Concentrations Of Plant Extracts Research Articles

Ethnomedicinal Value, Phytochemical Evaluation, and Pharmaco-Toxicological Profiling of Cipadessa Baccifera (Roth) Miq. among Communities of Bokod, Benguet

Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq was studied for its traditional use, phytochemical properties, and pharmaco-toxicological properties. The descriptive qualitative method was used in this study to describe the traditional use of the medicinal plant, and the experimental quantitative method was used to determine the plant’s components and capabilities. Assays such as Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay (CAM), Brine Shrimp Assay, and Zebrafish Embryotoxicity Assay were done to profile the C. baccifera. Based on the results, traditionally, the plant parts were used as a treatment for diarrhea, toothache, cough, colds, indigestion, flu symptoms, dysmenorrhea, urinary tract infection, bleeding and swelling of gums, skin rashes, lowering blood sugar, dandruff, natural family planning, animal farm deworming and skin diseases. Its phytochemical contents include anthraquinones, anthrones, alkaloids, flavonoids, fatty acids, triterpenes, steroids, phenols, and essential oils. Furthermore, the CAM vascularity inhibition of Cipadessa baccifera concentrations increased with concentration, indicating that the inhibition of vascularity increased with concentration. Similarly, the brine shrimp cytotoxicity test revealed that the number of shrimp deaths increased as the concentration of plant extract increased. Furthermore, the plant extract’s calculated LC50 was 434ppm. Microscopic analysis of the zebrafish embryo exposed to the ethanolic extract of the plant sample, on the other hand, revealed malformation in the larvae exhibiting scoliosis at 100ppm extract concentration. Additionally, at plant extract concentrations ranging from 250ppm to 1000ppm, retarded and coagulated embryos were observed. Given the findings of the research study, it is highly recommended that future studies include the ecology and biology of C. baccifera in the Philippines to establish a further taxonomic classification of C. baccifera endemic to the country. Keywords: Pharmaco-toxicological properties, phytochemical analysis, CAM Assay, Embryotoxicity, Philippines

Starch-based environment friendly, edible and antimicrobial films reinforced with medicinal plants.

In the current study, cornstarch-based antimicrobial and edible films were designed using solution-casting methods. The medicinal plants (Acontium heterophyllum, Artemisia annua, and Thymus serpyllum) reinforced the gelatinized solution in different concentrations as fillers. The effect of plant extracts on antimicrobial and antioxidant potential, microstructure, barrier, thermal and mechanical properties of cornstarch-based films (SBFs) was investigated using antimicrobial activity, DPPH free radical scavenging values, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, water vapor transmission rate, differential scanning calorimetry, and tensile strength. Likewise, it was depicted that the geometric and crystalline structures of medicinal plants' reinforced films remained the same even after processing. The mechanical tests indicated that the plant extracts effects are associated with reduced elongation, increasing tensile strength, and Young's modulus. Morphological analysis revealed the generation of uniform and the compact surfaces. However, films with 10% concentration of plant extracts have the lowest water vapor permeability values, and emerged better barrier properties. Moreover, these films showed the significant antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity.

Phytochemical Analysis and in vitro Cell Viability Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Ormocarpum cochinchinense on Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

Abstract: Background: Ormocarpum cochinchinense is a medicinal herb known to be used by traditional bone setters for the healing of bone fractures. This herb has many active biomolecules, which are responsible for biological activities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and anticancer. This study aimed to perform phytochemical screening to identify the phytoconstituents and determine the cell viability effects of ethanolic extract of Ormocarpum cochinchinense through MTT assay. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extract of leaves of Ormocarpum cochinchinense were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening through Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy analysis. The in-vitro cell viability effects on 3T3 cell lines with varying concentrations of ethanolic plant extract were measured through (3- [4, 5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) MTT assay. Results: Phytochemical screening identified 24 bioactive phytocompounds with various biologic activities. The herb’s in vitro cell viability effects of ethanolic extract revealed an IC50 value of 58.05μg/ml on 3T3 cell lines. Conclusion: It can be suggested that ethanolic extract of leaves of Ormocarpum cochinchinense are a potential source of bioactive phytoconstituents and are safe on 3T3 cell lines at lower concentrations. The results of this study provide scientific knowledge about the herb that may be applied in future biomedical research investigations. Keywords: Ormocarpum cochinchinense, MTT assay, GC-MS, Phytocompounds

Biosynthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using Commelina benghanlensis for the photodegradation of methylene blue dye and antibiotics: Effect of plant concentration

We report on the degradation of MB dye and the antibiotic, sulfisoxazole using various TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) prepared via C. benghalensis plant extract. The structure of the TiO2-NPs transformed from a combination of rutile and anatase phase to only the anatase phase at higher C. benghalensis plant concentration. Whereas, the surface morphology disclosed nanoparticles, which were reduced in size with plant extract concentration. The 30 g TiO2-NPs demonstrated a photocatalytic degradation of 65 % MB dye, with OH radicals being the species responsible. Moreover, a remarkable degradation of 82.4 % for the antibiotic sulfisoxazole at pH 12 was noted for the 30 g TiO2-NPs. Such improvement could be justified by superior surface area, higher relative concentration of oxygen vacancies observed for the 30 g TiO2-NPs. The magnetic study showed that the samples possess a near-zero coercivity, making it probable to be magnetically detached from the solution. Therefore, these results point out that the characteristics of the TiO2 can be altered by changing the C. benghalensis plant concentrations. Finally, the multifunctional features of these materials to degrade a variety of pollutants in water streams makes them very competitive for practical applications.

Determination of the effect of an aqueous seed extract of sesbania sesban (l) merr. on the levels of non-enzymic antioxidant status in experimental animals

This study investigates the effect of aqueous extract of seeds of Sesbania Sesban (L) Merr. on the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as reduced glutathione and vitamin-C in different organs of experimental animals subjected to inflammation with a standard drug. The experimental animals were induced inflammation with administration of a standard inflammatory drug, Carrageenan and two different concentrations of plant extract viz.150mg/kg body weight and 300mg/kg body weight of experimental animals were administered through oral mode one hour prior to Carrageenan induction. After induction and treatment, the organs such as spleen, thymus and hind paw were removed and was evaluated to test the effect of plant extract on non-enzymatic antioxidant levels in two experimental group of animals from the homogenate sample. The values obtained showed the protective effect of the plant extract in enhancing the levels of both the antioxidants in a dose-dependent manner to a significant level.

Antibacterial Activity of Alkaloid, Flavonoids and Lipids from Crude Extracts of Azadirachta indica on Some Selected Medically Important Bacteria

Most tropical climates are home to the green perennial tree Azadirachta indica, which belongs to the Meliaceae family of Mahogany, and has long been known to have therapeutic effects. Secondary metabolites in plants cause biological activity in both humans and animals, which explains why they are used as herbs. For the investigation of the lipid, alkaloids, and flavonoids present in the A. indica extracts, thin-layer chromatography was carried out using several solvent systems. The thin layer chromatography-separated active components were tested for antibacterial efficacy against three multi-drug resistance pathogens namely: Salmonella typhi, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Alkaloids showed the highest antibacterial activity on Salmonella spp. (15 mm) and 12 mm Staphylococcus aureus isolates while lipids showed the least activity on the tested isolates. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were calculated. The outcomes of the MIC and MBC revealed that the inhibitory concentrations of different plant extracts for certain bacteria varied. Values of MIC for Salmonella typhi were found in the range of 25 to 50 mg/mL, MBC 100 to 200 mg/mL and for Staphylococcus aureus MIC values ranged between 50 and 200 mg/mL, MBC 100 to 400 mg/mL and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa MIC values were found in the range of 100 to 200 mg/mL and MIC values ranged between 200 and 400 mg/mL using a different part of the plant extracted using three different solvents. The finding suggests that crude extract of A. indica might work well for the treatment of illnesses brought on by these microbes and that the activity of the crude extract is more than that of an individual component.

Sperm Membrane and Acrosomal Integrity Affected by using Black Currant

This study was designed in order to investigate and determine the effect of black current (Prunus cerasus) extract on semen membrane and acrosome integrity of the rams. Twelve mature healthy rams were used in this study aged between 2-3 years, kept in the animal farm of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Kufa University. Semen ejaculates was collected using electro-ejaculator methods once weekly a total of 36 ejaculates were collected among the period of the study. The black current (Prunus cerasus) extract was prepared by using maceration and added to the diluted semen in five doses groups (0.25 gm/ml as G1, 0.5 gm/ml as G2, 1 gm/ml as G3, 2 gm/ml as G4, 4 gm/ml as G5) and the positive control group left without any addition. The treatment samples were evaluated under cooling for five consecutive days, the membrane integrity test was evaluated using hypo-osmotic solution and acrosome integrity was analysis using semen smear stained with eosin–nigrosin stain. The result showed that high concentration of aqueous plant extract give negative result as listed in G3, G4 and G5 in the all preservation days. As found in acrosome integrity at the 5thday of incubation showed decreased at highly significantly sequentially. We conclude that the G1 and G2 of black current extract (Prunus cerasus) should be used in chilling process as a part of artificial insemination in sheep due to its protective effect of the membrane and acrosome integrity.

Kakule Ekstraktının Adjuvan Kombinasyonu ile Meme Kanseri Hücre Hattı Üzerinde İmmünostimülan/Sitotoksik Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women and is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths. It is caused by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells in the breast tissue as a result of various factors. For the treatment of breast cancer, chemical drugs are utilized generally. However, chemical cancer drugs have a cytotoxic effect on healthy cells. That causes dose limitation and a decrease in the effectiveness of the treatment. For this reason, herbal-based studies in the treatment of breast cancer become popular day by day. In the literature, the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of many plants have been analyzed and their effectiveness has been proven. Diindolylmethane (DIM) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C) molecules found in Elettaria Cardamomum (E. Cardamomum, Cardamom) plant, reduce metastasis, tumorigenesis, immunomodulation. It has been shown in the literature that they play a role in preventing the development of breast cancer via inducing apoptotic pathways in the breast cancer cell. Herein, it is aimed to prevent breast cancer development by applying cardamom extract and cardamom Extract-Freund's adjuvant combination to THP-1 human macrophage cell line and MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and to increase the efficiency of cardamom extract with the use of an adjuvant. As a result, it was determined that the cytotoxic effect of the cardamom Extract-Freund’s adjuvant combination on breast cancer cells was higher than the alone cardamom extract application. At the same time, it was determined that the toxic effect of Freund's adjuvant could be reduced by increasing the plant extract concentration.

In vitro Antibacterial Evaluation of Four Selected Medicinal Plants against Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Mieso District West Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Background: Bovine mastitis is a major disease mostly caused by bacterial infection and associated with losses in the global dairy industry. Since mastitis-causing bacterial developing multidrug resistance to conventional antibiotics, there is an admirable supplementary study on medicinal plants to use them as an alternative therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of four selected medicinal plants against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: An experimental study was done to evaluate the antibacterial activity of crude methanolic extracts of four traditionally used medicinal plants against S. aureus. Standard phytochemical screening tests were conducted to detect the bioactive principle of plants. Agar well diffusion assay was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of crude methanolic plant extract. The broth dilution method was also used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of plant extracts. Results: The percentage yields obtained from the root of Clerodandrum myricoides, Kalanchoe densiflora, Kalanchoe marmorata and leaf of Kalanchoe marmorata and Datura stramonium were 22.6%, 37.2%, 51.6%, 32.3% and 50.7%, respectively. Phytochemical screening tests revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as tannins, phenols, and steroids in all plant extract, except in D. stramonium, while others like alkaloids, flavonoids, quinones, and saponins were fairly detected in all samples. The agar well diffusion results showed significant (p < 0.05) differences in the mean zone of inhibition (ZOI) between each plant at different concentrations with significant potency comparable to gentamicin. C. myricoides and D. stramonium revealed the broadest spectrum of action yielding the highest ZOI (27.0 ± 0.58 mm), whereas K. marmorata leaf showed less activity with the lowest ZOI (22.3 ± 0.33 mm). The broth dilution method indicated that the MIC value of plant extracts against S. aureus ranged between 3.90 and 7.80 mg/ml while its corresponding MBC value ranged between 7.80 and 15.6 mg/ml. According to the MIC/MBC ratio, all tested plants (except K. densiflora) against standard S. aureus while C. myricoides and D. stramonium against clinical S. aureus isolate were determined to be bactericidal. Conclusion: This finding confirmed that all tested plants had a potential anti-staphylococcal effect. Thus, further study on in vivo experiments and cytotoxicity analyses must be conducted to suggest these plants as alternative mastitis treatments.

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Cochlospermum tinctorium ROOT POWDER AGAINST FOODBORN PATHOGENS

The plant Cochlospermum tinctorium is a sub-shrub that belongs to the family Cochlospermaceae. The plant has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria, rickets, stomachache, diarrhea, gastric ulcer, parasitic infestations, liver diseases, fever, pain, inflammation, infectious diseases, epilepsy, snake bite, burns, orchitis, labour, menstrual problems, and many other diseases. The aim of study was to evaluate the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Cochlospermum tinctorium against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella procured from Microbiology Research Laboratory Sokoto State University Sokoto. The root powder of Cochlospermum tinctorium was collected from the market, Tambuwal Local Government Area of Sokoto State, Nigeria. Cooled extraction method was used for extraction using methanol and aqueous as solvent. The antibacterial activity of the plant was determined on Mueller Hinton agar using agar well diffusion method. Furthermore, the Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of plant extract against the isolate were also investigated.

Effect of some concentrations of plant extracts in growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum L.)

أجريت تجربة لدراسة تأثير أوراق كل من إكليل الجبل Rosmarinus officinalis والمليسيا Lippia cirtriodora وورق الغار Laurus noblisوبالتراكيز 10% و 30% في الصفات الخضرية والحاصل ومكوناته لنبات البزاليا Pisum sativum L . أظهرت النتائج إن المستخلصات النباتية أثرت بصورة معنوية في الصفات المدروسة وهي ارتفاع النبات ،عدد الأوراق ،المساحة الورقية ،دليل المساحة الورقية ،نسبة المساحة الورقية ، كما أعطت النتائج زيادة معنوية في الصفات الخضرية وكذلك زيادة الحاصل البايولوجي ودليل الحصاد ونسبة الكاربوهيدرات الذائبة للبذور .

Antifungal Effect of Plant Extracts on the Growth of the Cereal Pathogen Fusarium spp.—An In Vitro Study

The aim of the study was a laboratory evaluation of the antifungal effect of leaf extracts from yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) on fungi of the genus Fusarium, major cereal pathogens. The study used 5%, 10%, and 20% concentrations of plant extracts, evaluating their effect on the linear growth of Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides and the percentage of their growth inhibition compared to control. The study also included the assessment of the content of selected biologically active compounds in plant extracts and their impact on the development of the aforementioned pathogenic fungi. The total content of polyphenols and flavonoids in the extracts was assessed by spectrophotometry, and antioxidant activity was determined using the synthetic 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Plant extracts from sage were characterized by the highest polyphenol contents (81.95 mg/mL) and flavonoids (21.12 mg/mL) compared to other plant extracts, and also showed the highest antioxidant activity (102.44 mM Trolox). Wormwood extract contained the lowest amount of phenolic compounds (flavonoids—5.30 mg/mL, polyphenols—43.83 mg/mL). Plant extracts inhibited the mycelia growth of fungal pathogen depending upon the fungus species, type of extract and its concentration. The extracts of sage (S) and tansy (T) plants at a concentration of 20% demonstrated strong inhibitory effect against the tested fungi (the highest inhibition coefficient for S20: 83.53%; T20: 72.58%), while 10% and 5% extracts of these plants were less effective in inhibiting the growth of Fusarium (highest inhibition coefficient for S10: 71.33%; S5: 54.14%; T10: 56.67%; T5: 38.64%). Yarrow (Y) and wormwood (W) extracts showed low fungistatic effect. Their 20% concentration inhibited the development of mycelia growth of fungi at the level of 63.82% (W20) and 67.57% (Y20). The 5% and 10% concentrations of these plant extracts had the weakest effect on the tested fungi (Y5: 34.09; W5: 42.06%; Y10: 45.01%; W10: 57.44%), even stimulating the Fusarium growth compared to the control (Y5: −23.7%). Based on the study, it was found that each species of fungus reacted differently to the addition of the extract to the culture medium and its concentration, however F. avenaceum and F. culmorum were the most sensitive fungi, while the least sensitive was F. graminearum. The results of the research are the preliminary phase for further field tests to determine the fungistatic effect of plant extracts in field conditions, their phytotoxicity and biological stability, as well as the possibility of producing a biopreparation to protect plants against fusariosis.

Assessment of the allelopathic potential of some naturalized tree and shrubby introducents under conditions of the northern steppe Dnieper region

Nowadays, introduced alien tree and shrubby species have become integral components of the green infrastructure in cities and suburban artificial forest plantations around the world, and their participation in regional dendroflora is steadily increasing. Along with autochthonous species, tree and shrubby introducents perform a wide range of ecological functions and ecosystem services, but, with successful naturalization and increased invasive activity, they can cause negative biological, environmental, social, and economic consequences. The potential for the evolution of adventive species in secondary habitats in the direction of increasing allelopathic activity and competitiveness compared with native species determines the need for assessment of allelopathic potential as a possible predictor of their successful invasive activity. The allelopathic activity of the species was determined by the bioassay method based on the effect of water extracts of different concentrations obtained from dry biomass of leaves on the germination of testing culture seeds of Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin and biometric indicators of seedlings of Lepidium sativum L. It was determined that in the conditions of the northern steppe Dnieper region, naturalized tree and shrubby introducents Celtis occidentalis L., Morus alba L., Lonicera tatarica L., Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., Prunus virginiana L., Prunus serotina Ehrh., Rhus typhina L. have significant allelopathic potential, which can be a predictor of increasing their competitiveness compared with native species and increasing invasive activity within the region. Water extracts from dry leaves of the studied tree and shrubby species had an inhibitory effect on seed germination and biometric indicators of testing cultures seedlings; the intensity of this effect varied depending on the plant species and extract concentration. Assessment of the allelopathic potential of the alien tree and shrubby species used in urban and suburban green planting is a necessary measure for preliminary identification of potentially invasive species, which will contribute to the increase of efficiency of green infrastructure management.

Evaluation of detoxification of aflatoxin-b1 by using Ag nanoparticles of oil extracts user prepared by using some medical herbs

Summary Introduction: Herbs or plants are used for a variety of purposes, including nutrition, medicinal and in the beverage industry, beverages, coloring, food preservatives, insect repellants and cosmetics. Methods: Many plants were obtained from local markets and the oil was extracted with hexane at a concentration of 75%. Green silver nanoparticles were prepared. The nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, UV visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and zeta potential analyzer. Results: The results showed small, smooth spherical nanoparticles, ranging between 57.41–88.00 nm, as well as the distribution of electric charges evenly on the surface of the nanoparticles, which acquired effective agents for nanoparticles against aflatoxin-b1. The effectiveness of green nanoparticles against aflatoxin-b1 by using high-performance liquid chromatography technology detected its concentration. The standard concentration of aflatoxin-b1 was (20) ppb. The results of the activity of plant oil extracts of T-thyme, rosemary-R, mint-M and eucalyptus-E reached (0.104, 1.586, 1.083 and 1.067) ppb, while it appears in the nanoparticle activity of T, R, M and E were as (0.065, 0.226, 0.377 and 0.702) ppb respectively. Conclusion: We concluded that green Ag nanoparticles are efficient in processing or eliminating aflatoxin-b1 and can be produced at very low concentrations compared to the concentrations of plant extracts prepared.

In-vitro Acaricidal Study of Calotropis Gigantea Methanolic Extracts against (Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus) Ticks in Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

The present research was conducted to find out acaricidal efficacy of methanolic extracts of Calotropis gigantea against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks in Udaipur (Rajasthan). Larval packet Test (LPT) and Adult Immersion Test (AIT) were used to evaluate acaricidal efficacy. A total of four concentrations of the Calotropis gigantea extract (12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%) were used along with one control group with twice replications for each concentration were used in the bioassay. The Highest efficacy in both in-vitro tests (AIT and LPT) was recorded in 100% methanolic extracts of Calotropis gigantea. The Calotropis gigantea methanolic extracts displayed the highest IO% at 100% concentration, which was determined to be 67.46% in AIT. The methanolic extracts at 100% concentration had a minimum reproductive index of 0.16. During the study, it was clear that AIT had a lower reproductive index and a higher percent oviposition inhibition. Calotropis gigantea methanolic extracts in LPT demonstrated the highest efficacy at 100% concentration, which was of 64%. The Larval mortality increased trend with increasing concentrations of plant extracts.

Study to detect cytotoxicity of The eggplant plant ( Solanum melongena L)

The current study included the cytotoxicity test of the active compounds isolated from the peels of the fruits of the eggplant plant, which is found in the local markets of Dhi Qar governorate and used for food and grown within the governorate and not imported during the period (July, August, September, October, November, December. January), the trend of human red blood cells for the purpose of determining the possibility of using them as drug alternatives in the future.
 The peels of the eggplant plant were extracted with hexane once, then the alkaloid extract was prepared from it again. The alkaloid compounds were detected using the Drankcroff reagent and Mayer's reagent. The positive result of the detection gave an indication of the presence of alkaloid substances that are antioxidants and have a high nutritional value.
 The concentrations of plant extracts represented by hexane eggplant extract and its alkaloid extract at concentrations (75,50,25,10,5,100) mg/ml were prepared using DMSO solution as a solvent, and a negative control factor containing physiological salt and blood, and a positive control factor (tap water) were prepared. ), and a third control factor consisted of blood solution with DMSO solvent, and the solution was monitored for (3-24) hours to observe the dissolution of blood cells.
 The cytotoxicity results of plant extracts of Solanum melongena L. showed that the concentrations (75,50,25,10,5,100) mg/ml did not cause any hemolytic and therefore do not cause any cytotoxicity towards red blood cells, and the bottom layer appeared in red color Which represents human blood, and the upper layer represents the extract as well as the physiological solution. If these compounds were toxic, the decomposition of red blood cells would result. Room temperature is 30°C and inside the incubator is 27°C. Incubator made by Dander, Germany and the concentration of the substance.

Genetic identification of Pectobacteerium atrsopeticum and assessment of medicinal plant extracts as an ecofriendly approach to control blackleg disease of potato

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a high value crop owing to its nutrient rich profile, consisting of significant quantities of carbohydrate, minerals, proteins and vitamins. It is an important food as well as cash crop implicating that losses in yield have dual impact on the society causing hungers and economic crisis at the same time. Phyto-pathogens including Pectobacterium atrosepticum (causing blackleg disease) are a major challenge for the potato growers across the globe. Devising an effective management strategy is crucial for achieving sustainable yields and ensuring food security. The study was primarily focused on detection, isolation and identification of pathogen using bio-chemical and genetic approaches, followed by estimation of antimicrobial activity of plant extracts. For this purpose pathogen was subjected to molecular characterization, the gapA gene based characterization confirmed isolate to be Pectobacterium atrosepticum which is widely associated pathogen with the blackleg disease. Genetic characterization has various benefits as it enables to understand pathogenic diversity and geographical distribution of pathogen which in turn can be used to understand factors enabling the prevalence of pathogen and passages associated with the dispersal and distribution of pathogen. Followed by genetic characterization, anti-microbial efficacy of plant extracts was evaluated as an alternative to traditional copper based pesticides which has toxic impact on environment and human health. For this, six plant extracts were evaluated at 3 different concentrations of 300 ppm, 500 ppm and 700 ppm, data was collected on 12 h regular interval for 36 h. The data analysis exhibited that Azadirachta indica (Neem), Mentha spicata (Mint), and Zingiber officinale (Ginger) are most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth. Assessment of concentration factor shows that antimicrobial activity is directly proportional to concentration of plant extract with 700 ppm extracts giving most effective response. Similarly the time factor also had a direct proportionality with growth inhibition activity. The experiment depict that plant extracts can be used as alternative for managing the blackleg disease and are an effective alternate to copper based pesticides.

Antifungal Potential of Acetone and Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Thevetia peruviana on Development of Phytophthora colocasiae, Causal Agent of Late Blight of Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) from Three Agro-Ecological Zones of Cameroon

Aims: This study was aimed to evaluate the antifungal activities of acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of Thevetia peruviana seeds on the in vitro growth of the fungus.
 Study Design: A randomized sample block design containing four treatments (T- = Negative control; T2= Ethyl acetate extract; T3= Acetone extract; T+=Callomil Plus) with three repetitions was used. Plant extracts were used at three concentrations: C1: 12.5 µl/ml; C2: 25 µl/ml and C3: 50 µl/ml; the chemical fungicide at the dose of 12.5 μL/ml.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the University of Yaoundé 1, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Phytopathology and Crop Protection, and in the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IARD) of Yaoundé, Laboratory of Phytopathology, during the year 2019-2020.
 Methodology: acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of T. peruviana were prepared and used at concentrations of 12.5, 25 and 50 µl/ml. P. colocasiae was isolated from infected taro leaf cultivars "Macumba or Ibo coco" located in three different regions: west, Littoral and Centre. The various explants were were put in V8 agar medium and maintained in pure culture. Mycelial fragments of P. colocasiae of about 0.8 cm in diameter were cut and placed in sterile Petri dishes containing Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium supplemented with different concentrations of plant extracts and incubated at 23±1°C for seven days for the evaluation of the radial growth.
 Results: The results obtained showed that the acetone and ethyl acetate extracts have completely inhibited the growth of the strain of West at 25 μ/ml while total inhibition of the pathogen was not obtained with strain of Centre region. The lowest inhibition was obtained with the strain of Littoral region: 93.88 % for acetone extract and 90.78 % for ethyl acetate extract compare to 100 % for west and Centre region at highest concentration.
 Conclusion: The acetone and ethyl acetate extracts at the concentration of 25 μ/ml totally inhibited the in vitro radial growth of some strains of P. colocasiae. These extracts, which are effective against P. colocasiae, may substitute fungicides in the fight against taro leaf blight.

Evaluation of Biofilm Inhibitory Efficacy of Bacopa monnieri, Acalypha indica and Calotropis gigantea Extracts and their Combination Against Wound Colonizing Bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus Aureus

Key factors in compromised wound healing primarily include bacterial colonization and infection. Extensive use of systemic antibiotics, preferred choice of treatment for clinically infected wounds, is often accompanied with emergence of bacterial resistance. Quorum sensing (QS), density dependent chemical communication, is emerging as a promising area of research since most infectious microorganisms operate this mechanism to realize their pathogenic potential. Foregoing research indicates the potential of studying medicinal plant extracts/components and their combinations as vital inhibitors of QS regulated virulence factors’ production. Our study aims to understand the potential of three plant extracts and their combinations as vital inhibitors of QS regulated virulence factor’s production by two wound pathogens and to achieve this our objectives are to perform their violacein inhibitory (on C. violaceum) and biofilm inhibitory properties (on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of aqueous plant extracts against P aeruginosa and S aureus was performed (two-fold serial microdilution). Violacein inhibition was assayed using agar well diffusion while biofilm inhibition by crystal violet method. Organisms presented 5mg/ml (Bacopa monnieri ), 2.5mg/ml (Acalypha indica), and 2.5mg/ml (Calotropis gigantea) as MIC. Three sets of individual extract concentrations (sub-MIC in μg/ml) and their corresponding combinations were used for this study. Extracts exhibited more significant (P<0.0001) violacein inhibition in combination than individually. Biofilm inhibition by extracts' combination was also significantly (P<0.001) higher than that of individual extracts indicating a possible positive herb-herb interaction of phytoconstituents (synergistic or complementary). The relative decrease in response to individual extracts in higher concentrations (set 'c') by both organisms point to possible recalcitrance behavior generally exhibited by bacteria on exposure to higher antibacterial agents. The improved antibiofilm efficacy exhibited by this novel combination may serve as an alternative approach in managing wound colonization by biofilm-producing bacteria and hence faster-wound healing.

The Effective Concentration of the Crude Extract of Mentha picata and Eucalyptus against the Growth of Fusarium oxysporum

This research aims to evaluate The effect of plant extract concentration as antifungal. Fusarium fungus was isolated from the eggplant and cucumber plants that infested them. These were tested for concentrations of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum according to the food poisoning method. The inhibition rate was calculated by measuring the diameter of the colony compared to the control. The results showed that in the crude extract of Eucalyptus at a concentration of 12%, the percentage of growth inhibition was 100% on Fusarium oxysporum, compared to the crude extract of Mentha spicata where the percentage of inhibition was 80.11%. At the same concentration, and the percentage of inhibition of Eucalyptus extract At concentrations 3,6, and 9% ranged between (35.33-79.55) while the inhibition of Mentha spicata extract ranged between (17.20 - 80.11 ) at the same concentrations.