Concentrations Of Triton X-100 Research Articles

The analysis of the proliferative activity of cells on microparticles obtained from decellularized liver and kidney tissue

Aim.To develop the protocols for liver and kidney tissue decellularization, and to develop an analysis of the proliferative activity of human Hep-G2hepatocarcinoma cells on various carriers.Materials and methods.Decellularization of the liver and kidneys was performed by perfusion of detergent solutions with gradually increasing concentrations of Triton X-100 (1, 2 and 3%). A histological analysis of the obtained samples was performed, and the method of optical and scanning electron microscopy was used to study the obtained samples. The proliferative activity of human Hep-G2hepatocarcinoma cells was studied on the obtained samples of decellularized liver and kidney tissue.Results.Decellularization of the organ does not lead to changes in the specific structure of the tissue matrix. Microparticles with an average size of 200 μm were made from their decellularized matrix of liver and kidney tissues. The level of proliferative activity of human Hep-G2hepatocarcinoma cells cultured on microparticles from a decellularized liver was significantly higher than on microparticles from a decellularized kidney.Conclusion.The decellularized matrix retains the native three-dimensional structure of the tissue. The level of cell proliferative activity is significantly higher on microparticles from the decellularized liver, which confirms the preservation of the specificity of the extracellular matrix of the tissue after the process of decellularization.

Matrix effect screening for cloud-point extraction combined with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry: Bioanalysis of pharmaceuticals

Matrix effects are one of the most challenging issues in the analysis of complex samples using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Apart from the instrumental origin, these effects are also related to sample preparation. Cloud-point extraction (CPE) is rarely combined with LC–MS as it requires the use of surfactants which might interfere with droplet evaporation. Thus, they are suspected to cause a significant matrix effect (signal suppression). In this paper, 73 model drugs with different physicochemical properties were screened to analyse how susceptible LC-MS is to the absolute and relative matrix effect (ME) when coupled with CPE for measurements in human plasma. Three combinations of the surfactant Triton X-114 concentration (1.5% or 6%) and extraction temperature (40 or 55 °C) in six pH values gave over 1300 analyte-sample preparation condition pairs. A new term – surfactant effect (calculated for the standard solution) – allowed us to distinguish between the surfactant effect and that related to interferences from human plasma. The screening revealed that CPE combined with LC–MS is not related to a significant ME in the optimal pH of extraction. A significant absolute ME (<85% or>115%) was observed only for 25% of the analytes. Data processing (principal component analysis, classification trees, partial least squares-discriminant analysis) based on the extraction conditions and molecular descriptors helped to identify compounds prone to the matrix effect and speed up method development. A low surfactant concentration and low temperature decreased both the absolute and relative ME. pH of the extraction influenced only the relative ME. Low retention time reduced the risk of relative ME, whereas high polarity and the possibility of hydrogen bond formation minimized the occurrence of the surfactant effect and absolute ME. A significant relative ME (>15%) was observed only for 11% of the compounds, thus CPE merged with LC–MS allowed to measure drug concentrations in a reliable manner for majority of compounds. The presented approach may be further applied to other analytes and matrices.

Determination of In Vitro Membrane Permeability by Analysis of Intracellular and Extracellular Fluorescein Signals in Renal Cells.

The structural integrity of the eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane is of crucial importance for its cell biological function and thus for the survival of the cell. Physical and chemical noxae can interact in various ways with components of the cytoplasmic membrane, influence its permeability and thus mediate toxic effects. In the study presented, changes in membrane permeability were quantified by intracellular accumulation of a fluorescent dye and by the release of the fluorescent dye from dye-loaded cells. Non-malignant (RC-124) and malignant (786-O, Caki-1) renal cells were permeabilized with different concentrations of Triton X-100. The permeability of the membrane was determined at the single-cell level by the uptake of the dye into the cell inner by flow cytometry. In addition, a fluorescence plate reader was used to detect and quantify the release of the dye into the cell culture supernatant. Both malignant and non-malignant cells showed a dose-dependent alteration of membrane permeability after treatment with Triton X-100. In the presence of the fluorescent dye, significantly more dye was introduced into the permeabilized cells compared to control incubations. Vice versa, Triton X-100-treated and dye-loaded cells released significantly more dye into the cell culture supernatant. The combination of measurement of intracellular accumulated and extracellular released dye can quantifiably detect changes in membrane permeability due to cell-membrane damage. The combination of two different measurement methods offers additional value in reliable detection of membrane-damaging, potentially toxic influences.

Methodological improvement of fluorescein isothiocyanate peanut agglutinin (FITC-PNA) acrosomal integrity staining for frozen-thawed Japanese Black bull spermatozoa.

This study aimed to improve the staining of frozen-thawed Japanese Black bull sperm acrosomes with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated peanut agglutinin (FITC-PNA). Spermatozoa were washed, fixed with 1–3% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in suspension for 10, 20, and 30 min, permeabilized with 0–2% Triton X-100 for 5 min, stained with FITC-PNA, and mounted with different antifade agents (0.22 M 1,4-diazabicyclo [2,2,2] octane (DABCO), SlowFade®, and ProLong®) in suspension (In-suspension) or on a smear (On-smear). The spermatozoa were categorized into seven pattern types either immediately or after storage for 24 hr. Experiment 1 showed that 1) the In-suspension method was better than the On-smear method; 2) if spermatozoa were stained using the In-suspension method and examined immediately, the best antifade agent was SlowFade®; 3) if samples were to be stored after staining using the On-smear method, DABCO should be avoided; 4) if spermatozoa were stained using the In-suspension method, storage of the stained samples was not recommended; and 5) if samples were to be stored after staining using the In-suspension method, ProLong® might be the best antifade agent. The results of experiment 2 showed that the concentration of Triton X-100 could be reduced to 0.1 from 1%. The results of experiment 3 showed that the paraformaldehyde concentration used for a 30 min fixation could be reduced from 3 to 2%. It is expected that the improved staining protocol will be useful to determine bull sperm acrosomal integrity.

Cloud point extraction procedure for preconcentration and determination of lead(II) ions using triton X-100 at room temperature

A Cloud point extraction (CPE) procedure was presented for preconcentration of lead(II) ions, after complexation by 18-crown-6 (18C6) and extraction with Triton X-100 at proposed experimental conditions. After separation of surfactant - rich phase, content of Pb(II) ions in remaining solution was measured by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). The experimental conditions such as pH, temperature, concentration of Triton X-100, concentration of 18C6, incubation time, type and concentration of added electrolyte, were evaluated. Results showed that among investigated electrolytes (NaCl, Na2SO4 and Na2CO3) the amount of 0.9 mol/L Na2CO3 lowers cloud point temperature of Triton X-100 to 22?C (room temperature during the experiment), thus simplifying the extraction procedure. After an incubation time of 5 minutes and using the concentration of 1.2?10-3 mol/L Triton X-100 and 1.5?10-4 mol/L 18C6 (1:1 stoichiometric ratio for 18C6:Pb), 60% of lead (II) ions were efficiently removed from investigated solution.

Recovery and purification of 503 antigen from Leishmania i. chagasi with simultaneous removal of lipopolysaccharides: Influence of immobilized metals and elution strategies during expanded bed adsorption (EBA)

The present study aimed to evaluate different metals immobilized onto the Streamline™ chelating resin for purification of 503 antigen from Leishmania i. chagasi expressed in E. coli M15 by expanded bed adsorption (EBA), as well as to investigate the removal of the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) during the EBA washing step. Batch adsorption tests were performed using five metal ions (Cu+2, Ni+2, Zn+2, Co+2, and Fe+3) at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 0.8 M coupled to the Streamline™ chelating resin. Three concentrations of the Triton X-114 surfactant (0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1%) were evaluated during the EBA washing step in order to estimate the minimum amount of surfactant required to remove LPS, aiming to obtain the 503 antigen without this contaminant. Results showed that Cu+2 was the metal with the highest adsorption capacity of 503 antigen, under the three concentrations studied in this work. The addition of low concentrations of the nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 to the ALE washing step promoted the removal of LPS (>99.0%) that were initially present in the samples for all concentrations investigated. Additionally, a 15.0% recovery of the 503 antigen and a purification factor of approximately 3.0 was obtained directly from the unclarified homogenate.

Evaluation of a cloud point extraction method for the preconcentration and quantification of silver nanoparticles in water samples by ETAAS

ABSTRACTA simple and reliable analytical method using instrumentation available in most of the laboratories has been developed for the separation and determination of silver nanoparticles in water samples. Cloud point extraction (CPE) was used for the separation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the sample and these nanoparticles were then determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Parameters related to the cloud point extraction procedure (Triton X-114 concentration, type of complexing agent (EDTA or Na2S2O3), pH, incubation temperature, incubation and centrifugation time) were selected using a multivariate approach (designs of experiments); 8.6% (v/v) Triton X-114, 750 µL saturated EDTA and pH 7 were selected as the optimum conditions. Calibration standards in a concentration range from 0 to 10 µg L−1 of AgNPs were subjected to the CPE procedure to obtain quantitative recoveries. The LOD and LOQ were 0.04 and 0.13 µg L−1, respectively. The method is selective for the extraction of AgNPs, and ionic Ag remains in the aqueous phase. Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS) was used to evaluate the effect of the CPE procedure in particle size, and no changes were observed. Finally, the procedure was applied to wastewater samples spiked with nanoparticles with quantitative recoveries.

Rat lung decellularization using chemical detergents for lung tissue engineering

ABSTRACTAlthough pulmonary diseases account for a large number of deaths in the world, most have no treatment other than transplantation. New therapeutic methods for lung treatment include lung tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Lung decellularization has been used to produce an appropriate scaffold for recellularization and implantation. We investigated 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100 detergents for effecting rat lung decellularization. We evaluated using conventional histology, immunofluorescence staining and SEM methods for removing nuclear material while leaving intact extracellular matrix proteins and three-dimensional architecture. We investigated different concentrations of CHAPS, SDS and Triton X-100 for different periods. We found that 2 mM CHAPS + 0/1% SDS for 48 h was the best among the treatments investigated. Our method can be used to produce an appropriate scaffold for recellularization by stem cells and for investigations ex vivo and in vivo.

Purification of a Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitory Substance Derived from Pediococcus acidilactici Kp10 by an Aqueous Micellar Two-Phase System.

Aqueous micellar two-phase system (AMTPS) is an extractive technique of biomolecule, where it is based on the differential partitioning behavior of biomolecule between a micelle-rich and a micelle-poor phase. In this study, an AMTPS composed of a nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100 (TX-100) was used for purifying a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) derived from Pediococcus acidilactici Kp10. The influences of the surfactant concentration and the effect of additives on the partitioning behavior and activity yield of the BLIS were investigated. The obtained coexistence curves showed that the mixtures of solutions composed of different surfactant concentrations (5-30% w/w) and 50% w/w crude load were able to separate into two phases at temperatures of above 60 °C. The optimum conditions for BLIS partitioning using the TX-100-based AMTPS were: TX-100 concentration of 22.5% w/w, CFCS load of 50% w/w, incubation time of 30 min at 75 °C, and back-extraction using acetone precipitation. This optimal partitioning resulted in an activity yield of 64.3% and a purification factor of 5.8. Moreover, the addition of several additives, such as sorbitol, KCl, dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt, and Coomassie® Brilliant Blue, demonstrated no improvement in the BLIS separation, except for Amberlite® resin XAD-4, where the activity yield was improved to 70.3% but the purification factor was reduced to 2.3. Results from this study have demonstrated the potential and applicability of TX-100-based AMTPS as a primary recovery method for the BLIS from a complex fermentation broth of P. acidilactici Kp10. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2719, 2019.

Dual effect of non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 on insulin amyloid formation.

Atomic force microscopy, Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assay, circular dichroism spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and molecular modeling techniques have been employed to investigate the amyloid aggregation of insulin in the presence of non-ionic detergent, Triton X-100 (TX-100). In contrast to recently described inhibition of lysozyme amyloid formation by non-ionic detergents (Siposova, 2017), the amyloid aggregation of insulin in the presence of sub-micellar TX-100 concentration exhibits two dissimilar phases. The first, inhibition phase, is observed at the protein to detergent molar ratio of 1:0.1 to 1:1. During this phase, the insulin amyloid fibril formation is inhibited by TX-100 up to ∼60%. The second, "morphological" phase, is observed at increasing detergent concentration, corresponding to protein:detergent molar ratio of ∼1:1 - 1:10. Under these conditions a significant increase of the steady-state ThT fluorescence intensities and a dramatically changed morphology of the insulin fibrils were observed. Increasing of the detergent concentration above the CMC led to complete inhibition of amyloidogenesis. Analysis of the experimental and molecular modeling results suggests an existence of up to six TX-100 binding sites within dimer of insulin with different binding energy. The physiological relevance of the results is discussed.

The importance of the active complexes of 6 - mercaptopurine with Bi(III) with regards to kinetics and electrode mechanism changes in the presence of non-ionic surfactants

The presence of mixed adsorption layers affects the mechanism and kinetics of irreversible Bi(III) ions electroreduction process in 2 mol·dm−3 chlorates(VII). Triton X-100 and Tween 80 change the dynamics of the catalytic activity of 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) on Bi(III) ions electroreduction with the tendency of inhibition. Above the critical micelle concentration of Triton X-100 and Tween 80, the irreversibility of Bi(III) ions electroreduction decrease to the size comparable to the irreversible reduction of Bi(III) in 2 mol·dm−3 chlorates(VII) which can be associated with the electrode surface blocking by formed hemispherical surface micelles. It was proved that the unstable complexes of Bi – 6MP or mixed Bi – 6MP – TritonX-100 and Bi – 6MP – Tween 80 intermediating in electrons transfer, play a significant role in the multi-stage mechanism of the electrode process. The hydration shell and composition of active complexes change as well. The obtained regularities indicate that in this case confirmed changes in entropy are a decisive factor.

Timed disintegrating of the liquid marbles containing triton X-100

Liquid marble is a suitable candidate for transporting and targeted releasing of reagents and analytes. The moment of the disruption of liquid marble are controlled by using external stimuli nowadays. This work aims to achieve a disruption of liquid marbles by an internal stimulus. Liquid marbles containing triton X-100 were prepared by rolling method. The influence of the concentration of triton X-100 in droplets on the stability and the life time of the liquid marbles was investigated. The mass of the silica nanoparticles coating liquid marbles and the effective surface tension of liquid marbles were measured. The resulted showed that the life time of liquid marbles could be tuned on time scales of several minutes to hours by controlling the concentration of triton X-100 in the droplets. The number of the layers of the silica particles coating the liquid marble was about 168. The decrease of the amount of silica nanoparticles at the surface of the droplet did not affect the effective surface tension of the liquid marbles significantly. By controlling the concentration of triton X-100 in the droplets, the timed coalescing of two liquid marbles also could be achieved. A mechanism for the disintegrating of liquid marbles triggered by the adsorption of triton X-100 was proposed.

Influence of surfactant for improving dewatering of brown coal: A comparative experimental and MD simulation study

Abstract Experimental method and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to investigate the filtration dewatering process of brown coal in the presence of the surfactant TRITON X-100 (TX-100). A significant reduction in filter cake moisture content was observed upon addition of TX-100 in the dewatering experiments. It was observed that a narrow TX-100 concentration range of below the critical micelle concentration (CMC) was best for dewatering. The enhancement in filtration dewatering characteristics could be attributed to the wetting characteristic changes of the brown coal surface caused by surfactant adsorption, as indicated by measurement of contact angles. Monolayer adsorption of TX-100 at the lignite surface was investigated by MD simulations. The TX-100 molecules repelled water molecules near the coal surface and adsorbed at the water-lignite interface with the ethoxylate closer to the coal surface than the octylphenol. The mobility of water molecules was enhanced in presence of TX-100 according to the results of mean square displacement (MSD) and diffusion coefficient. It was inferred that adsorption of TX-100 resulted in a more hydrophobic brown coal surface, in agreement with the dewatering and contact angle experiments.

High throughput screening of β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter in transgenic microalgae transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

GUS (β-glucuronidase) is a chemiluminescent reporter gene that has been used in E. coli, fungi, yeast, mammalian cells, plant cells and microalgae. Currently, the GUS gene fusion system used for detection of GUS enzyme activity is carried out by cell lysis and requires 500 μl cell lysate. Hence, GUS activity cannot be assessed by high throughput screening (HTS) method. This study addresses this by using a HTS technique to quickly isolate transgenic strains (shown using Chlorella vulgaris) expressing high GUS activity in a 96 well microplate format. In this technique, quantitative results were obtained without carrying out cell lysis and all the experiments were carried out in a 96 well microplate. The method developed is cost effective, less labor intensive and can be carried out in a timely manner.For this, a new GUS reporter vector pBIN + TetR + TetO was developed, followed by transformation (Agrobacterium tumefaciens), screening and characterization of the transgenic C. vulgaris. In the screening study, strain number 18 showed the highest fluorescence intensity (16,988 ± 1168). The GUS enzyme was found to be stable for >8 h for intact cell and lysed cell studies. The optimum concentration of Triton X-100 to release the product (4-Methylumbelliferone) into buffer was 0.1% and the fluorescence intensity was 28,397 ± 787. The values of Km and Vmax of the recombinant GUS for lysed cells were 0.1304 ± 0.0101 mM and 0.35 ± 0.004 pmol 4-MU/min/ml of crude cell lysate respectively.

Separation of Monascus pigments from extractive fermentation broth with a high concentration of triton X-100

ABSTRACTIn this study, Monascus pigments were separated from the extractive fermentation broth by the combination of reverse micellar extraction and macroporous resins (MACR) adsorption with the alkalizing S-8 MACR (S-8 ALR). A 95.07% pigment adsorption was achieved together with a relative low Triton X-100 co-adsorption that was only 2.53%. The liquid intraparticle diffusion and film diffusion limit the pigment adsorption rate. A 79.48–84.03% of the pigment could be eluted from the resin using the methanol solution containing a 0.5% (w/v) hydrochloric acid. The S-8 ALR could be recovered for cycle use without a deficit of the adsorption or desorption efficiency.Abbreviations: ACR—Acidified resin; ALR—Alkalizing resin; HPLC—High performance liquid chromatography; PSM—pigment- surfactant micelle; TEM—Transmission electron microscopy.

Fabrication of polymeric nanofibrous mats with controllable structure and enhanced wetting behavior using one-step electrospinning

In this study, a one-step electrospinning method was developed for the fabrication of polyamide nanofibrous mats with controllable structure and enhanced wetting behavior. The effects of the concentration of Triton X-100 as the surfactant, as well as formic acid and dichloromethane solvents on characteristics of electrospun nanofibrous mats were investigated. The fibers' diameter and pore size distribution of mats were deliberated by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, to characterize the wettability of fibers, the roughness of their surface was evaluated by atomic force microscopy along with measuring the droplets contact angle on the mats surface. The results revealed that adding the surfactant not only improved the electrospinning of nanofibers, but also increased the mat hydrophilicity. Furthermore, changing the polymer solvent altered the mat roughness and consequently its wettability. In general, adjusting the nanofibers' roughness and diameter, mat pore size distribution, and water contact angle could increase the water permeability through the mat.

Phase equilibrium and protein partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems containing imidazolium ionic liquids and surfactant at low voltage levels

In this paper, the binodal data of aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) containing imidazolium-based ionic liquids (chlorinated 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole, [Emim]Cl), and a non-ionic surfactant (octylphenol polyethoxylene, Triton X-100) was obtained by means of the cloud point method in the temperature intervals T=(288.15–308.15) K. It was found that the [Emim]Cl/Triton X-100 ATPS was sensitive to temperature and had a long phase segregation time. Screening experiments of various additives showed that adding 7% of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to the total mass of surfactants (w/w) reduced the temperature sensitivity, and improved the phase separation rate of the system. The liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data of [Emim]Cl/Triton X-100 ATPS without additive and containing 7% SDS at 298.15K was further studied according to the cloud point method. To further shorten the long phase disengagement time, a low-voltage alternating current (AC) electric field was added to the [Emim]Cl/surfactant ATPS. Through the optimization of AC electric field conditions (such as electric field type, frequency and duty ratio), a relatively fast and stable [Emim]Cl/surfactant ATPS was established. In 0.67V/cm field strength, 1000Hz frequency and 50% duty ratio of impulse waveform, the phase splitting time is shortened by 2–3 times. With and without electric field, protein partitioning of cytochrome c (Cyt-c), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme (Lys) in [Emim]Cl/surfactant ATPS indicated that Cyt-c and BSA tended to distribute in the bottom phase, while Lys was inclined to distribute in the top phase. The application of the AC electric field can still decrease the phase separation time in the protein distribution process, and has no significant effect on the distribution behavior of proteins. Furthermore, Lys activity in the top phase of ATPS was significantly enhanced, which could be caused by the low concentration of Triton X-100 in the top phase based on the comparison of Lys fluorescence spectra analysis in aqueous solution, in the top phase and in the bottom phase of [Emim]Cl/surfactant ATPS.

Tuning poly(p-phenylene) nano-size for enhancing electrical conductivity based on surfactant templates and doping

Nanoparticles play a vital role in the material property improvement. For conductive polymers, nanoparticles have been known to affect various electrical properties. This work reports the size-controlled synthesis of poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) nanoparticles using benzene, AlCl3, and CuCl2 as a monomer, catalyst, and oxidant respectively, incorporated with a surfactant template and subsequently doped with various doping agents to increase the electrical conductivity. The effects of surfactant types namely Span65, Tween80, and TritonX100 and surfactant concentrations were investigated. The PPP structure was confirmed by NMR, FT-IR, and XPS techniques. SEM images showed different undoped-PPP (uPPP) morphologies: irregular shape, coral reef shape, spherical shape, and worm-like shape with the particle sizes between ∼30 and ∼120 nm not previously reported. The electrical conductivity of the uPPP with a surfactant was higher than that without a surfactant due to the smaller particle size. From the doping, the electrical conductivity of the doped-PPP (dPPP) increased with the doping agent to monomer mole ratio up to 50:1. The dPPP doped with HClO4 (dPPP/HClO4) at the doping agent to monomer mole ratio of 50:1 exhibited the highest electrical conductivity of 74.34 S cm−1 along with the long term stability in air.

Technology features of decellularization of human liver fragments as tissue-specific fine-grained matrix for cell-engineering liver construction

One of the problems when you create a bioengineered liver, as an alternative to transplantation of the donor liver in the treatment of end-stage liver failure, is the matrix, able to temporarily perform the functions of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) and provide the necessary conditions to maintain the viability of the liver cells. The main disadvantage of resorbable biopolymer matrices is the absence of tissue specifi c properties and the impossibility of reproducing the unique structure of the ECM of the liver.Aim:to develop technology for decellularization of liver tissue fragments, saving the structural properties of native ECM of the liver.Materials and methods.The decellularization of mechanically grinded human liver fragments was carried out in three changes of buffer solution (pH = 7.4) containing 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and increasing the concentration of Triton X100 (1%, 2% and 3%, respectively). During technology development were investigated the effects of duration, conditions (static, dynamic, rotary system, magnetic stirrer) washing and methods of liver tissue grinding on the completeness of removal of cellular elements and detritus preserving the the liver ECM structure. Slices of decellularized liver tissue samples were stained by hematoxylin and eosin, and Masson method for the detection of connective-tissue elements.Results.Histological analysis methods showed that the best from the point of view of effi ciency of decellularization and the safety of the structure of own human liver ECM, is a mode of washing of liver fragments for three days at room temperature in static conditions, accompanied by stirring by a magnetic stirrer for 2–3 times a day for one hour. Longer time or a large multiplicity of mixing mode is accompanied by increased risk of liver tissue damage. On the basis of the experimental results obtained the algorithm of preliminary study of donor human liver designed to optimize the process of obtaining decellularization fragments of liver tissue was elaborated.Conclusion.It was elaborated the algorithm and technology of obtaining of decellularized liver tissue fragments from the human donor liver which saved the structural properties of native ECM of the liver and complete removal of cellular elements and detritus.

Exploration of polyelectrolyte incorporated with Triton-X 114 surfactant based osmotic agent for forward osmosis desalination

Selection of a proper osmotic agent is important to make the forward osmosis (FO) feasible. The objective of this study was to enhance FO by lowering reverse solute flux and maintaining high water flux. Poly(propylene glycol) with molecular weight of 725 Da (PPG-725) was found to possess high osmolality, making it a strong candidate for using as a draw agent. In addition, to reduce the partial leakage of draw solute, a non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-114) has been incorporated. Typically, when the hydrophobic tails of Triton X-114 interacted with the membrane surface, a layer on the surface of membrane is produced to constrict the pores and thus minimize the reverse solute flux. In this study, different concentrations of PPG-725 incorporated with different concentrations of Triton X-114 (0.2–0.8 mM) were used to evaluate their osmotic potentials as draw solute. The specific reverse solute flux (Js/Jw) of 40% PPG-725 doped with Triton X-114 was found to be 0.01 g/L, considerably much lesser than the conventional inorganic draw agents. Finally, membrane distillation operation was utilized as the recovery system in which solute rejection of 97% was achieved for 40% PPG-725/Triton X-114. Therefore, the overall performance supported PPG-725/Triton X-114 as being an efficient draw agent for forward osmosis-membrane distillation hybrid process.