Concentrations Of Potassium Chloride Research Articles

Insulin accelerates recovery from QRS complex widening in a frog heart model of hyperkalemia.

Hyperkalemia is one of the most common electrolyte disorders. By injecting various concentrations of potassium chloride (KCl) solutions intravenously into bullfrogs, we demonstrated characteristic electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities of hyperkalemia in frog hearts. The widened QRS complexes induced by 100 mM KCl injection were accompanied by an increase in the resting membrane potential in cardiomyocytes and a decreased slope of phase 0 in the action potential. Recording both ECG waveforms and the cardiac action potential enabled us to reveal the mechanisms of hyperkalemia-induced ECG abnormalities. Additionally, pre-treatment with insulin, a powerful stimulator of Na+/K+-ATPase activity, significantly accelerated the recovery from the widened QRS complexes in the ECG, demonstrating a pronounced shift of extracellular potassium ions into the intracellular space.

Experimental investigation of viscosity, enhanced thermal conductivity and zeta potential of a TiO2 electrolyte – based nanofluid

The development of long-time stable nanofluids for practical use in heat transfer processes is a tremendous scientific challenge because nanoparticles tend to precipitate and agglomerate when in a solution, affecting both their thermophysical properties and their stability. This work experimentally investigates the role of the electro-repulse force by electric charges around the nanoparticle, as a way of improving the stability of an electrolyte-based nanofluid. Nanofluid samples were prepared in a two-step method, with 1 wt% and 3 wt% concentrations (mass fraction) of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles added to a base fluid consisting of an electrolyte solution with a different concentration of potassium chloride (KCl) and deionized water. The pH of the base fluid was maintained constant, adding HEPES as a buffering agent. The stable condition of the nanofluid was established when the temporal variation of the thermal conductivity was negligible. When stability was established, the dynamic viscosity, zeta potential and the enhancement of the thermal conductivity were measured under controlled temperatures. Experimental results showed that the stable behavior of the nanofluid was directly influenced by the electric charge around the nanoparticles and the electro-repulse force between the nanoparticles (represented by the zeta potential), producing a consistent and homogenous stable condition for an extended 30-day period. Due to the greater number of nanoparticles in the 3 wt% solution, the dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid at 3 wt% was higher than at 1 wt%. It was noted that the addition of the nanoparticles did not affect the Newtonian nature of the fluid (except that it was slightly for higher KCl concentrations) and it produced an increase of a 41.75 ± 2.4% for 1 wt% and 59.32 ± 2.1% for 3 wt% of the nanofluid dynamic viscosity, with respect to that of the pure water. Significant enhancement of thermal conductivity enhancement was also obtained, ranging from 0.46 ± 0.11% to 1.47 ± 0.12% for the 1 wt%; and, 2.15 ± 0.11% to 4.7 ± 0.13% for the 3 wt% of nanoparticles added. This noteworthy improvement was attributed to the higher level of homogeneity of the nanofluid, caused by the high electro-repulse force between nanoparticles. Stable electrolyte-based nanofluids, such as KCl, which increase the electro-repulse forces between nanoparticles, can bolster the application of this type of nanofluid in energy conversion and electronic cooling. Enhanced stability properties (particularly in microchannel heat sinks) give these nanofluids the ability to use electric fields for the fluid motion, rather than traditional pumping devices.

Isolation, screening, identification and tolerance of yeast in cherry wine lees

Abstract In this study, yeast was isolated from cherry wine lees by rose Bengal medium, and its species was identified through three-stage screening, morphological observation and molecular biological identification. Moreover, the tolerance of screened strains was studied. The results showed that 30 strains of yeast were isolated from cherry wine lees, and five strains of yeast were selected, which were named YJN10, YJN16, YJN18, YJN19 and YJN28. After preliminary appraisal, strain YJN10 was Saccharomyces kudriavzevii, strain YJN16 was Saccharomyces paradoxus, and strains YJN18, YJN19, YJN28 were Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the tolerance study, the tolerable sugar concentrations of the five strains were 650, 650, 550, 600 and 600 g/L. The tolerable alcohol volume fractions were 20, 20, 16, 18 and 18%. The tolerable molar concentration of potassium chloride was 1.8, 1.8, 1.5, 1.5 and 1.5 mol/L. Finally, strains YJN10, YJN16, YJN19 and YJN28 showed good tolerance, which laid a foundation for subsequent application in cherry wine fermentation.

Experimental study on mechanical and anisotropic properties of shale and estimation of uniaxial compressive strength

ABSTRACT Shale displays obvious anisotropy due to the orientation of the rock mineral particles during the deposition process and its layered structure of weak surfaces. Potassium chloride can inhibit the hydration expansion of shale and improve its strength, although wellbore instability is extremely common in layered shale during drilling. In this paper, core samples were collected at different bedding angles (0°, 30°, 60° and 90°) to study the mechanical and anisotropic characteristics of shale saturated in different concentrations of potassium chloride. The laboratory uniaxial compressive strength show that the failure mode of the shale is related to the angle of the bedding plane, and the failure always induces tensile stress at 0° and 90°. At 30° and 60°, shear sliding occurs along the bedding plane. With increasing bedding angle, the strength first decreases and then increases, so the anisotropic strength characteristic curve is approximately U-shaped. The inhibition of clay swelling is optimum at a 4% KCl concentration. A uniaxial compressive strength prediction model is established by an artificial neural network, and the influencing factors are analyzed. The calculation of uniaxial compressive strength is improved, and the problem of predicting uniaxial compressive strength is solved. This study not only elucidates the mechanical anisotropy of shale but also provides basic data on borehole stability and hydraulic fracturing.

Effect of ionic concentrations and ph on the Atterberg limit of cohesive soil

The addition of salt to pore water can affect the behaviour of the soil by influencing the electrochemical forces exist between the solid, liquid and dissolved phases. Changes in geotechnical behaviour of fine grained soils under the influence of ionic concentrations and pH depends on the chemistry of the soil constituents and the pore fluid chemistry. The geotechnical modifications of soil behaviour largely depend on the clay particles and the diversities in the nature of the clay types is due to their specific surface and the net electrical charge on them. Generally, clay particles surface are negatively charged while its edges are positively charged. To preserve electrical neutrality the negative charge of the clay particle is balanced by the attraction of cations which are held between the layers, and on the surface of the particles. The charged clay surface together with the counter–ions in the pore water at the diffuse double layer. The present study focuses on the effect of the ionic concentrations of potassium chloride (KCl) and pH on the liquid limit of fine grained soil. Fall cone test was conducted to measure the liquid limit in different concentrations of the pore fluid, with each of the ionic concentrations prepared in four different pH values (3.5, 5.5, 7.5 and 9.5). From the test results, it was observed that the pH values generally has no significant effect on the liquid limit of the samples; while the liquid limit lightly undulated at lower pH values at ionic concentrations of 0.00001 M, 0.0004 M and 0.003 M, the pH values had least influence at higher ionic concentrations (0.1 M and 1.8 M) of KCL. This behaviour is attributed to the buffering effects of the relatively high solute content at 0.1 M and 1.8 M. On the other hand, the liquid limit decreased with increasing ionic concentrations of KCL. Increasing the ionic concentration reduces the thickness of the diffuse double layer thereby depleting the repulsive forces and hence increases the effective stress leading to flocculation of clay particles that gave rise to the reduction in the liquid limit of the clayey sample
 Keywords: Liquid Limit, potassium chloride, pore fluid, ionic concentrations, pH

Recovery and purification of Aspergillus niger phytase from crude extract using AOT / isooctane reversed micelles

This work describes the successful extraction of Aspergillus niger phytase from a crude extract (CE) obtained from solid-state fermentation by reversed micelle system using anionic surfactant sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) in isooctane achieved in two simple steps: forward and backward extractions. The effects of potassium chloride (KCl) concentration, pH of the aqueous solution, and AOT concentration that affect the system were examined. The best result for the forward extraction was obtained with the CE solution at pH 4.0, 50 mM KCl, and 100 mM AOT, while for the backward extraction the best result was achieved with a stripping aqueous solution at pH 5.5 containing 200 mM KCl, achieving a purification factor of 4.03, 1.15 times higher than that reported for the conventional purification process. Phytase purity was demonstrated by SDS-PAGE (89 kDa) and its activity by zymogram, confirming the efficiency of the process with low time consumption (∼40 min).

Chemical parameters of gourmet salts compared withsalt extracted from eichhornia crassipes evaluated by energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry

Salts have been part of human nutrition since 2,000 b.C., having originated in the Zhongba region, in China. Itssubstantial availability in food markets and stores specialized in condiments led us, curiously, to compare its elemental chemical composition with that of salt extracted from a floating aquatic macrophyte, known commonly as “water hyacinth” (Eichhornia crassipes), whose product, after extraction from dry matter, was popularly denominated“indigenous salt”. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the chemical composition of gourmet salts in comparison with indigenous salt using the energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) technique. Eichhornia crassipes exhibited higher concentrations of chloride (35.834%), potassium (62.146%), sulfur (1.095%), calcium (0.450%), bromine (0.177%), silicon (0.124%), copper (0.029%), magnesium (0.123%), and rubidium (0.023%) than the gourmet salts. Our results indicate that this indigenous salt should be consumed under medical guidance due to its high concentration of potassium chloride, a salt whose properties are used for specific human treatment and not daily consumption.

Antihypertensive constituents in Sanoshashinto

It has been reported that Sanoshashinto (SanHuangXieXinTang, 三黃瀉心湯), which is composed of Rhei Rhizoma, Scutellariae Radix, and Coptidis Rhizoma, exhibits vasorelaxant effects in vitro and lowers blood pressure of patients. Based on this discovery, in this study, a mixture containing those three materials and combinations of them were extracted with methanol, and the extracts were fractionated into different parts. Effects of all extracts and fractions on high concentration of potassium chloride (High K+)- or noradrenaline (NA)-induced contractions of isolated rat aortic rings or helical strips were examined. Qualitative and quantitative HPLC analyses of the extracts and the fractions revealed that the contents of baicalin and berberine in Sanoshashinto methanol extract (SHXXTM) were higher than those of the other constituents. All pharmacological and HPLC data were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) software and the results indicated that baicalin, berberine, palmatine, baicalein, and wogonoside contributed significantly to the pharmacological activity. Furthermore, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) that were orally given SHXXTM or a baicalin–berberine combination showed significantly reduced increase in the rate of systolic blood pressure (SBP) compared to the control group. These findings suggested that Sanoshashinto has significant vasorelaxant effects in vitro and antihypertensive effects in vivo, and baicalin and berberine, which were the principal constituents of Scutellariae Radix and Coptidis Rhizoma, were the main antihypertensive constituents in Sanoshashinto. It was speculated that baicalin and berberine produced vasorelaxant effects by activating the NO/cGMP pathway and that the BKCa channel and the DAG/PKC/CPI-17 pathway were also involved.

Hydrodynamic and adsorption properties of anionic acrylamide copolymers in water-salt media

Rheological properties and concentration cross-overs of anionic acrylamide copolymers in saline solutions (potassium chloride) were investigated by using capillary viscometer method. Area of non-overlapping coils between the crossover concentration and the concentration of fluctuation mesh formation was determined; it was shown that with increase of salt concentration this area practically disappears, i.e. mass transfer mechanism changes near the crossover concentration. It was shown that at low concentrations of potassium chloride increasing the content of ionic groups of macromolecules leads to reduction in the crossover concentration and increase in the effective volume. It is found that the kaolin adsorption capacity decreases when polymers are adsorbed from saline solution, and the adsorption constant is significantly higher in the presence of salt than in water.

Controlled release behavior of curcumin from kappa-carrageenan gels with flexible texture by the addition of metal chlorides

Previously, we had greatly enhanced the solubility of the widely studied polyphenol curcumin using the tri-component system curcumin/α-glucosyl stevia/polyvinylpyrrolidone. This study aimed to develop a κ-carrageenan gel formulation with a controlled release profile of curcumin by changing the texture properties of the gel. The tri-component system with/without metal chlorides maintained the high solubility of curcumin after five cycles of heating-cooling operations through the interaction between the α-glucosyl stevia micelle-like structure and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The release rate of curcumin in the κ-carrageenan gel formulations was altered by adding metal chlorides. Particularly, changing the concentration of potassium chloride allowed for flexible release of curcumin. Importantly, the κ-carrageenan gel formulation maintained the enhanced solubility of hydrophobic polyphenols, which shows potential for ensuring flexible curcumin-release rates, by changing the texture properties of the gel using metal chlorides. The controlled release rate of curcumin may lead to improved outcomes by prolonging the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the curcumin in the field of health care.

Investigation on the Intrinsic Potential of Using Potassium Chloride for Partially Replacing NaCl in Kimchi and the Effect of Information on Consumer Acceptance of Sodium-Reduced Kimchi According to Age.

The high sodium content of kimchi is a contradicting factor from its fame as a healthy food. With the aim of reducing the sodium content of kimchi, the objective of this study was to understand the effect of providing "sodium-reduced" information on the acceptance of kimchi according to the age of consumption. Six sodium-reduced kimchi samples, prepared with different percentages of sodium reduction (25% and 50%) and potassium chloride concentration (none, 0.47%, and 0.93%), were compared to control kimchi (2.0% w/v NaCl). Sensory characterization of the samples was obtained using descriptive analysis. A total of 167 kimchi consumers with balanced proportion of the young (below 40) and the old (above 40) evaluated seven kimchi samples in either of the two conditions: blind testing condition or informed testing condition where each of the samples was provided with a label that informed about "sodium reduction percentage" and "whether a salt replacer was used or not." The results showed that in terms of healthiness perception, Korean female consumers believed that kimchi with a high sodium reduction rate would contribute to health in general, though an unfavorable notion of using a salt replacer was also observed. Also, the results suggested that promoting information about sodium reduction in kimchi would generally increase consumer acceptance. However, this phenomenon was influenced not only by the sample for which the information was provided, but also by the age of consumers with different health interests and kimchi experience. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The findings of this study showed simply reducing sodium and promoting it with a health claim showed limitation in achieving a high level of sodium reduction, such as a 50% reduction rate, which implied the importance of using supplementary material such as potassium chloride that can fulfill the missing saltiness and flavors of the original product. Promotion of "sodium-reduced" claims in kimchi generally results in increased consumer acceptance. However, the effectiveness of the information was dependent on which sample was provided and the age of the consumers, among whom health interests and kimchi experience differ.

Rat Model of Ménière’s Attack: Intratympanic Injection of Potassium Chloride Produces Direction-Changing Spontaneous Nystagmus and Hearing Fluctuations

The major symptoms of Ménière’s disease are episodic vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus. Direction-changing spontaneous nystagmus is a characteristic vestibular finding in Ménière’s disease. In the acute stage, spontaneous nystagmus beating to the affected side (irritative nystagmus) is often observed, while paralytic nystagmus beating to the healthy side is found in the chronic stage. This direction-changing nystagmus can be reproduced in guinea pigs by increasing the potassium ion concentration in the perilymph. The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of increasing the potassium ion concentration of the rat perilymph on hearing and nystagmus. Under isoflurane anesthesia, 22 rats received intratympanic injection of different concentrations of potassium chloride (KCl) solution or distilled water: groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 received saturated (3.4 M) KCl solution, 2 M KCl, 1 M KCl, and distilled water, respectively. The nystagmus direction and number per 15 s were monitored for 150 min. In the other 8 rats, hearing was monitored 30 min and 20 h after intratympanic injection of 2 M KCl (group 5) or distilled water (group 6) using the auditory brainstem responses. Rats in groups 1 and 2 showed spontaneous irritative nystagmus beating to the affected ear followed by paralytic nystagmus beating to the contralateral side. In group 3, irritative nystagmus occurred but paralytic nystagmus was rarely observed. Rats in group 4 showed no nystagmus. Rats in group 5 showed significant hearing impairment 30 min after KCl injection that recovered 20 h later. Control animals in group 6 showed no significant changes in hearing. The reversible hearing impairment with direction-changing spontaneous nystagmus induced by potassium injection into the tympanic cavity in rats was quite similar to that observed in acute Ménière’s attacks. This rat model could be used for basic research investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying Ménière’s attacks.

Critical issues in the determination of the bentonite cation exchange capacity

The swelling pressure and transport properties of bentonites are controlled by the electric charge density of solid particles, which is commonly estimated from the laboratory measurement of the cation exchange capacity (CEC). However, the standard ammonium displacement method for CEC determination does not take into account the fabric changes that occur in bentonites under exposure to high salt concentration solutions. A series of laboratory tests was conducted to assess the relevance of such a critical issue, by varying the concentration of the extracted potassium chloride (KCl) solution with respect to that of the standard test. The obtained results show that the release of the adsorbed ammonium cations depends on the bentonite fabric, which is controlled by the potassium chloride concentration. As a consequence, the ammonium displacement method may provide an unrepresentative estimate of the CEC of bentonites. The methylene blue titration method, despite its apparently more limited accuracy, instead, seems to provide a more reliable estimation of the CEC, as the bentonite fabric is maintained dispersed during the test.

Central Composite Design for Optimization of Starch-Based Bioplastic with Bamboo Microfibrillated Cellulose as Reinforcement Assisted by Potassium Chloride

Background: Sago starch is a natural resource which has the potential to be used as a raw material for biocomposite such as bioplastic. In addition, bamboo cellulose is able to improve the characteristics of sago starch bioplastics. Potassium chloride can act as dispersing agent to increase efficiency in solution preparation of bamboo microfibrillated cellulose. This paper is aimed to observe the best condition for optimal tensile strength of sago starch-based bioplastics reinforced with bamboo cellulose dispersed in potassium chloride as assistance and durability assessment of the bioplastic by soil buried. To achieve this goal, bioplastic was prepared by using matrix of sago starch-based reinforced bamboo cellulose (1-5 %-w/w) assisted by sonication and dispersing agent of potassium chloride with 1-3 %-w/w. The bioplastic with optimum tensile strength was then analysed for durability by burying the sample in soil. Optimum tensile strength of bioplastics was obtained at 28.6 MPa with the optimum concentration of bamboo cellulose microfibril and potassium chloride of 5 %-w/w and 3 %-w/w, respectively. Post durability test, the non-reinforced and without dispersing agent bioplastic experienced a mass loss of 67.95%, while the bioplastic reinforced with bamboo cellulose assisted by potassium chloride experienced mass loss of 33.33% to 41.25% (more durable).

A novel approach to enhance rheological and filtration properties of water–based mud using polypropylene–silica nanocomposite

Deeper drilling depths and high pressure high temperature (HPHT) wells require good well planning at minimum cost and unproductive time. Polymer nanocomposite has emerged as a promising additive to enhance the thermal stability of conventional water–based muds (WBMs). In this study, polypropylene–silica nanocomposite (PP–SiO2 NC) was synthesized using hot–emulsion sol–gel method. The performance of the PP–SiO2 NC in WBMs was critically examined and compared with that of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA). Different characterization techniques were used to examine the morphology, structure information and thermal stability of the PP–SiO2 NC. The effect of 0.3 g, 0.6 g, 0.9 g, 1.2 g and 1.5 g each of PHPA and PP–SiO2 NC towards rheological properties, lubricity, filter cake thickness, and filtrate volume of WBM before and after thermal aging tests were studied. In addition, salt tolerance and cost analysis of the PP–SiO2 NC were evaluated. The results show that the PP–SiO2 NC has a spherical shape and a particle size distributed between 80 and 390 nm. The WBM with PP–SiO2 NC has better performance in controlling filtration and modifying rheological properties than the PHPA owing to the finely dispersed PP–SiO2 NC particles. With a concentration of 0.6 g after aging, the plastic viscosity of the PHPA mud decreased by 52.7% from 27.5 to 13 mPa s, while that of the PP–SiO2 NC mud reduced by 22.7% from 22 to 17 mPa s. Salt tolerance study showed that high concentration of potassium chloride affected the effectiveness of the PP–SiO2 NC in controlling HPHT filtrate volume. The cost analysis of the PP–SiO2 NC shows low cost of formulation. Hence, PP–SiO2 NC showed promising attributes for a good drilling mud.

Phase Equilibria and Phase Diagrams for the Ternary Systems (KCl/K2SO4 + KB5O8 + H2O) at 298.15 K and 101.325 kPa

The isothermal dissolution equilibrium method and Schreinemakers’ method were employed to study the two ternary systems (KCl + KB5O8 + H2O) and (K2SO4 + KB5O8 + H2O) at 298.15 K and 101.325 kPa, and the solubilities, physicochemical properties (density, ρ, and refractive index, nD) for these two systems were determined experimentally. In both ternary systems, there are one eutectic point, two solubility isotherm curves, and two crystallization zones corresponding to potassium pentaborate tetrahydrate (KB5O8·4H2O, PP4), and sylvite (KCl, Sy) in the former system or arcanite (K2SO4, Ar) in the later. For the both ternary systems, the refractive indices and densities first increased gradually to reach their maximum values at the invariant points, but then decreased with increase in concentration of potassium chloride (in the former system) or potassium sulfate (in the latter system) in the solution. Both ternary systems belong to hydrate type Ι, and neither double salts nor solid solution are formed.

Computation of PUG concentration in human blood using the combination of photonics and machine learning

The concentration of potassium chloride, urea and glucose (PUG) in human blood is computed by utilizing the photonic crystal structure and machine learning technique to realize an accurate investigation. The present computation manipulates with the triangular photonic crystal structure, where absorption, propagation, scattering, reflection and diffraction losses are thoroughly dissected to obtain the output power emerging from the photonic structure. Further, the output data(power) is fitted to linear ship through regression analysis. Finally, a mathematical model is disclosed to obtain the variation of output power and concentration of potassium chloride, urea, and glucose.

Improving the safety of high-concentration potassium chloride injection

ObjectivesSerious adverse effects, including arrhythmia and cardiac arrest, result from rapid intravenous high concentration of potassium chloride (KCl). We aimed to eliminate prescription of undiluted KCl and encourage dilution of...

Effect of Silica Nanoparticles on Wormlike Micelles with Different Entanglement Degrees

AbstractEnhancing the viscoelastic properties of wormlike micelles by adding nanoparticles has been widely reported. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain how nanoparticles strengthen the network formed by wormlike micelles. It remains unclear whether nanoparticles produce the same effect on systems with different entanglement degrees. To clarify this issue, the concentration of potassium chloride was used to control the entanglement degree of wormlike micelles. The rheological behavior of different nanoparticle‐enhanced wormlike micellar systems (NEWMS) was investigated using rheology. Three critical parameters including zero‐shear viscosity (η0), relaxation time (τR), and contour length (L) were calculated to analyze the effect of nanoparticles on the different wormlike micellar systems. An appropriate mechanism describing the interaction between nanoparticles and wormlike micelles with different structures was proposed.

Antioxidant assays by reducing potential and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging techniques as affected by pH and ion concentrations

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of varying pH and different metal ion concentrations on the analyses of antioxidants by reducing potential (RP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging techniques. The investigation was conducted by examining the effects of various pH values (4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) and potassium chloride concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 ug/mL) on the optical densities of reducing potential and DPPH radical scavenging potential of aqueous infusions of Cassia alata (L.) Roxb. The determinations were also conducted on the extraction media with the intention of identifying the probable source of variation in the investigation. The antioxidant potentials for both the aqueous infusion and media were most efficient at the least pH 4.0. Moreover, the antioxidant potentials decrease as the ion concentrations increase. The study revealed that the colorimetric methods for the determinations of DPPH radical scavenging and RP could be liable to errors arising from slight changes in acidity and concentrations of the metal ions thus affecting the performance characteristics in terms of repeatability and reproducibility of reports and meaningful comparisons of antioxidant capacity of dietary products among different authors.