Concentrations Of Resveratrol Research Articles

Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic/antigenotoxic effects of resveratrol in human limbal explant cultures.

Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenol phytoalexin compound and has long been considered to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In order to exploit the protective potential of RSV in anterior segment diseases, we investigated the possible cytotoxic, genotoxic/antigenotoxic effects of human limbal explant cultures to RSV and MMC or H2O2 alone and in combination. A total of 18 limbal explant tissues obtained from three corneal donors were placed on the 12 well tissue culture polystyrene plates and cultured for 14days. Cell growth from limbal explants was observed by inverted phase contrast microscopy. The cytotoxic effects of RSV was studied by neutral red uptake assay. For the assessment of the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects, basic alkaline technique of comet assay was performed. It was found that the concentrations of RSV up to 100μM did not significantly affect the viability of outgrowth cells of limbal explant during 24h exposure. When compared to negative control, all concentrations of RSV alone caused an increase in DNA strand breakage. Interestingly, 10μg/mL MMC alone caused similar tail intensity and tail moment values with RSV alone. On the other hand, RSV treatment in all doses seemed to decrease the DNA damage induced by either H2O2 or MMC. RSV is an attractive natural compound for the purpose of oxidative stress reduction in ocular surface and can be utilized as a supplement to promote ocular surface regeneration in vivo.

Antimicrobial Activity of Smilax china L. Root Extracts against the Acne-Causing Bacterium, Cutibacterium acnes, and Its Active Compounds

The root of Smilax china L. is used in traditional Korean medicine. We found that the Smilax china L. root extract has strong antimicrobial activity against two Cutibacterium acnes strains (KCTC 3314 and KCTC 3320). The aim of this study was to identify the beneficial properties of Smilax china L. extracts for their potential use as active ingredients in cosmetics for the treatment of human skin acne. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF/MS) methods were used to obtain the profile of secondary metabolites from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of the crude extract. Agar diffusion and resazurin-based broth microdilution assays were used to evaluate antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), respectively. Among the 24 metabolites, quercetin, resveratrol, and oxyresveratrol were the most potent compounds against Cutibacterium acnes. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of quercetin, resveratrol, and oxyresveratrol were 31.25, 125, and 250 μg/mL, respectively.

Mycorrhizal Effects on Active Components and Associated Gene Expressions in Leaves of Polygonum cuspidatum under P Stress

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) participate in the process of plant secondary metabolism and thus affect the production of secondary metabolites. However, it is not clear whether and how AMF affect the growth and secondary metabolites of Polygonum cuspidatum, a medicinal plant rich in resveratrol and polygonin, under different phosphorus (P) levels. This study was performed to analyze the effects of Glomus mosseae on the growth, leaf gas exchange, P concentration, active ingredient concentrations, and expressions of associated genes of P. cuspidatum under P-deficient (0 mol/L P) and P-sufficient (0.2 mol/L P) conditions. The root mycorrhizal colonization rate of inoculated plants was 62.53–73.18%. G. mosseae improved shoot and root biomass as well as leaf P levels to some extent, but the improvement was more prominent under P-sufficient than P-deficient conditions. The fungal colonization also significantly increased leaf photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and intercellular CO2 concentration, which was more prominent under P-deficient rather than P-sufficient conditions. P addition promoted the concentration of active medicinal components in leaves, especially in uninoculated plants. G. mosseae distinctly raised leaf chrysophanol, emodin, polydatin, and resveratrol concentrations, which was more prominent under P-deficient conditions. However, physcion was raised by G. mosseae only under P-sufficient conditions. AMF and P addition up-regulated expressions of PcCRS1, along with the up-regulation of PcRS11 by P addition and PcRS11 and PcSTS by AMF under P-sufficient conditions. It is concluded that an adequate P fertilizer and AMF facilitate the production of active medicinal components in P. cuspidatum, associated with expressions of associated genes such as PcCRS1.

Nitrification inhibition by polyphenols from invasive Fallopia japonica under copper stress

AbstractBackgroundThe invasive plant species Fallopia japonica is suspected to use polyphenols as a novel weapon to inhibit nitrification in soil. Both specific polyphenols and their entry pathways are yet to be determined. As plants may increase the production of polyphenols under copper (Cu) stress, an additive effect can be expected in contaminated (riparian) areas.AimsThis study aimed to identify the entry pathways of total and specific polyphenols in F. japonica and to test whether polyphenols inhibit nitrification with Cu contamination.MethodsCombining F. japonica and a Cu gradient in a 2‐year mesocosm experiment, total polyphenol, emodin, and resveratrol concentrations were analyzed in the plant (roots, root exudates, vital and senescent leaves) and soil (rhizosphere, non‐rooted soil) representing different entry pathways. We measured the potential nitrification rate (PNR) under stress caused by F. japonica and Cu as well as the response of PNR under resveratrol and emodin addition.ResultsEmodin and resveratrol were detected in all plant tissues. Emodin concentrations significantly increased in senescent leaves under Cu stress, while no Cu effect was observed for resveratrol or total polyphenols. Resveratrol decreased the PNR. The stressors had neither a synergistic nor additive effect. Nitrification inhibition was lower in the rhizosphere compared to the non‐rooted soil, suggesting that F. japonica reduced nitrate availability for co‐occurring plants.ConclusionsJoint occurrence of F. japonica and Cu did not amplify the PNR inhibition over the individual effect. Our study emphasizes the effectiveness of F. japonica in inhibiting the PNR in invaded riparian ecosystems with potentially negative effects on biodiversity.

Study on the Resistance of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ Grapevine with Different Rootstocks to Colomerus vitis

In recent years, Colomerus vitis has caused serious economic losses due to reduced grape production in Xinjiang (northwest China). Several rootstock varieties have been reported to improve the resistance of Cabernet Sauvignon to Colomerus vitis. This study explored the influence of Cabernet Sauvignon with different rootstocks on the resistance to Colomerus vitis. In particular, Cabernet Sauvignon/Cabernet Sauvignon (CS/CS) was selected as the control, and Cabernet Sauvignon grafted with five resistant rootstocks (3309C, 1103P, 140R, SO4, and 5C) was employed as the treatment. The infestation rate and injury index of Colomerus vitis to grapevines was investigated, and insect-resistant types of grapevines with different rootstocks were determined. The resveratrol (Res) content, the gene expression of resveratrol synthase (RS), and the activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the leaves of each rootstock grapevine were measured. The activity of the four enzymes and the content of Res were negatively correlated with the injury index. The results revealed the ability of the rootstock to improve the resistance of grapevines to Colomerus vitis by increasing the enzyme activity or Res content. In particular, 140R, SO4, and 5C rootstocks can be employed as rootstocks of the ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevine with resistance to Colomerus vitis. The contents of Res and the four resistance enzymes studied here can be used as indexes to evaluate the insect resistance of rootstock–scion combinations.

Addition of Trans-Resveratrol-Loaded, Highly Concentrated Double Emulsion to Moisturizing Cream: Effect on Physicochemical Properties

Resveratrol is a compound increasingly studied for its many beneficial properties for health. However, it is a highly unstable photosensitive compound, and therefore it is necessary to encapsulate it to protect it if you want to use it in a commercial product. Emulsions are systems that allow the encapsulation of active ingredients, protecting them and allowing their release in a controlled manner. They are highly used systems in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. The main objectives of this work are to study the feasibility of encapsulating resveratrol in concentrated water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions and the effect produced by adding the double emulsion with optimal formulation to a commercial cream for cosmetic applications. The effect of the selected optimal double emulsion on a commercial cream was studied, analyzing droplet size distribution, morphology, stability and rheology. The main conclusion of this work is that incorporating 1/3 of concentrated double emulsion W1/O/W2 into a commercial moisturizing cream had a positive physical effect and produced cream with a resveratrol concentration of up to 0.0042 mg/g.

Differential Effects of Resveratrol on HECa10 and ARPE-19 Cells

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy are the leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Pathological angiogenesis has a causal role in these eye diseases. Resveratrol (RSV), a plant-derived polyphenol, has anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic properties that could improve its management. Here, the effects of various concentrations of RSV (1, 5, 10, 50, 100 µM) were compared in two types of cell lines: HECa10 (endothelial cell line) and ARPE-19 (retinal pigment epithelial cell line). We assayed the impact on proliferation rate, viability, cell cycle progression, and secretion of selected proangiogenic factors VEGF and bFGF. We show that lower concentrations of RSV (1, 5, 10 µM) had no effect on proliferation, viability or cell cycle progression in HECa10 cells. However, higher concentrations (50, 100 µM) significantly enhanced the reduction in the cell number and stimulated apoptosis. In ARPE-19 cells, lower concentrations of RSV increased the rate of proliferation, while higher concentrations had no effect on proliferation and viability. Both ARPE-19 and HECa10 cell lines were affected to different degrees in the secretion of proangiogenic cytokines: reducing VEGF and enhancing bFGF secretion. These results suggest that RSV may be useful in the prevention or treatment of pathological angiogenesis in eye disorders.

The Oxidative and Cytotoxic Effects of Resveratrol Compared With Cisplatin in the LNCap Prostate Cancer Cell Line

Introduction: Prostate cancer is one of the most common diseases worldwide, and many efforts are made to treat this disease; however, these efforts seem to be futile. Accordingly, this study tends to compare the cytotoxic and oxidative (as shown by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)) effects of resveratrol in comparison with cisplatin in a prostate cancer cell line (LNCap). Methods: After treatment of LNCap cells with the concentrations of 1, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 µg/mL of resveratrol, and 1, 5, 10, and 50 µg/mL of cisplatin, the viability percentage of cells was analyzed using MTT and spectrophotometry. Also, ROS production in this cell line at the IC50 concentrations of cisplatin and resveratrol was analyzed using flow cytometry. Results: The results of the MTT test showed that cisplatin and resveratrol could both reduce cell viability at high concentrations because of increased cytotoxicity. Measurement of ROS production showed that cisplatin and resveratrol increased ROS levels compared to control cells.Conclusion: The results obtained from this study showed that resveratrol, as a plant derivative, had anticancer and antioxidant properties against the LNCap prostate cancer cell line. Because of the side effects of cisplatin, it can be replaced by resveratrol as a good candidate to be used in chemotherapy.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus supply accelerate main medicinal component production of Polygonum cuspidatum.

The medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. Et Zucc is rich in stilbenes (e.g., polygonin and resveratrol) and anthraquinones (e.g., emodin) for the therapy of human diseases, while how to increase the growth and medicinal composition concentrations of P. cuspidatum has become an urgent issue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Funneliformis mosseae, on plant growth, phosphorus (P) acquisition, medicinal component concentrations, and expressions of resveratrol synthesis-associated enzyme genes of P. cuspidatum at two P levels (0 M and 0.2 M). P supply (0.2 M) stimulated root AM fungal colonization rate. F. mosseae inoculation significantly improved growth performance (height, diameter, and biomass) and root morphology (diameter, length, and projected area), irrespectively of substrate P levels. P supply and F. mosseae distinctly increased soil acid and neutral phosphatase activities, as well as root P concentrations. P supply increased root physcion and resveratrol concentrations in inoculated and uninoculated plants, along with up-regulated expressions of PcCHS1, PcCRS1, PcRS11, and PcSTS. AM plants represented significantly higher root aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, emodin, physcion, polydatin, and resveratrol concentrations than non-AM plants irrespective of P levels, coupled with up-regulated expressions of PcCHS1, PcCHS2, PcRS11, PcRS, and PcSTS. It is concluded that 0.2 M P supply and F. mosseae inoculation promoted chrysophanol, physcion, polydatin, and resveratrol concentrations of P. cuspidatum, with the increase in resveratrol associated with up-regulated expressions of related genes.

Hydroxytyrosol and resveratrol improves kinetic and flow cytometric parameters of cryopreserved bull semen with low cryotolerance

There is considerable interest in breeding programs to “rescue” semen with poor post-thaw fertility from bulls known as “bad freezers”. We hypothesized that there may be an interaction between the post-thaw recovery of sperm and the efficacy of antioxidant addition to extenders. The current study assesses the effects of antioxidant additives hydroxytyrosol (HT) and resveratrol (RSV) on the post-thaw semen parameters in two groups of bulls classified as either high or low cryotolerant (i.e., “good” and “bad” freezers). Semen samples were collected from 40 bulls and processed in the extenders containing different concentrations of HT (experiment 1; 0, 25 and 50 µM) and RSV (experiment 2; 0.0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mM). In experiment 1, bulls in the low cryotolerance group had a significant improvement in post-thaw recovery at 25 µM and 50 µM (P < 0.05). These improvements were observed in motility and several cellular parameters. However, post-thaw semen quality in the high cryotolerance group was not significantly affected by the HT addition. In experiment 2, although RSV did not have any positive impact in high cryotolerance group, post-thaw recovery in the low cryotolerance bulls was significantly improved in 0.1 mM RSV. Oxidative stress markers in either high or low cryotolerance groups were not significantly changed by RSV addition (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that addition of optimized concentrations of HT and RSV to the extender could be a strategy for improving the post-thaw semen, especially in bulls with high genetic merit but low initial cryotolerance.

Resveratrol alleviates Ang II-induced vascular smooth muscle cell senescence by upregulating E2F1/SOD2 axis.

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) senescence is a crucial factor relevant to accelerate cardiovascular diseases. Resveratrol (RES) has been reported that could obstruct vascular senescence. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of RES in VSMCs senescence are still indistinct and deserve further investigations. In this study, VSMCs were treated with 100nM angiotensin II (Ang II) for 3days and then followed with a range of different concentrations of RES (0.5, 5, 15, 25, 35, 50μM), and 25μM of RES was chose for following experiments. We found that the E2F1 and SOD2 expressions were reduced in Ang II-induced VSMCs. RES treatment impeded Ang II-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction through elevating E2F1 and SOD2 expression, thereby alleviating VSMCs senescence. Additionally, E2F1 knockdown reversed the protective effects of RES on VSMCs senescence caused by Ang II administration. Ch-IP assay and dual luciferase reporter gene assay validated that E2F1 could bind to the promoter region of SOD2. Furthermore, E2F1 or SOD2 overexpression blocked Ang II-induced on VSMCs senescence. In conclusion, RES mitigated Ang II-induced VSMCs senescence by suppressing oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction through activating E2F1/SOD2 axis. Our study disclosed that RES might be a potential drug and the axis of its regulatory mechanism might be therapeutic targets for postponing vascular senescence.

Hepatocellular cancer cell lines, Hep-3B and Hep-G2 display the pleiotropic response to resveratrol and berberine

PurposeHuman carcinoma cells with different p53 status exposed to a combination of bioactive substances, resveratrol and berberine, revealed different responses in cell viability via p53-dependant apoptosis pathway activation. Materials and methodsUsing 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay, we investigated various and opposing effects in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, Hep-G2 and Hep-3B with different p53-status. ResultsCells decreased in viability after treatment with dose-dependent concentrations of resveratrol and berberine. Hep-3B p53 mutants were more sensitive in comparison to the p53 wild type Hep-G2 cell line. A synergistic effect was observed after treatment of Hep-3B cells with a combination of resveratrol/berberine ratios in favor of resveratrol (2:1, 3:1). The results suggest that an effective concentration of berberine, in the presence of resveratrol, could be decreased even to 50% (half the IC50 for berberine) in cancer treatment. Combined treatment with berberine and resveratrol, at the investigated concentrations and fractions, significantly reduces the viability of wild type p53 Hep-G2 and null p53-mutant Hep-3B cells by 20% and 40%, respectively. ConclusionsStronger toxic effects on viability and proliferation were observed in Hep-3B cells what is consistent with the assumptions that null p53-mutants activate apoptosis canonical pathway. In conclusion, p53 status in human hepatocellular cancer cell lines modulates responses to plant-derived therapies.

Effect of resveratrol on Sn-Fe alloy electrodeposition

• We verified that resveratrol has better antioxidant properties than other stabilizers. • Resveratrol was successfully introduced to bath for improving the stability. • We confirmed the optimal concentration of resveratrol in the bath. The Sn-Fe alloy coating is a potential choice for decorative coatings and electronic products because of its excellent performance. However, oxidation of the bath is likely to occur in the process of use, which limits the production of electrodeposition of Sn-Fe alloy. Resveratrol has excellent antioxidant capacity and is considered as a non-polluting natural antioxidant. However, the understanding of using of resveratrol as stabilizer for electroplating solution in the field of electrodeposition is limited. In this study, resveratrol, hydroquinone and TBHQ are selected as the stabilizers of the electroplating bath to conduct comparative experiments for measuring the stability effect of resveratrol. The antioxidant capacities of three stabilizers are compared by means of the natural oxidation experiment, H 2 O 2 accelerated oxidation experiment and electrochemical testing. The natural oxidation experiment and H 2 O 2 accelerated oxidation experiment confirm that the antioxidant effect of resveratrol is higher than hydroquinone and TBHQ. To determine the optimal concentration of resveratrol in the electroplating solution, EIS and salt spray test were conducted. These results show that appropriate resveratrol can improve the corrosion resistance of the coating, but excessive resveratrol is detrimental to corrosion resistance. Therefore, the optimal concentration of resveratrol in the electroplating solution is 1.0 g/L.

Anti-parasitic effects of resveratrol on protoscolices and hydatid cyst layers

The main goal of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of resveratrol (RESV) on protoscolices and hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granolosus. Echinococcus granolosus protoscolices and hydatid cyst were exposed to RPMI, DMSO, formalin, mebendazole, and different concentrations of RESV in vitro. Then, viability, GGT, and caspase-3 activity of protoscolices were evaluated using light microscopy, colorimetric, and enzymatic assay, respectively. Tissue changes and expression of caspase-3 apoptosis were analyzed on the hydatid cyst wall by histologic and immunohistochemistry methods. The cell toxicity effect of RESV was evaluated on mouse PBMCs by Annexin V-FITC assay. The RESV-treated protoscolices showed loss of viability, increased gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and caspase-3 activity with significant differences compared to all control groups (P < 0.05). Dose and time dependence of mortality, GGT, and caspase-3 enzymatic activity was confirmed in the protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus treated by RESV. Also, the tissue changes and apoptosis were prominent in RESV-treated hydatid cyst layers; however, tissue changes were only time-dependent, and RESV concentration had no apparent effect on tissue. In cell toxicity evaluation, RESV is safe without any significant apoptosis induction from 31.5 to 250 μg/ml; however, it was significant at 350 and 500 μg/ml in PBMCs.

Effect of Resveratrol Content in Red Wine on Circulating Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin: Lessons from a Pilot Clinical Trial.

Low sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels are associated with higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Epidemiological studies have shown that red wine has beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease. In this work if resveratrol content in red wine increases SHBG levels is explored. A pilot study aims at testing the effect of drinking for 14 days two types of red wine with different resveratrol content is conducted in 26 healthy volunteers. SHBG levels and several biochemical parameters are measured at the beginning and the end of every period. Results show that consumption of both wines does not change body mass index or biochemical markers of liver injury. The low resveratrol wine does not modify the lipid profile or SHBG levels. By contrast, red wine with high resveratrol content significantly reduces total cholesterol in both men and women. Finally, red wine with high resveratrol content increases circulating SHBG in women but not in men. Red wine rich in resveratrol reduces total cholesterol in men and women and increases SHBG only in women. Further research aims at investigating the potential SHBG role enhancement mediated by resveratrol regarding cardiovascular protection that presents women in comparison with men seems warranted.

Active ingredients and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix decoction pieces by integrated processing and traditional processing: a comparative analysis

The present study explored the differences in active ingredients and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of the decoction pieces by integrated processing(IPDP) and traditional processing(TPDP) of Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix(PCRER).The content of polydatin, resveratrol, emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside, emodin, and physcion in IPDP and TPDP was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The inflammation model was induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) in RAW264.7 cells.The mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6), and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) in 60% ethanol extracts of IPDP and TPDP of different concentrations(5 and 10 μg·mL~(-1)) were determined by PCR.The results showed that the content of polydatin and emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside in IPDP was significantly higher than that in TPDP, while the content of resveratrol, emodin, and physcion was higher in TPDP.The anti-inflammatory results showed that ethanol extracts of IPDP of different concentrations(5 and 10 μg·mL~(-1)) significantly inhibited the increase in the mRNA levels of IL-1β and TNF-α induced by LPS, whereas TPDP only had a significant inhibitory effect on IL-1β.This study preliminarily showed that the total content of five active ingredients in IPDP was higher than that in TPDP, and IPDP was superior to TPDP in anti-inflammatory activity in vitro, which provided an experimental basis for the production and application of IPDP.

Trans-Resveratrol Decreases Membrane Water Permeability: A Study of Cholesterol-Dependent Interactions.

Resveratrol (RSV), a biologically active plant phenol, has been extensively investigated for cancer prevention and treatment due to its ability to regulate intracellular targets and signaling pathways which affect cell growth and metastasis. The non-specific interactions between RSV and cell membranes can modulate physical properties of membranes, which in turn can affect the conformation of proteins and perturb membrane-hosted biological functions. This study examines non-specific interactions of RSV with model membranes having varying concentrations of cholesterol (Chol), mimicking normal and cancerous cells. The perturbation of the model membrane by RSV is sensed by changes in water permeability parameters, using Droplet Interface Bilayer (DIB) models, thermotropic properties from Differential Scanning Calorimetry, and structural properties from confocal Raman spectroscopy, all of which are techniques not complicated by the use of probes which may themselves perturb the membrane. The nature and extent of interactions greatly depend on the presence and absence of Chol as well as the concentration of RSV. Our results indicate that the presence of RSV decreases water permeability of lipid membranes composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), indicating a capability for RSV in stiffening fluidic membranes. When Chol is present, however, (at 4:1 and 2:1mol ratio DOPC to cholesterol), the addition of RSV has no significant effect upon the water permeability. DSC thermograms show that RSV interacts with DOPC and DOPC/Chol bilayers and influences their thermotropic phase behavior in a concentration-dependent manner, by decreasing the main phase transition temperature and enthalpy, with a phase separation shown at the higher concentrations of RSV. Raman spectroscopic studies indicate an ordering effect of RSV on DOPC supported bilayer, with a lesser extent of ordering in the presence of Chol. Combined results from these investigations highlight a differential effect of RSV on Chol-free and Chol-enriched membranes, respectively, which results constitute a bellwether for increased understanding and effective use of resveratrol in disease therapy including cancer.

Effect of Biological Combined with Ultrasonic Extraction and Solvent Extraction on Resveratrol and Anthocyanin Content of Ripe Mulberry Fruits

Resveratrol and anthocyanins are important photochemicals that had high potential for health benefits. Thailand can produce a lot of mulberry fruits that are able to use for as raw material for resveratrol and anthocyanin extraction. This research aimed to find out the optimal process for resveratrol and anthocyanin extracted from ripe mulberry fruits. Mulberry fruits from Chiang Mai variety which were harvested from mixed ripening stage were suitable for using as raw material, because of its high value of resveratrol and anthocyanin content. In this study, two extraction methods were investigated; biological extraction and solvent extraction methods. From biological extraction without ultrasonic treatment and without deacidification, it was found that resveratrol content was increased during yeast fermentation. After filtration, fermented mulberry fruit solution had very high recovery value of resveratrol (331.97%) from fresh ripe mulberry fruits. From solvent extraction, preliminary dehydration of fresh ripe mulberry fruits decreased the amount of resveratrol and anthocyanin content. So that fresh ripe mulberry fruits without dehydration was suitable to use as raw material. Mulberry juice and cake was obtained from hydraulic pressing of fresh ripe mulberry fruits. It was found that mulberry fruit cake had high resveratrol content approximately 2/3 of whole resveratrol content. In this study, mulberry fruit cake was selected as raw material for solvent extraction. Room temperature extraction of mulberry fruit cake with mixed solvent (ethanol:ethyl acetate = 50:50) at the ratio of 1:5 for 1 hour soaking time could provided 104.24% of resveratrol recovery from fresh ripe mulberry fruits. According to resveratrol recovery, the high potential method for resveratrol extract should be biological extraction. The extract solution with high resveratrol content could be utilized as concentrate or powder forms.

Toxicity Assessment of Resveratrol Liposomes-in-Hydrogel Delivery System by EpiVaginalTM Tissue Model.

The natural polyphenol resveratrol (RES) has shown great potential as an antimicrobial, including against microbes associated with vaginal infections. To fully exploit the activities of RES, an all-natural ingredients formulation for RES delivery at vaginal site has been developed, namely liposomes loaded with RES, incorporated into a chitosan hydrogel as secondary vehicle. Although considered non-toxic and safe on their own, the compatibility of the final formulation must be evaluated for its biocompatibility and non-irritancy to the vaginal mucosa. As a preclinical safety assessment, the impact of RES formulation on the tissue viability, the effect on barrier function and cell monolayer integrity, and cytotoxicity were evaluated using the cell-based vaginal tissue model, the EpiVaginal™ tissue. RES liposomes-in-hydrogel formulations neither affected the mitochondrial activity, nor the integrity of the cell monolayer in RES concentration up to 60 µg/mL. Moreover, the barrier function was maintained to a greater extent by RES in formulation, emphasizing the benefits of the delivery system. Additionally, none of the tested formulations expressed an increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity compared to the non-treated tissues. The evaluation of the RES delivery system suggests that it is non-irritant and biocompatible with vaginal tissue in vitro in the RES concentrations considered as therapeutic.

Characterization of the Berry Quality Traits and Metabolites of ‘Beimei’ Interspecific Hybrid Wine Grapes during Berry Development and Winemaking

The development of grape varieties with cold resistance can be an advantage for the wine industry. ‘Beimei’, an interspecific hybrid wine grape variety with cold resistance and pleasant rose aroma, is now extensively cultivated in China. In the present study, the berry quality traits and metabolites of ‘Beimei’ and other “Bei” varieties were characterized. The sugar (234 g/L–391 g/L) and acid (6.2–8.3 g/L) contents of ‘Beimei’ and four additional “Bei” varieties, i.e., ‘Beihong’, ‘Beixi’, ‘Beixin’, and ‘Xinbeichun’ berries were smilar to that of traditional Vitis vinifera varieties. ‘Beimei’ grapes has the highest volatile compounds composition, especially the content of rose aroma compounds (2-phenyl-ethyl alcohol and neryl alcohol), which was significantly higher than that of the other “Bei” wine grape varieties. After fermentation, ‘Beimei’ wines showed improved quality, with a high resveratrol content (18 mg/L) compared to traditional Eurasian wines. In addition, the high content of main rose aroma compounds (acetic acid 2-phenylethyl acetate, phenylethyl alcohol, neryl alcohol and beta-damascenone) contribute to a pleasant rose aroma in ‘Beimei’ wines. In summary, these results indicate that ‘Beimei’ grapes could be used as a winemaking grape variety considering global climate changes.