Engineering Rhizosphere Hydraulics: Pathways to Improve Plant Adaptation to Drought

Abstract

Core Ideas Mucilage exudation by roots modifies the hydraulic properties of the rhizosphere. Rhizoligands are surfactants that rewet the rhizosphere and reduce mucilage swelling. A reduction in mucilage swelling reduces rhizosphere hydraulic conductivity. By managing rhizosphere hydraulic properties, we can improve plants' adaptation to drought. Recent studies have drawn attention to the role of mucilage in shaping rhizosphere hydraulic properties and regulating root water uptake. During drying, mucilage keeps the rhizosphere wet and conductive, but on drying it turns hydrophobic, limiting root water uptake. In this study, we introduce the concept of rhizoligands, defined as additives that (i) rewet the rhizosphere and (ii) reduce mucilage swelling, thereby reducing the rhizosphere conductivity. We tested whether selected surfactants behaved as rhizoligands. We used neutron radiography to monitor water redistribution in the rhizosphere of lupine (Lupinus albus L. cv. Feodora) and maize (Zea mays L.) irrigated with water and rhizoligands. In a parallel experiment, we tested the effect of rhizoligands on the transpiration rate of lupine and maize subjected to repeated drying and wetting cycles. We also measured the effect of rhizoligands on the maximum swelling of mucilage and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil mixed with various mucilage concentrations. Rhizoligand treatment quickly and uniformly rewetted the rhizosphere of maize and lupine. Interestingly, rhizoligands also reduced transpiration during drying–wetting cycles. Our hypothesis is that the reduction in transpiration was triggered by the interaction between rhizoligand and mucilage exuded by roots. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that rhizoligand reduced the maximum swelling of mucilage, increased its viscosity, and decreased the hydraulic conductivity of soil–mucilage mixtures. The reduced conductivity of the rhizosphere induced a moderate stress to the plants, reducing transpiration. Rhizoligands increase the rhizosphere wetting kinetics and decrease the maximum swelling of mucilage. As a consequence, root rehydration following irrigation is faster, a larger volume of water is available to the plant, and this water is used more slowly. This slower water consumption would allow the plant to stay turgid during a prolonged drying period. We propose that by managing the hydraulic properties of the rhizosphere, we can improve plants' adaptation to drought.