Mucilage Concentration Research Articles

Effect of film constituents and different processing conditions on the properties of starch based thermoplastic films

The main aim of this study is to examine the different film preparation methods (Hot air oven method, Microwave oven method, and UV irradiation method) for development of Bio-thermoplastic films from agro waste polysaccharides. The rheological properties were also studied for different combinations of tamarind seed starch (T), okra mucilage polysaccharide (OK), Residual rice bran starch (R) and sugarcane bagasse cellulose (C). Increase in concentration of okra mucilage polysaccharide and sugarcane bagasse cellulose found to highly influence the rheological viscous properties of tamarind starch solution. Increase in concentration of okra mucilage (above 1.5%) in tamarind film matrix solution significantly increased the elongation properties of starch films. Increase in concentration of cellulose (above 1%) in tamarind film matrix solution significantly increased the tensile strength of starch films. The microwave oven method was found to be the quickest method (~10 to 20 min) for biopolymer film preparation. SEM and AFM analysis revealed that UV – irradiation method produces stable bio-thermoplastic films with low surface roughness and high barrier properties. The interaction of starch molecules with other natural polysaccharide produces stable thermoplastic biopolymer films, that can be developed under different processing conditions to eradicate environmental pollution caused by petrochemical plastics.

Spatial Distribution of Mucilage in the Rhizosphere Measured With Infrared Spectroscopy

Mucilage is receiving increasing attention because of its putative effects on plant growth, but so far no method is available to measure its spatial distribution in the rhizosphere. We tested whether the C-H signal related to mucilage fatty acids is detectable by infrared spectroscopy and if this method can be used to determine the spatial distribution of mucilage in the rhizosphere. Maize plants were grown in rhizoboxes filled with soil free of organic matter. Infrared measurements were carried out along transects perpendicular as well as axially to the root channels. The perpendicular profiles of gradients of the C-H proportions showed a decrease of C-H with increasing distance: 0.8 mm apart from the root center the C-H signals achieved a level near zero. The measured concentrations of mucilage were comparable with results obtained in previous studies, which encourages the use of infrared spectroscopy to quantitatively image mucilage in the rhizosphere.

Extraction and application of chia mucilage (Salvia hispanica L.) and locust bean gum (Ceratonia siliqua L.) in goat milk frozen dessert.

A complete factorial design (23) was used to determine the influence of chia mucilage concentration (CM), locust bean gum (LBG) and base maturation time (BMT) on 14 formulations of goat milk frozen dessert. Chia mucilage was obtained by chia grain hydration (1:40) under stirring for 2h, at 80°C and pH of 9.0. The samples were centrifuged, as well as lyophilised to compare yields. The extraction yield of lyophilised CM was lower than 10%. The addition of LBG and CM at higher levels, influenced by BMT, increased the moisture content and the apparent viscosity of the base mixture. These formulations presented higher values for texture and lower of overrun due to the difficulty of incorporating and stabilising bubbles during whipping and freezing processes. The melting rate was also dependent on the variables analysed, and a delay in melting was observed, even in the formulations with lower fat content. CM increased the luminosity parameter proportionally to its content and provided a significant reduction of fat (up to 3.10g 100g-1) and energy value. The application of CM reduced the texture value, which was an interesting technological characteristic for frozen dessert.

Study of Portland Cement Based Materials with Addiction from Cactus Opuntia Ficus-indica

Reinforcing Steel bars corrosion is one of the most common causes of reinforced concrete structures deterioration. Steel rebars are protected against corrosion by both chemical and physical mechanisms. The chemical protection is provided by the concrete high pH (12–13), which promotes the formation of a passive film on the steel surface. On the other hand, concrete acts as a physical barrier, hindering the access of aggressive agents. With the main aim of extending useful life of the structures and reducing the corrosive process in concrete, currently many investigations focus on the use of organic materials to analyze the electrochemical and mechanical behavior of concrete. For centuries, the use of cactus (Nopal) and its properties had special relevance in the economic, social and religious life of ancient civilizations. Currently, the mixture of cactus mucilage and lime is used as a layer to protect or repair historic buildings in Mexico.The main aim of this work is to analyze the electrochemical and mechanical behavior of Portland cement mixtures with cactus mucilage as a substitute for water. Three concentrations of cactus mucilage, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 ratios in cactus-water by weight were obtained. Concrete mixture was designed with a characteristic strength of f'c = 250 kg/cm2, Portland cement CPC 30R, coarse aggregate with a maximum size of 20 mm and river sand as fine aggregate. The proportions of mixtures were designed for a mucilage/cement ratio of 0.45. Each specimen contained three corrugated steel bars grade 42 of 3/8 inch. Samples were placed in a 3% sodium chloride solution after 28 days simulating an aggressive environment such as seawater and there were evaluated for 245 days through different electrochemical techniques. Half-cell potential is one of the most used techniques to analyze corrosion in concrete. Noble potential values were obtained for all samples with cactus mucilage compared to the control sample; calomel saturated electrode (CSE) was used. The electrochemical noise (EN) technique was performed using three nominally identical steel electrodes; noise resistance values and localization index for each sample were obtained. Linear polarization resistance (LPR) is a non-destructive technique, which provides information about the kinetics of corrosion in concrete. The samples with cactus mucilage after 245 days maintained values of corrosion rate close to 0.1 μA/cm2, remaining in the negligible corrosion rate interval while the control sample reached a value of 0.5 μA/cm2 close to the high corrosion rate interval. The compression strength technique was performed after 28 days of concrete curing. The samples with 1:3 concentration of cactus mucilage reached a resistance of 97.6% with respect to the control sample.

Effect of nopal mucilage addition on physical, barrier and mechanical properties of citric pectin-based films.

This study considered the effect of the nopal mucilage (NM) fraction on the physical, barrier and mechanical properties of citric pectin-based (CP) films. Pectin aqueous dispersion 75mL (2.0g/100g water) were mixed with 5mL of glycerol and 20mL of NM aqueous dispersions at different concentrations; namely, 5, 10, 12, 14 16, 18 and 20g/100g water. Films containing the highest NM content (20g/100g water) exhibited improved thermal stability. The addition of NM at relatively low concentration (0-10g/100g water) led to important modifications of mechanical properties, including elongation to break, tensile strength, and elasticity. Microstructural analysis showed that films containing between 14 and 20g/100g water of NM presented rough and fractured surfaces. As mucilage concentration in films was increased, the vapor water permeability decreased as result of better internal cohesiveness of components. The modification of the physical properties in CP films resulted from molecular and physical interaction of its components. In general, the combination of NM and CP for forming edible films led to enhanced thermal stability and higher water vapor permeability, which are prescribed properties for applications as food packaging.

FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MATRIX TABLETS USING MUCILAGE OF TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA AS NATURAL BINDER

Objective: The present research work was to formulate matrix tablets of diclofenac sodium using mucilage extracted from Tinospora cordifolia as a novel binding agent. Also, a comparative study on binding properties of mucilage and carbopol were performed.Methods: Fresh stems of Tinospora cordifolia were collected and mucilage was extracted out using standard method. The isolated mucilage was characterised for physicochemical parameters. Formulation of diclofenac sodium tablets (f1-f6) was done by dry granulation method using 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% concentration of mucilage of Tinospora cardifolia as natural binder. Carbopol 2% was used as synthetic matrix forming agent. Microcrystalline cellulose was used as diluents, magnesium stearate and talc as lubricant. The formulated tablets were evaluated for parameters such as tablet thickness, hardness, weight variation, disintegration time, percent friability and in vitro drug release characteristics. The drug release mechanism was determined by fitting the release data into different kinetics models.Results: The results revealed that all the pre and post compression parameters of the formulated tablets (f1-f6) were in compliance with pharmacopoeial limits. In vitro drug release studies showed that formulation f6 containing maximum concentration of mucilage release the drug in a most controlled and sustained manner with maximum drug release of 63.6% in 15 h in comparison with f1(2% carbopol) giving 80% release and was found to be stable for 3 mo as indicated by stability studies. The mechanism of drug releases from formulation f1-f6 was found to be polymer disentanglement and erosion. Preformulation studies using FTIR study reveals that there is no incompatibility between the pure drug and mucilage of tinospora cardifolia used.Conclusion: Based on the experimental findings it can be concluded that Tinospora cordifolia mucilage can be used as a release retardant agent in the formulation of sustained release dosage forms.

Functional Chia Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions Stabilized with Chia Mucilage and Sodium Caseinate

AbstractThe objective of this research was to study the effect of adding different concentrations of chia mucilage (0%, 0.30%, or 0.80%, wt/wt) and sodium caseinate (NaCas) as emulsifying agents (0.1%, 0.5%, 2.0%, or 5.0%, wt/wt) on the stability of oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions (10:90, wt/wt) as a function of storage time, at room temperature. The emulsions were characterized by determining the evolution of backscattering profiles, the particle‐size distribution, and microscopic observations. The most stable emulsions over the storage period were those with 0.80% of the chia mucilage concentration. These emulsions also presented a bimodal particle‐size distribution, while the emulsions without chia mucilage exhibited a monomodal distribution. The De Brouker mean diameter (D) [4,3] of all the emulsions decreased with increasing NaCas concentrations and they increased with storage time, mainly for the emulsions with the lowest chia mucilage and the emulsifying agent concentrations. The optical micrographs showed a high destabilization in the emulsions with low concentrations of chia mucilage and NaCas. The results suggest that the addition of chia mucilage to O/W emulsions confers more stability to the emulsions, as a function of increase in the mucilage concentration. The addition of NaCas also showed a greater stability with increasing concentration for both emulsions (with and without chia mucilage).

Assessment of rheological and microstructural changes of soluble fiber from chia seeds during an in vitro micro-digestion

The ability of some dietary fiber to increase the viscosity of digestive content may be associated with important positive implications in human health. An in vitro micro-digestion device was implemented to simulate and visualize the digestion of mucilage from chia seed. Changes in microstructure in situ and apparent viscosity were evaluated in 3, 5 and 8 g/kg concentrations of mucilage in three different digestions. The mucilage had a high-water holding capacity, approximately 35.2 ± 1.1 g water/g mucilage. As the digestion processes progressed, the microstructure of the digesta changed from a compact sponge-like structure, with small pores forming an irregular network with average pore size of 20.68 ± 6.51; 40.90 ± 7.45 and 15.50 ± 6.07 μm to 3, 5 and 8 g/kg concentrations respectively, to a slightly less compact with average pore size that varies from 19.87 ± 7.00 μm in digestion 1 to 29.79 ± 15.47 μm in digestion 3.A slight reduction in viscosity during the digestion process was observed; this behavior suggests that mucilage could maintain its structure in a food matrix and could be used to develop structured foods. Mucilage from chia seeds could be a potential functional ingredient with valuable attributes for food and nutraceutical industries.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FAST DISINTEGRATING LOSARTAN POTASSIUM TABLETS BY FORMAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

In the treatment of hypertension fast onset of action is the major concern. The problem of slow onset of action of drugs can be overcome by development of appropriate dosage forms. Fast disintegrating tablets in mouth are best suited and have gained popularity in the oral antihypertensive drug therapy. These are advantageous over other conventional systems in terms of patient compliance, rapid onset of action, accurate dosing, good chemical stability, convenience of self-administration and compactness. Losartan potassium is widely used as an antihypertensive drug, which is a potent drug candidate for developing in to Fast Dissolving Tablets (FDT’s). It has low bioavailability due to first pass metabolism. Hence the main objective of the study was to formulate fast dissolving tablets of Losartan potassium to achieve a better dissolution rate and further improving the bioavailability of the drug. Fast dissolving tablet of Losartan potassium were formulated by using microcrystalline cellulose with different concentration of super disintegrants like sodium starch glycolate and Isabgol Mucilage. All the batches were prepared by direct compression.
 API characterization studies were conducted to check the purity of API .The tablets were evaluated for Pre compression parameters and post compression parameters. Before the formulation of the tablets IR spectroscopic studies were also performed to check the compatibility with the excipients.
 A 23 full factorial design was applied to investigate the combine effect of 3 formulation variables. Here the concentration of Isabgol mucilage, concentration of Sodium Starch Glycolate and concentration of Microcrystalline Cellulose were taken as independent variable X1, X2 & X3 respectively and their effect of disintegration time is studied as dependent parameter. To represent the data Design Expert software is used.

Effect of Opuntia ficus indica mucilage on copper removal from water by electrocoagulation-electroflotation technique

Electrocoagulation-electroflotation (EC-EF) process assisted with the mucilage of Opuntia ficus indica (OFI) plant was investigated in order to enhance copper removal efficiency. EC-EF tests with aluminum electrodes were conducted for the treatment of a synthetic copper solution of 100mg/L, to estimate the influence of the mucilage on removal of copper metal ions, aluminum and hydrogen Faradaic yields, settling process and specific electrical energy consumption. It was mainly found that: (i) copper removal efficiency reached 100% in <5min with 30mg/L OFI mucilage at pH7.8; (ii) OFI mucilage affected aluminum and hydrogen Faradaic yields at high removal efficiencies; (iii) copper sludge settling rate rises with increasing mucilage concentrations, and was enhanced by 15%; (iv) OFI mucilage reduced specific energy consumption at a fixed current density along with removal efficiency increase. Furthermore, the formed flocs, in the presence or not of mucilage, were identified by scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM). This work promotes the use of OFI mucilage as an active natural coagulant aid for the removal of copper species from water, by suggesting the substitution of chemical coagulants that are often added to the EC-EF technique.

Effects of Mucilage on Rhizosphere Hydraulic Functions Depend on Soil Particle Size

Core Ideas We propose a model of mechanistic pore‐scale interactions of mucilage, water, and soil. Effect of mucilage on saturated hydraulic conductivity is stronger in coarse soils. Coarse soils require higher mucilage concentration to increase water content. Upscaling to macroscopic soil hydraulic properties remains challenging. The model was validated on measured water retention and saturated hydraulic conductivity Mucilage secreted by roots alters hydraulic properties of soil close to the roots. Although existing models are able to mimic the effect of mucilage on soil hydraulic properties for specific soils, it has not yet been explored how the effects of mucilage on macroscopic soil hydraulic properties depend on soil particle size. We propose a conceptual model of how mechanistic pore‐scale interactions of mucilage, water, and soil depend on pore size and mucilage concentration and how these pore‐scale characteristics result in changes of macroscopic soil hydraulic properties. Water retention and saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils with different ranges of particle sizes mixed with various mucilage concentrations were measured and used to validate the conceptual model. We found that (i) at low mucilage concentrations, the saturated conductivity of a coarse sand was a few orders of magnitude higher than that of a silt, (ii) at an intermediate concentration, the hydraulic conductivity of a fine sand was lower than of a coarse sand or a silt, and (iii) at a high concentration, all soils had a hydraulic conductivity of the same magnitude. At low matric potentials, mucilage increased the water content in all soilsin all soils. In coarser soils, higher mucilage concentrations were needed to induce an increase in water content of &gt;0.05 g g–1 at low matric potentials. This study shows how pore‐scale interactions between mucilage, water, and soil particles affect bulk soil hydraulic properties in a way that depends on soil particle size. Including such effects in quantitative models of root water uptake remains challenging.

Enhanced electrocoagulation–electroflotation for turbidity removal by Opuntia ficus indica cladode mucilage

AbstractThe optimisation of the electrocoagulation‐electroflotation (EC‐EF) process assisted by the mucilage of the Opuntia ficus indica (OFI), on the turbidity removal was performed through the response surface methodology (RSM). For a solution of 300 mg/L of silica gel, high turbidity removal (93.14% ± 1.31) was obtained under the optimal conditions of 2.5 mg/L, 21.2 V, 9.65 and 2.61 mS/cm for the mucilage concentration, voltage, pH and conductivity, respectively, this experimental value was close to the predicted value of 92.96% ± 0.3. OFI mucilage increases turbidity removal efficiency and reduces specific energy consumption at a fixed current density. The turbidity removal of the EC‐EF process was improved by 30.94% compared with the conventional EC–EF (EC–EF without OFI mucilage) which shows 62.02% ± 1.45 of turbidity removal.

FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE SUSTAINED RELEASE MATRIX TABLET CONTAINING CASSIA TORA MUCILAGE

All the present investigation an attempt has been made to study the formulation and evaluation of matrix tablet of Metformin HCL using natural mucilage of Cassia tora as a release retardant. The matrix tablet was formulated using different drug polymer ratio. The developed formulation of tablet was evaluated for pre-compression and post–compression method. The result of the pre-compression parameter like Bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio were found to be with the limits indicating good flow properties of the granules. Swelling index reveals that with increasing mucilage concentration there is increased swelling showing 61% for F-2 at the end of 5 h whereas for F-3 it was around 89.9 % respectively. In- vitro drug release for F3 formulation was found to be 75% at the end of 10 h. With increases in mucilage concentration the drug release from the matrix tablet got retarded. In- vitro, drug release data obtained were fitted to various release model excess the possible mechanism of the drug release. The results of all these parameters are tabulated and depicted graphically in the result and discussion section. IR spectral studies revealed that the drug, polymer and excipients used were compatible.  Drug release profile of all formulation was plotted in different kinetics. The calculated regression coefficients showed a higher r2 value with higuchi equation (r2= 0.958). Hence the release data of the Tablet obeyed higuchi model and release the drug diffusion. Keywords: Cassia tora, mucilage, granules, drug release, polymerÂ

Physicochemical and rheological properties of mucilage extracted from Opuntia ficus indica (L. Miller). Comparative study with guar gum and xanthan gum

The physicochemical and rheological properties of aqueous solutions of the mucilage isolated from Opuntia ficus indica (L. Mill) at different concentration (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 4.5% w/v) were examined. The intrinsic viscosity [η] found for precipitate mucilage (PM) and dialyzed mucilage (DM) were 22.6 and 15.3 dl/g respectively. Electrophoretic measurements showed that the zeta potential of PM and DM was negative in all the pH range studied. PM reduced the surface tension of water and was concentration dependent. The surface activity of PM (57 mN/m) was similar to that of guar gum (55 mN/m) and xanthan gum (52 mN/m) at 1.5% (w/v) concentration. A non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior was observed. The Ostwald–de Waele model successfully correlated the viscosity–shear rate. At equal hydrocolloid concentration, the consistency coefficients (k) of mucilage solutions were lower than those of guar gum (GG) and xanthan gum (XG). However, the consistency coefficient of a mucilage solution at 4.5% (w/v) (20.9 Pa s) was in the same order as that shown by GG at 1.5% (w/v) (28.8 Pa s) aqueous solution. No effects of pH and ionic strength on the viscosity of PM and DM were observed. The mechanical spectra showed a crossover point between G′ and G″ at low mucilage concentrations of 0.5 and 1% (w/v), exhibiting higher relaxation time than GG. The more concentrated solutions of PM and DM (1.5 and 4.5% w/v) displayed a predominant elastic behavior and did not meet the Cox-Merz rule, similarly to GX. The more concentrated solutions of PM and DM did not meet the Cox-Merz rule. This behavior would suggest the formation of colloidal aggregates.

Formulation and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablets of Ondansetron Hydrochloride Using Plantago ovata (Isapghula) Mucilage as Natural Super Disintegrating Agent

Mouth dissolving tablet is an innovative solid unit dosage form that overcome the problem of swallowing and provide rapid disintegration and dissolution to release the drug as soon as they come in contact with saliva, hence provide quick onset action. The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate mouth dissolving tablets of Ondansetron hydrochloride using natural super disintegrating agent. Ondansetron hydrochloride is a serotonin receptor (5-HT3) antagonist used to treat nausea and vomiting arises during chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Mouth dissolving tablets were prepared by direct compression method using natural super disintegrating agent (Plantago ovata mucilage). Prepared tablet were evaluated for Hardness, weight variation, friability, thickness, wetting time, dispersion time, water absorption ratio, disintegration and dissolution study. According to results of optimized batches it has been concluded that Formulation batch F6 was an ideal batch which contain 12% w/v concentration of Plantago ovata mucilage showed least disintegration time that is 7 seconds and maximum drug release of (98.57%) within 15 minutes and was best among all the formulations.

Preparation and Characterization of Camelina sativa Protein Isolates and Mucilage

AbstractProcesses for the production of protein isolates from camerlina Camelina sativa were developed by modifying the procedure used for other seeds from the Brassicaceae family, such as rapeseed and mustard. The procedure consisted of defatting the seed followed by alkaline extraction at pH 11, ultra‐ and diafiltration using a 5‐kDa membrane, isolelectric precipitation of the proteins at pH 5 and recovery of the acid soluble protein isolates (SPI) after further filtration and drying. Protein yields as precipitated protein isolate and SPI were 10.7 and 11.4%, containing 67 and 42%, respectively. Due to the high concentration of mucilage in camelina, a water‐to‐seed ratio of 30 had to be used for protein extraction from the hexane‐defatted seed and most of the mucilage had to be removed prior to the defatting process. A rapid mucilage extraction process using water at 55 °C was developed. Camelina mucilage absorbs water and oil. Viscosity measurements of dried and redissolved mucilage showed the highest values at natural pH, and the viscosity increased rapidly above 1% solids concentration. It may be a useful product in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Replacing Emulsifier in a Prebiotic Ice Cream: Physical and Chemical Evaluation and Acceptance

ABSTRACTConsumers are very interested in the development of new food products, which presents sensorial, nutritional, and physicochemical quality. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the addition of chia seed mucilage as an emulsifier substitute on the physical and chemical characteristics and on acceptance of chocolate-flavored prebiotic ice cream (with inulin). The ice creams had good physicochemical characteristics: The sample with the lowest mucilage content (0.6 g/100 g) showed higher resistance to melting, however, showed less overrun. Ice creams with higher concentrations of mucilage (1.2 or 1.8 g/100 g) had higher overrun. All ice creams had scores between 6 and 7 in the evaluated attributes, indicating that consumers liked slightly to moderately. The fatty acid composition of the mucilage was predominantly polyunsaturated fatty acids. It can be concluded that it is possible to develop prebiotic ice cream with chia seed mucilage as an emulsifier that have appropriate chemical composition and acceptance.

Engineering Rhizosphere Hydraulics: Pathways to Improve Plant Adaptation to Drought

Core Ideas Mucilage exudation by roots modifies the hydraulic properties of the rhizosphere. Rhizoligands are surfactants that rewet the rhizosphere and reduce mucilage swelling. A reduction in mucilage swelling reduces rhizosphere hydraulic conductivity. By managing rhizosphere hydraulic properties, we can improve plants' adaptation to drought. Recent studies have drawn attention to the role of mucilage in shaping rhizosphere hydraulic properties and regulating root water uptake. During drying, mucilage keeps the rhizosphere wet and conductive, but on drying it turns hydrophobic, limiting root water uptake. In this study, we introduce the concept of rhizoligands, defined as additives that (i) rewet the rhizosphere and (ii) reduce mucilage swelling, thereby reducing the rhizosphere conductivity. We tested whether selected surfactants behaved as rhizoligands. We used neutron radiography to monitor water redistribution in the rhizosphere of lupine (Lupinus albus L. cv. Feodora) and maize (Zea mays L.) irrigated with water and rhizoligands. In a parallel experiment, we tested the effect of rhizoligands on the transpiration rate of lupine and maize subjected to repeated drying and wetting cycles. We also measured the effect of rhizoligands on the maximum swelling of mucilage and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil mixed with various mucilage concentrations. Rhizoligand treatment quickly and uniformly rewetted the rhizosphere of maize and lupine. Interestingly, rhizoligands also reduced transpiration during drying–wetting cycles. Our hypothesis is that the reduction in transpiration was triggered by the interaction between rhizoligand and mucilage exuded by roots. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that rhizoligand reduced the maximum swelling of mucilage, increased its viscosity, and decreased the hydraulic conductivity of soil–mucilage mixtures. The reduced conductivity of the rhizosphere induced a moderate stress to the plants, reducing transpiration. Rhizoligands increase the rhizosphere wetting kinetics and decrease the maximum swelling of mucilage. As a consequence, root rehydration following irrigation is faster, a larger volume of water is available to the plant, and this water is used more slowly. This slower water consumption would allow the plant to stay turgid during a prolonged drying period. We propose that by managing the hydraulic properties of the rhizosphere, we can improve plants' adaptation to drought.

Rheological Properties of Six Plant-Based Seed Gums

The rheological properties of six mucilage solutions (Guar Gum, Locust Bean Gum, Tamarind Gum, Flaxseed Gum, Artemisia Sphaerocephala Krasch Gum and Cassia Gum) have been examined. It was found that all six gums could be classified into three different types according to the changes of viscosity with increasing shear rate. Steady shear viscous properties in a range of shear rate from 0.1 to 100 s-1 were investigated in the provision of mucilage concentration, pH, temperature and salts. A non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior was observed. The data of viscosity-shear successfully correlated Power law model. Apparent viscosity was apparently dependent on mucilage concentration increasing significantly as mass fraction went up. A marked dependence of viscosity on temperature was also observed; as temperature increased, the viscosity decreased sharply. The value n of flaxseed gum is minimum, which means it behaves the greatest shear-thinning properties. Both Guar gum and Tamarind gum possessed better acid-proof and alkali-proof advantages. The flow activation energy of ASKG is 4.3 kcal which is higher than other gums so that the influence of temperature on characteristics of viscosity is stronger. The mechanical spectra in the linear viscoelasticity region were studied in the temperature range from 20°C to 90°C, at a frequency range from 0.1 to 10 Hz. It was observed that Both elastic modulus G' and viscous modulus G behaviors were found to be dependent on temperature and frequency. What have been investigated in this work could provide guidance for practical application in the field of food industry.

Development and Evaluation of Chia Seed Mucilage-based Buccal Mucoadhesive, Sustained Release Tablet of Venlafaxine

In the present study we performed extraction of chia seed mucilage, formulation, and evaluation of buccal mucoadhesive tablet containing extracted mucialge and venlafaxine, an commonly used antidepressant. Tablets were prepared using a formulation mixture of calcium phosphate, talc and magnesium stearate. Tablets were prepared by experimental factorial design software, using central composite design; where the concentration of chia seeds mucilage and that of magnesium stearates were independent variables. Drug release, friability and mucoadhesive strength were studied as dependent variables. Tablets were characterized for post compression profile. The optimized formulation showed the maximum drug release as 99.4% in 6 h, friability of 0.53% and mucoadhesive strength of 20.3 g. These features appear to be adequate for developing a buccal mucoadhesive drug delivery system for venlafaxine.&#x0D;