studied bacteria is variance against ZnO NPs and annona muricata extract and this sensitivity increase with increasing the concentration of both ZnO NPs and annona muricata extract. The in vitro study included using five bacterial species (S.aureus, S.epidermidis, P.aeruginosa, Proteus sp. and E.coli) and two in vivo studies (S.aureus and E.coli) which were given orally to experimental animals to verify the antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs and annona muricata extract against infections resulting from these pathogenic bacteria. The results were showed the effectiveness of ZnO NPs and annona muricata extract and no negative effect to be used as antibacterial agents. Therefore, this study can be considered important in the field of medicine, because the results of healing are very effective for these two substances.

EFFECT OF REACTION CONDITIONS ON PARTICLE SIZE OF ZNO NANOPARTICLES VIA CONTROLLED PRECIPITATION METHOD AND IN-VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL CAPACITY

High-yield ZnO spheroidal nanoparticles with an average diameter around 23 nm (≈ 25% frequency) and 30 nm (≈ 28% frequency) were obtained by controlled semicontinuous precipitation at low temperatures. This synthesis was obtained from hydrozincite (Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6) as primary nanoparticles. The Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrolysis of Zn(NO3)2 in aqueous solution of (NH4)2CO3 and later, the precipitation becomes. Two temperatures of 60 and 70 °C in combination with three times of reaction were tested; followed by calcination of the precipitate at 400 °C. This range of sizes of nanoparticles is comparable with those obtained by other methods reported in the literature, such as microemulsions, however, here the advantage was not using solvents or surfactants. The ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy coupled to a scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction. The antibacterial activity of the films against Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli.) bacteria was investigated using the disc diffusion method. The best results were found in the inhibition zone for Gram-positive bacteria, when the concentration of ZnO NPs incorporated was 3 mg disc-1.

Effect of Graft and Nano ZnO on Nutraceutical and Mineral Content in Bell Pepper.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of grafting, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), and their interaction on the nutritional composition of bell pepper plants. The treatments evaluated included grafted and non-grafted pepper plants with four concentrations of ZnO NPs (0, 10, 20, 30 mg L−1) applied to the foliage. The following parameters were evaluated: content of N, P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, total antioxidants, ascorbic acid, total phenols, glutathione, total proteins, fruit firmness, and total soluble solids. Grafting increased the content of N 12.2%, P 15.9%, K+ 26.7%, Mg2+ 20.3%, Mn2+ 34.7%, Zn2+ 19.5%, Fe2+ 18.2%, Cu2+ 11.5%, antioxidant capacity 2.44%, ascorbic acid 4.63%, total phenols 1.33%, glutathione 7.18%, total proteins 1.08%, fruit firmness 8.8%. The application of 30 mg L−1 ZnO NPs increased the content of N 12.3%, P 25.9%, Mg2+ 36.8%, Mn2+ 42.2%, Zn2+ 27%, Fe2+ 45%, antioxidant activity 13.95%, ascorbic acid 26.77%, total phenols 10.93%, glutathione 11.46%, total proteins 11.01%, and fruit firmness 17.7% compared to the control. The results obtained demonstrate the influence of the use of grafts and ZnO NPs as tools that could improve the quality and nutrient content in fruits of bell pepper crops.