Prostate-specific Antigen Concentration Research Articles

The presence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men with chronic prostatitis.

IntroductionThe aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of occurrence of Chlamydia trachomatis (C.t.) DNA in the prostate material in the group of individuals with the chronic prostatitis.Material and methodsThe study included 65 males aged between 47 and 68 years of age, reporting for transrectal prostate biopsy because of the elevated serum prostate-specific antigen concentration and/or abnormalities detected in prostate palpation per rectum. The urethral smear collection was performed in all the patients in order to detect C.t. DNA. After that, the transrectal prostate biopsy was performed (histopathology tests, C.t. DNA). Additionally, the levels of anti-C.t. IgG antibodies and anti-C.t. IgA antibodies were checked in the serum. The DNA isolation from prostate specimens was conducted with the use of the Chelex method, while the C.t. DNA detection – with the ligase chain reaction. Specific antibodies were detected with the use of the ELISA method.ResultsC.t. DNA in the prostate gland was found in 7 out of 65 men (10.8%). In urethral smear, C.t. was found in none of the individuals. Anti-C.t. IgA antibodies were detected in the serum of 16/65 (24.6%), while anti-C.t. IgG antibodies in 6/65 (9.2%) of the examined males. IgA antibodies were found in two and IgG in one out of the 7 men who had C.t. infection in the prostate.ConclusionsThe presence of C.t. DNA in the prostate gland may be indicative of the role of chlamydia in the development of chronic prostatitis.

Computational approach and electrochemical measurements for protein detection with MIP-based sensor

Rapid and accurate detection of proteins in biological fluids is increasingly required in the biomedical environment. Actually, it is performed with conventional techniques, which are generally run by robotized platforms at centralized laboratories. In this work, molecular dynamics calculations and an experimental procedure were conducted to set up electrochemical sensors based on polypyrrol (PPy) molecular imprinted polymers (MIP) for proteins detection. Here, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was selected as a template model. Computational calculations indicate that for any PPy conformation and any amino-acid location in the protein, PSA molecules remain strongly inserted in the PPy polymer without biological alterations. One from possible orientations, appeared to be most probable as it presents the lowest absorption energy (-363 kcal mol-1) and largest contact area (4034.1 Å2). The device was then elaborated by in situ electropolymerization of PPy films. MIP's thickness and extraction duration were optimized by chronoamperometry. Square wave voltammetry technique was investigated for PSA detection in standard solution in the concentration range of 3x10 -8 ng.ml-1- 300 ng ml-1. According to the Hill equation, the equilibrium dissociation constant Kdbetween PSA and its imprint was estimated at Kd = (1.02 ± 0.54) × 10-14 M, confirming the strong binding between the designed MIP and the protein as predicted by the computational study. PSA concentration values directly measured in 35 human serum samples were found closely correlated to those measured by the ELISA technique. The promising fast and low-cost sensor might be used successfully for proteins detection at low concentrations with high selectivity and reproducibility.

Prospective study on the effect of short-term androgen deprivation therapy on PSMA uptake evaluated with 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/MRI in men with treatment-na\xefve prostate cancer

PurposeBased on in vitro studies, it is known that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) increases prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression. Therefore, we hypothesised that ADT improves the performance of PSMA-PET imaging in primary staging of prostate cancer. The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the time course effect of ADT on PSMA uptake in different types of metastatic lesions evaluated with 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/MRI.MethodsNine men with treatment-naïve prostate cancer were enrolled to a prospective, registered (NCT03313726) clinical trial. A 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/MRI was performed once before and 3 times post-ADT (degarelix, Firmagon). Change of maximum standardised uptake values (SUVmax) in prostate, lymph nodes, bone metastases, and physiologically PSMA-avid organs were evaluated in a time frame of 1–8 weeks.ResultsAll patients reached castration levels within 10 days, and 50% decrease in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration was observed 14 days post-ADT. A heterogeneous increase in PSMA uptake was observed 3 to 4 weeks post-ADT. This phenomenon was definitively more evident in bone metastases: 13 (57%) of the metastasis, with a mean (range) SUVmax increase of 77% (8–238%). In one patient, already having bone metastases at baseline, three new bone metastases were observed post-ADT. Of lesions with reduced SUVmax, none disappeared.ConclusionsBoth in patient and region level, increase in PSMA uptake post-ADT is heterogenous and is seen most evidently in bone metastases. Preliminary results on a small cohort of patients suggest the clinical impact of ADT on improving the performance of 68Ga-PSMA PET in staging seems to be minor. However, the optimal imaging time point might be 3 to 4 weeks post-ADT. Since none of the metastases with decreasing SUVmax disappeared, it seems that short-term usage of ADT does not interfere with the interpretation of 68Ga-PSMA PET.Trial registrationNCT03313726, registered 18 October 2017; EUDRA-CT, 2017-002345-29.

Relationship between body mass index and concentrations of prostate specific antigen: a cross-sectional study

The possible relationship between body mass index (BMI) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations is controversial. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between BMI and PSA concentrations in Chinese men. A total of 81,122 men who had undergone annual medical examinations at the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2018 were included. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models were used to assess the relationship between BMI and PSA concentrations. The nonlinear relationship was analyzed using a generalized additive model with a spline smoothing function. Subsequently, a stratified linear regression model was used for subgroup analysis. The mean age and BMI of the participants were 45.91 ± 12.21 years and 24.79 ± 3.11 kg/m2, respectively. After adjustment for age, waist circumference–hip circumference ratio, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, BMI was negatively related to PSA level (p < .001). A nonlinear relationship was detected, and different relationships between BMI and PSA concentrations were observed on each side of the inflection point (BMI = 23.11 kg/m2). Our study revealed an inverse, nonlinear relationship between BMI and PSA concentrations. Thus, this relationship may be a concern when establishing reference intervals or decision limits for PSA concentrations.

Salvage Radiotherapy Versus Hormone Therapy for Prostate-specific Antigen Failure After Radical Prostatectomy: A Randomised, Multicentre, Open-label, Phase 3 Trial (JCOG0401)†

BackgroundNo standard therapy has been established for localised prostate cancer patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure after radical prostatectomy (RP). ObjectiveTo determine whether radiotherapy ± hormone therapy is superior to hormone therapy alone in such patients. Design, setting, and participantsThis study is a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Patients with localised prostate cancer whose PSA concentrations had decreased to <0.1 ng/ml after RP, and then increased to 0.4–1.0 ng/ml, were randomised to the salvage hormone therapy (SHT) group (80 mg bicalutamide [BCL] followed by luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonist in case of BCL failure) or the salvage radiation therapy (SRT) ± SHT group (64.8 Gy of SRT followed by the same regimen as in the SHT group in case of SRT failure). From May 2004 to May 2011, 210 patients (105 in each arm) were registered, with the median follow-up being 5.5 yr. Outcome measurements and statistical analysisThe primary endpoint was time to treatment failure (TTF) of BCL. Results and limitationsTTF of BCL was significantly longer in the SRT ± SHT group (8.6 yr) than in the SHT group (5.6 yr; hazard ratio 0.56, 90% confidence interval [0.40–0.77]; one-sided p = 0.001). Thirty-two of 102 patients (31%) in the SRT ± SHT group did not have SRT treatment failure. However, clinical relapse-free survival and overall survival did not differ between the arms. The most frequent grade 3–4 adverse event was erectile dysfunction (83 patients [80%] in the SHT group vs. 76 [74%] in the SRT ± SHT group). Limitations include the short follow-up periods and surrogate endpoint setting to allow definitive conclusions. ConclusionsInitial SRT prolongs TTF of BCL in patients with post-RP PSA failure, indicating that SRT ± SHT is more beneficial than SHT alone. Patient summaryPatients who have prostate-specific antigen failure after radical prostatectomy benefit from salvage radiation therapy prior to salvage hormone therapy.

Assessment of serum prostate specific antigen level in type II diabetes mellitus

Assessment of serum prostate specific antigen level in type II diabetes mellitus - IJCBR- Print ISSN No: - 2394-6369 Online ISSN No:- 2394-6377 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijcbr.2019.117, International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research-Int J Clin Biochem Res

Protective role of diosmin against testosterone propionate-induced prostatic hyperplasia in Wistar rats: Plausible role of oxidative stress and inflammation.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an important key health concern for aging men. Polyphenolic compounds have been found to possess important roles in the inhibition of numerous ailments that involve reactive oxygen species and inflammation. Diosmin is a citrus flavone that possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anticancer activities, so based on these properties of diosmin, we decided to evaluate its effect on testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH. A total of 30 Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups having six animals in each. This study was of 28 days in which TP (5 mg kg-1) was administered to induce BPH in the last 10 days of the study. It was found that diosmin at the doses of 20 and 40 mg kg-1 significantly reduced malondialdehyde and xanthine oxidase formation in a dose-dependent manner; however, it replenished catalase, glutathione (GSH), and GSH-dependent enzymes, that is, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase significantly against TP-induced BPH. Further, immunohistochemical study showed that diosmin alleviated inflammatory markers (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, cyclooxygenase-2, and interleukin-6). It was also found that diosmin downregulated the expression of androgen receptor and decreased the prostate-specific antigen concentration dose-dependently, significantly against TP-induced BPH. Diosmin also restored histoarchitecture of the prostate in a dose-dependent manner. Findings from the present study revealed the protective role of diosmin against TP-induced BPH in Wistar rats.

Changes in specific serum biomarkers during the induction of prostatic hyperplasia in dogs

BackgroundProstatic hyperplasia (PH) is one of the most important disorders in intact dogs. In this study, we aimed to induce PH experimentally using the combination of testosterone and estrogen and evaluate important factors associated with this disease.ResultsThe results showed that in the induction group, prostate volume and prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentration increased significantly on day 21 onwards compared to those of the control group. Canine prostatic specific esterase (CPSE) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations increased significantly on day 42 onwards while the testosterone levels increased on day 63. In addition, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) concentration did not change significantly in the control and induction groups. Biochemistry profiles and hematologic factors were measured for monitoring the function of liver and kidney, and there were no adverse effects following the induction of PH.ConclusionsIt seems that testosterone and estrogen administration led to prostatic hyperplasia during 2 months. Investigating the size of the prostate, accompanied by prostate markers including CPSE, PSA, DHT, and testosterone, is helpful for the PH diagnosis. However, further studies should be carried out on PAP.

225Ac-PSMA-617/177Lu-PSMA-617 tandem therapy of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: pilot experience.

Up to 30% of patients with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-positive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) never respond or develop resistance to 177Lu-labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand monotherapy. Single-agent PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy (PRLT) with the alpha-emitter 225Ac showed promise against mCRPC but may cause severe and/or persistent xerostomia, which may substantially impair patients' quality-of-life. We hypothesized that when 177Lu-PSMA ligand alone is ineffective, tandem therapy with low-activity 225Ac-PSMA ligand plus full activity of the beta emitter may enhance efficacy while minimizing xerostomia severity. We retrospectively analyzed pilot experience with 1 course of 225Ac-PSMA-617/177Lu-PSMA-617 tandem therapy in our first 20 patients with mCRPC receiving this intervention after insufficiently responding to 177Lu-PSMA-617 monotherapy. This cohort had late-stage/end-stage disease with high baseline prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration (median 215 ng/mL), heavy pre-treatment (abiraterone and/or enzalutamide, and 177Lu-PRLT [median cumulative activity, 26.3 GBq] in 20/20 patients, 100%; docetaxel and/or cabazitaxel in 13/20 patients, 65%), and frequent Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2 (8/20 patients, 40%). Median (minimum-maximum) administered activities were 225Ac-PSMA-617, 5.3 (1.5-7.9) MBq, and 177Lu-PSMA-617, 6.9 (5.0-11.6) GBq. Significant responders to tandem therapy received 177Lu-PSMA-617 monotherapy as maintenance (median [minimum-maximum]: 1 [0-5] cycle). After a median (minimum-maximum) 22 (14-63) weeks' follow-up, 13/20 patients (65%) had as best biochemical response a PSA decline > 50%. Median (95% confidence interval) progression-free survival was 19 (12-26) weeks, and overall survival was 48 (4-92) weeks post-tandem therapy administration. Xerostomia was reported as grade 1 (very mild) in 8/20 patients (40%), grade 2 (mild) in 5/20 (25%), and grade 3/4 in 0/20. Our results suggest that a single course of tandem therapy with low-activity 225Ac-PSMA-617/full-activity 177Lu-PSMA-617 may safely enhance response to PRLT in men with late-stage/end-stage mCRPC while minimizing xerostomia severity. Formal study of this combination is warranted.

The roles of MRI-based prostate volume and associated zone-adjusted prostate-specific antigen concentrations in predicting prostate cancer and high-risk prostate cancer.

Prostate biopsies are frequently performed to screen for prostate cancer (PCa) with complications such as infections and bleeding. To reduce unnecessary biopsies, here we designed an improved predictive model of MRI-based prostate volume and associated zone-adjusted prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations for diagnosing PCa and risk stratification. Multiparametric MRI administered to 422 consecutive patients before initial transrectal ultrasonography-guided 13-core prostate biopsies from January 2012 to March 2018 at Fujian Medical University Union Hospital. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses and determination of the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to evaluate and integrate the predictors of PCa and high-risk prostate cancer (HR-PCa). The detection rates of PCa was 43.84% (185/422). And the detection rates of HR-PCa was 71.35% (132/185) in PCa patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that prostate volume(PV), PSA density(PSAD), transitional zone volume(TZV), PSA density of the transitional zone(PSADTZ), and MR were independent predictors of PCa and HR-PCa. PSA, peripheral zone volume(PZV) and PSA density of the peripheral zone(PSADPZ) were independent predictors of PCa but not HR-PCa. The AUC of our best predictive model including PSA + PV + PSAD + MR + TZV or PSA + PV + PSAD + MR + PZV was 0.906 for PCa. The AUC of the best predictive model of PV + PSAD + MR + TZV was 0.893 for HR-PCa. In conclusion, our results will likely improve the detection rate of prostate cancer, avoiding unnecessary prostate biopsies, and for evaluating risk stratification.

Dual-Mode Electrochemical Assay of Prostate-Specific Antigen Based on Antifouling Peptides Functionalized with Electrochemical Probes and Internal References.

Sensitive and selective detection of target analytes in complex biological samples is currently a major challenge. Herein we constructed a dual-mode antifouling electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) based on two kinds of antifouling peptides functionalized with a graphene oxide-Fe3O4-thionine (GO-Fe3O4-Thi) probe and internal reference ferrocene (Fc), respectively. The longer peptide (Pep1) modified with the GO-Fe3O4-Thi probe was designed to contain a peptide sequence (HSSKLQK) capable of being recognized and cut by PSA. The GO-Fe3O4-Thi probe functions not only as a peroxidase mimick (GO-Fe3O4) but also works as an electrochemical probe due to the presence of thionine (Thi). The concentration of PSA can be measured through both the increase of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) signal change of Thi and the decrease of chronoamperometry (CA) signal of the reduction of H2O2 electrocatalyzed by GO-Fe3O4. The shorter peptide (Pep2) was tagged with Fc, whose DPV signal remained constant and was independent of the presence of PSA, and it was used as an internal reference to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the measurement. The dual-mode PSA sensor exhibits a wide linear range from 5 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL, with low detection limits of 0.76 and 0.42 pg/mL through DPV and CA modes, respectively. More importantly, owing to the antifouling capability of the designed peptides, the biosensor performances remained operable even in human serum, indicating feasibility of the electrochemical biosensor for practical PSA quantification in complex samples.

Copper(II) 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylate on copper foam nanowire arrays for electrochemical immunosensing of the prostate specific antigen.

Nanowires of copper(II)-based metal-organic frameworks (Cu-MOFs) of type Cu(II)(1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid) (1,4-NDC) were deposited on the surface of a copper foam by immersion of Cu(OH)2 nanowires in a solution of 1,4-NDC. An electrochemical immunosensor for the prostate specific antigen (PSA) is obtained by using the nanowire arrays as a redox signal probe. The signal is generated by the conversion of Cu(I) and Cu(II) of Cu-MOFs nanowires. Cu(1,4-NDC) nanowires contain many uncoordinated carboxyl groups which can bind to the amino groups of the PSA antibody. When PSA antibody binds to PSA antigen during an immune response, the current signal will decrease due to the electricalinsulation of PSA antigen. The decrease of current is directly proportional to the increase of PSA concentration. The immunosensor, best operated at a voltage of typically -0.08V (vs. Ag/AgCl), has a low limit of detection (4.4fg·mL-1) and a wide linear range (0.1pg·mL-1 to 20ng·mL-1). This meets the demands of clinical diagnosis (with values <4ng·mL-1) in serum. The method was applied to the determination of PSA in spiked serum. Graphical abstractSchematic representation of the in-situ growth of ordered Cu-MOFs wrapped with Cu(OH)2 nanowires, building the core-shell structure as the 3D electrode. A novel electrochemical immunosensor for PSA detection has been exploited, using the Cu-MOFs nanowire arrays on Cu foam as a redox signal probe for the first time.

Treatment of experimentally induced benign prostatic hyperplasia with Tadalafil and castration in dogs

New methods are being developed for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in dogs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Tadalafil on the treatment of experimentally induced BPH in dogs. Twenty-five adult intact male dogs were randomly divided into five groups (n = 5): normal group; dogs induced with BPH and treated with Tadalafil (5 mg/day p.o.); dogs which received Tadalafil (5 mg/day p.o.); dogs induced with BPH and treated with castration; and dogs induced with BPH. For 4 sequential weeks, the hematologic and prostate-specific factors (dihydrotestosterone (DHT), serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and canine prostatic specific esterase (CPSE)) were measured. Significant differences were observed in the level of PSA, CPSE, and PAP concentration between the normal vs. BPH-Tadalafil, BPH-castrated, and BPH groups. Treating BPH-induced dogs with Tadalafil or castration significantly declined the serum PSA, CPSE, and PAP levels compared to those of the untreated BPH-induced group. The treatment of normal dogs with Tadalafil did not affect prostate-specific biomarkers in comparison with normal dogs. In conclusion, and according to the prostatic indices, it could be stated that Tadalafil, compared with castration, could be used for the treatment of BPH in dogs.

The association between clinically determined periodontal disease and prostate-specific antigen concentration in men without prostate cancer: the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

We evaluated the association between clinically assessed periodontal disease and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration in men without a prostate cancer diagnosis in a US nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized men. Included were 1263 men aged ≥ 40years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2009-2010. Measurements of periodontal health and tooth count were used to define periodontal disease severity (no, mild, moderate, severe) and edentulism. Linear and logistic regressions were used to estimate the association of periodontal disease severity and edentulism with PSA concentration and elevated PSA, respectively. Adjusting for age and other factors including race, body mass index, and education, the natural logarithm of PSA concentration did not change with increasing severity (mild - 0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.34 to - 0.05; moderate - 0.12, 95% CI - 0.26 to 0.01; severe - 0.16, 95% CI - 0.43 to 0.12; edentulism - 0.16, 95% CI - 0.35 to 0.04; P-trend 0.13) compared with dentate men without periodontal disease. Although the multivariable-adjusted ORs of elevated PSA were not statistically significant, participants with more severe periodontal disease were less likely to have PSA > 2.0 and > 2.5ng/mL, but more likely to have PSA > 4.0ng/mL, compared to dentate men without periodontal disease. Similar non-significant associations with PSA were observed when comparing edentulous men to dentate men without periodontal disease. In this US nationally representative sample, men with periodontal disease did not have higher serum PSA and were not more likely to have clinically elevated PSA after taking into account age and other factors, contrary to the hypothesis. This study suggests that periodontal disease does not notably affect the specificity of PSA for prostate cancer screening.

Association of Long-Term Dynamics in Circulating Testosterone with Serum PSA in Prostate Cancer-Free Men with Initial-PSA < 4ng/mL.

We previously reported that an accelerated decline in circulating testosterone level is associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer (PCa). This study is to examine whether testosterone change rate is related to serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration among PCa-free men. Longitudinal data were derived from electronic medical records at a tertiary hospital in the Southeastern USA. PCa-free men with initial-PSA < 4ng/mL and ≥ 2 testosterone measurements were included (n = 632). Three PSA measures (peak, the most recent, and average PSA) during the study period (from first testosterone measurement to the most recent hospital visit) were examined using multivariable-adjusted geometric means and were compared across quintiles of testosterone change rate (ng/dL/month) and current testosterone level (cross-sectional). Mean (standard deviation, SD) age at baseline was 59.3 (10.5) years; mean study period was 93.0 (55.3) months. After adjusting for covariates including baseline testosterone, the three PSA measures all significantly increased across quintile of testosterone change rate from increase to decline (peak PSA: quint 1 = 1.09, quint 5 = 1.41; the most recent PSA: quint 1 = 0.85, quint 5 = 1.00; average PSA: quint 1 = 0.89, quint 5 = 1.02; all Ptrend < 0.001). But current testosterone level was not associated with PSA levels. Stratified analyses indicated men with higher adiposity (body mass index > 24.1kg/m2) or lower baseline testosterone (≤ 296ng/dL) were more sensitive to testosterone change in regard to PSA. Among PCa-free men, accelerated testosterone decline might correlate with higher serum PSA concentration. It will help to elucidate the mechanisms relating aging-accompanying testosterone dynamics to prostate carcinogenesis.

Anti-androgenic effect of 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) in LNCaP cells is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon-androgen receptors cross-talk

The factual impact of endogenously activated AHR by 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), an endogenous ligand of AHR on androgen receptor (AR) was aim of this study. In this study, LNCaP cells were exposed to FICZ, CH223191 and flutamide (Flu) alone or in combination in the presence and absence of testosterone. CYP1A1 enzyme activity, cell viability, cellular prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) production, mRNA levels of PSA, KLK2, TMPRSS2, and AR genes were measured as endpoints. A declining in the expression of androgen- responsive target genes was seen by either Flu or FICZ in the presence of testosterone. Furthermore, the forced decrease in the expression of AR target genes resulted in 41% and 31% decline in the DHT and PSA concentrations respectively. Taken together, endogenously activated AHR plays a regulatory role on AR. Therefore, FICZ might be an effective chemical in treating prostate cancer.

Highly sensitive voltammetric immunosensor for the detection of prostate specific antigen based on silver nanoprobe assisted graphene oxide modified screen printed carbon electrode

In this work, we developed an effective voltammetric immunosensing platform for the sensitive detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA) utilizing a graphene oxide (GO) modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) hybridized with the ex-situ prepared silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a probe and signal transducer. The sensing platform comprises a direct-type immunoassay involving the selective interaction of PSA with anti-PSA. The surface morphology and analytical performance of the modified SPCE were characterized through relevant instrumentations. The changes in the voltammetric reduction current of AgNPs at 0.11 V in the sensor electrode was correlated to the PSA concentration. Under optimum conditions, the fabricated immunosensor exhibited a sensitive response to PSA with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.27 ng mL−1 and a dynamic calibration range of 0.75–100.0 ng mL−1. We demonstrated that the participation of AgNPs along with GO modification contribute to the desired signal amplification and sensitive detection of PSA. It is anticipated that the proposed immunosensor can serve as a biomarker and potentially be utilized for the real sample quantification of PSA.

Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate (review of the literature)

Neuroendocrine neoplasia (NEC) of the prostate gland is a rather rare extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma and makes up only 0.5 to 1% of all malignant neoplasms of this localization. NEC of the prostate gland is a tumor of epithelial origin, histologically and immunohistochemically identical to analogues in the lungs and digestive system. When stained with hemotoxylin-eosin, neuroendocrine cells cannot always be visualized; they are best recognized by the immunohistochemical method of investigation using specific markers. Currently, a number of neuroendocrine markers are used, the expression of which may indicate a neuroendocrine nature. Androgen neuroendocrine cells themselves are independent and do not cause an increase in the concentration of prostate-specific antigen. Prostate NECs are represented by some histological forms according to WHO classification (2015): 1. Adenocarcinoma with focal neuroendocrine differentiation. 2. Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor. 3. Small cell neuroendocrine cancer is a high - grade tumor with high malignant potential. 4. Large cell neuroendocrine cancer is a high - grade tumor. Due to the rarity of NEC of the prostate, a specific algorithm for diagnosis and treatment has not been developed, as a rule, they are similar to methods of other malignant forms of prostate cancer and neuroendocrine tumors.

Serum and Saliva Concentrations of Biochemical Parameters in Men with Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostate Hyperplasia.

To find suitable biomarkers for diagnosis of prostate cancer (PC) in serum and saliva; also, to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of saliva in patients with PC. This case-control study included 20 patients with PC and 20 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Blood and saliva were collected from the participants and centrifuged. Serum and supernatant saliva were used for biochemical analysis. We evaluated serum and salivary levels of urea, creatinine, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), creatine kinase BB (CK-BB), zinc, β-2 microglobulin (B2M), and melatonin. Also, we used Mann-Whitney U testing, Spearman correlation coefficients, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to evaluate the data. Serum and salivary concentrations of urea, creatinine, PSA, CK-BB, zinc, and B2M were significantly higher in patients with PC, compared with the BPH group (P <.05). However, serum and salivary concentrations of melatonin were significantly lower in patients with PC, compared with BPH group (P <.05). In both groups, salivary concentrations of all markers were lower (P <.05), compared with those values in serum. We observed positive correlation between serum and salivary concentrations of all markers studied (P <.05). From the data, we conclude that investigation using saliva specimens is a noninvasive, simple, and effective tool for screening of biochemical parameters.

Association between serum prostate-specific antigen level and diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and the laboratory parameters related to glucose tolerance, hepatic function, and lipid profile: implications for modification of prostate-specific antigen threshold.

Previous studies indicated inverse relationships between body mass index (BMI), diabetes and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration besides an established positive relationship between age and PSA. Other causal relationships between clinical parameters including hypertension, hepatic function, tests, lipid profile and PSA were also suggested. Thus, we incorporated these parameters all together into the analysis to identify possible determinants of PSA concentration to improve the accuracy of PSA tests. Associations between PSA and the above-mentioned clinical parameters were examined among 14,486 men who visited our hospital for a routine health checkup, using linear regression analyses. Total of 1403 (9.7%) and 784 (5.4%) men were classified as diabetes and obesity, respectively. After adjusting age, significant PSA reductions were found in diabetic men, especially for men taking antidiabetics. Such association was seen when the diabetic status was represented by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels. That is, PSA levels were significantly reduced in men with higher HbA1c and FBS levels. Obesity was also associated with a reduction in PSA levels. Moreover, PSA levels were significantly decreased with increased ALT levels. PSA test results should be carefully interpreted especially for men with diabetes and obesity, in whom a substantial reduction in PSA concentration is likely to occur.