Monomer Concentration Research Articles

UV‐Curable Polyester Oligomers Containing Triptycene Segments

ABSTRACTA series of UV‐curable polyesters containing triptycene segments were synthesized via the melt polycondensation of 1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, triptycene‐1,4‐hydroquinone‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) ether, and various comonomer diols including 1,6‐hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, and 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol. The polyesters were characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, gel‐permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. Thin films were prepared by solvent casting and were cured via exposure to UV‐light at elevated temperature. The crosslinked films were subsequently analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, Soxhlet extractions, and tensile tests. Most of the samples that contained a high concentration of the triptycene monomer resulted in brittle materials with relatively high moduli and tensile strengths, but poor extensibilities. However, the 1,6‐hexanediol/1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid polyester with 30 mol% of triptycene‐1,4‐hydroquinone‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) ether exhibited a Tg above room temperature, a relatively high modulus (~1.1 GPa) and tensile strength (~25 MPa), and ductility (144% elongation‐at‐break). These unique properties were attributed to the triptycene monomer, which is capable of threading polymer chains through its V‐shaped cavities to reinforce the polymer network. When these polyesters were formulated into UV‐curable coatings, the coatings displayed excellent impact resistance and substrate adhesion.

Effect of pressure and monomer concentration on ring-opening enzymatic polymerization of globalide in pressurized propane

Effect of pressure and monomer concentration on ring-opening enzymatic polymerization of globalide in pressurized propane

Developing Ultra-High Concentration Formulations of Human Immune Globulins for Subcutaneous Injectables.

This work describes the first development of high-concentration suspension formulations of human immune globulin. Colloidal-level dispersions of immune globulin were achieved by suspending a spray dried solid powder of protein in a protein solution made saturated by the addition of pharmaceutical excipients. The spray drying process was used to generate ∼90% of particles below 20μ. The monomer and aggregates content of immunoglobulin were found to be 93% and 0.3%, respectively. The injection forces for the colloidal suspensions were characterized using a dynamic compression test. The concentrations of 300, 380, and 400 mg/mL formulations were injected at 3.8 N, 10 N, and 16.5 N of maximum injection forces, respectively, when a 24-gauge needle was used. The viscosity of a 300 mg/mL suspension was 128 cP. The viscosity of a 380 mg/mL suspension was 284 cP, and the viscosity was higher for the 400 mg/mL formulation; however, injectability was not an issue, which remains rare for non-Newtonian, shear-thickening systems. It is acknowledged that the 400 mg/mL suspension formulation remained relatively challenging as compared to other suspensions for injection because of its very high viscosity, and significant force was required to inject it. We show that where ultra-high-concentration immune globulin is being developed within reasonable constraints of pharmaceutical regulation, with an injectability parameter, formulations might make their way to the clinic when viscosity could say otherwise. However, further work should be conducted to assess chemical stability (using methods such as mass spectrometry) along with forced degradation studies prior any clinical use.

Direct and indirect effects of multiplex genome editing of F5H and FAD2 in oil crop camelina.

Mutants with simultaneous germline mutations were obtained in all three F5H genes and all three FAD2 genes (one to eleven mutated alleles) in order to improve the feed value of the seed meal and the fatty acid composition of the seed oil. In mutants with multiple mutated F5H alleles, sinapine in seed meal was reduced by up to 100%, accompanied by a sharp reduction in the S-monolignol content of lignin without causing lodging or stem break. A lower S-lignin monomer content in stems can contribute to improved stem degradability allowing new uses of stems. Mutants in all six FAD2 alleles showed an expected increase in MUFA from 8.7% to 74% and a reduction in PUFA from 53% to 13% in the fatty acids in seed oil. Remarkably, some full FAD2 mutants showed normal growth and seed production and not the dwarfing phenotype reported in previous studies. The relation between germline mutation allele dosage and phenotype was influenced by the still ongoing activity of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, leading to new somatic mutations in the leaves of flowering plants. The correlations between the total mutation frequency (germline plus new somatic mutations) for F5H with sinapine content, and FAD2 with fatty acid composition were higher than the correlations between germline mutation count and phenotypes. This shows the importance of quantifying both the germline mutations and somatic mutations when studying CRISPR/Cas9 effects in situations where the CRISPR/Cas9 system is not yet segregated out.

Anti-Mold Activities of Cationic Oligomeric Surfactants.

Molds are persistent and harmful but receive far less research attention compared with pathogenic bacteria. With the increase in microbial resistance to single-chain surfactant antimicrobial agents, it is crucial to investigate how surfactant structures affect the antimicrobial activity of surfactants. Here, we have studied the antimold efficacy of a series of oligomeric cationic quaternary ammonium surfactants at varying oligomerization levels with or without dynamic covalent imine bonds. Four common molds are chosen as representatives: A. niger, T. viride, C. globosum, and P. funiculosum. The minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) results indicate that the dynamic covalent surfactants in solution display stronger antimold activity than the surfactants of the same oligomerization degree without imine bonds, and the antimold activity decreases as the oligomerization degree increases. The superior fungicidal efficacy of imine-based surfactants in solution is attributed to their longer hydrophobic chains and benzene rings, which enhance the interactions with mold membranes, causing perforation and membrane disruption. Nonetheless, the higher oligomerization degree reduces antimold effectiveness due to the formation of overly stable aggregates, which lower the concentration of free molecular monomers released from aggregates and may accumulate on mold spore membranes. However, on fabric surfaces, the surfactants with a higher oligomerization degree show stronger antimold performance. The multiple hydrophobic chains and cationic headgroups result in greater surfactant adsorption and stronger antimildew activity. Moreover, the reversibility of the imine-based surfactants plays a significant role in reducing the likelihood of resistance. This work is helpful to construct antimicrobial agents with broad-spectrum activity and a weak resistance potential.

Kinetics of acryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride polymerization in aqueous solutions

Abstract Knowledge of the kinetics of polymerization plays a crucial role in the optimization of a synthesis process with appropriate polymerization rate and product quality. The polymerization of acryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DAC) was investigated using a dilatometer method in an aqueous solution. The impacts of temperature, monomer concentration, and initiator concentration on the polymerization rate were examined. The results showed that the polymerization rate increased with an increase in the temperature, monomer concentration, and initiator concentration. The activation energy of polymerization under the given conditions of 2.07 mol·L−1 DAC, 1.72 × 10−3 mol·L−1 ammonium persulfate, and 1.05 × 10−4 mol·L−1 Na4 EDTA was E a = 85.25 kJ·mol−1. The overall polymerization rate equation was R p = K[M]1.69[I]0.53. Based on the experimental results, the mechanism of polymerization was discussed in detail. The studies supplied the experimental basis for the industrial implementation of this reaction.

OP31 Phase 1b study of SOR102, a novel, orally delivered bispecific anti-TNF/anti-IL-23 domain antibody in patients with mild to severe ulcerative colitis

Abstract Background SOR102 is a novel, orally delivered, bispecific antibody construct containing two humanized single domain antibodies (SDA) targeting TNFα and IL-23p19 connected by a trypsin-labile linker, enabling monomer separation within the small intestine and inhibition of TNFα and IL-23 activity within GI tissue. SOR102 SDAs were engineered for stability to intestinal and inflammatory proteases. The Phase 1, first-in-human study (SOR102-101; NCT06080048) had 3 parts. Parts 1 and 2 enrolled healthy subjects. Here, we present results for Part 3, a Phase 1b randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients (pts) with mild to severe UC. Methods Pts with Mayo endoscopy score (ES) ≥2, rectal bleeding score (RBS) ≥1 and stool frequency score (SFS) ≥1 were randomized 1:1:1 to receive SOR102 810mg BID, SOR102 810mg QD, or placebo for 6 weeks. The primary objective was safety and tolerability of SOR102. Secondary objectives were the concentration of SOR102 and monomers in serum, urine and feces, and antidrug antibodies. Exploratory efficacy endpoints were Mayo Score (MS) and modified MS (mMS) clinical response, symptomatic remission (SR), and mean change from baseline in MS, mMS, UC-100 score, SFS, RBS, fecal calprotectin (FC), C-reactive protein (CRP), and Robarts Histopathology Index (RHI). Safety and efficacy were evaluated in pts who received ≥1 dose of SOR102 or placebo. Efficacy was also evaluated in pts who completed the study. Results Twenty-two pts were randomized (SOR102 810mg BID=9; SOR102 810mg QD=7; placebo=6); 17 pts completed the study. Reasons for discontinuation were worsening of UC (N=2), study schedule non-compliance (N=2) and consent withdrawal (N=1). Mean age was 50 yrs; 45% were male; median MS was 8 (range 6-11). Most pts were advanced therapy-naïve. TEAEs were reported in 57%, 29%, and 50% of pts receiving SOR102 810mg BID, SOR102 810mg QD, or placebo, respectively (Table 1); most were mild-to-moderate in severity. One AE (SOR102 810mg BID arm) was considered possibly related to SOR102 (abdominal pain of mild severity). One serious AE of worsening of UC that led to hospitalization occurred in the SOR102 810mg BID arm. Figure 1 shows exploratory efficacy results. Higher rates of MS and mMS clinical response and SR, and greater decreases from baseline in MS, mMS, UC-100, combined SFS+RBS, and RHI were observed in the SOR102 BID arm compared with QD and placebo. There were no significant differences in FC and CRP between the treatment groups. Conclusion SOR102 was safe and well tolerated. Efficacy across multiple endpoints was observed in the SOR102 BID arm compared to QD and placebo, despite the short treatment duration. Further clinical development of SOR102 is warranted.

Electrically conducting porous hydrogels by a self-assembled percolating pristine graphene network.

This study introduces a method for synthesizing electrically conductive hydrogels by incorporating a self-assembled, percolating graphene network. Our approach differs from previous approaches in two crucial aspects: using pristine graphene rather than graphene oxide and self-assembling the percolation network rather than creating random networks by blending. We use pristine graphene at an oil-water interface to stabilize a water-in-oil emulsion, successfully creating hydrogel foams with conductivities up to 15 mS m-1 and tunable porosity. Our approach avoids the need for the conductivity-degrading oxidation process to form GO and decreases the amount of graphitic filler needed for percolation, leading to superior mechanical properties. The concentration of monomer and graphite in the emulsion was optimized to control the cell size, stability, and swelling behavior of the final hydrogels, offering versatility in structure and functionality. Electrical conductivity and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the stability and conductive properties imparted by the graphene network. This method demonstrates a cost-effective route to conductive hydrogels, making them promising candidates for applications in sensors, energy storage, bioelectronics, and other advanced technologies.

Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene to Polystyrene Nanoparticles with Self-Emulsifying Nanodroplets as Nucleus.

The mechanism of the emulsion polymerization of styrene to polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs) remains a subject of debate. Herein, a series of reaction parameters with different surfactant concentrations, monomer contents, temperatures, and equilibration times were investigated to understand the formation mechanism of PSNPs, which demonstrate a correlation between the properties of PSNPs and the mesostructure of the premix. Cooling the model systems with self-emulsifying nanodroplets (SENDs) in the early reaction stages resulted in the hollow polystyrene spheres (H-PSSs), ruptured PSNPs, and dandelion-like PSNPs, further indicating that the oil nanodroplets are the key sites for the formation of PSNPs. Therefore, the oligomer radicals generated in the medium at the early polymerization stages are preferentially captured by the oil-H2O interface, and once in the oil droplets, the oligomeric radical continues to grow until colliding with another radical or monomers run out. The self-emulsifying oil nanodroplets with a particle size of 100-300 nm are formed under high temperature and low surfactant concentration conditions and serve as nucleation sites. This study not only contributes to a profound understanding of the correlation between the mesostructure and nucleation pathways but also paves the way for the flexible regulation of the monodispersity and morphology of PSNPs.

Synthesis of Poly(Itaconate)s With High Monomer Conversion Applying Emulsion Polymerization

ABSTRACTItaconic acid and its derivatives can be obtained from renewable feedstocks. However, there are only very limited applications of polymers containing itaconic acid so far. One limitation of the application of this polymer is that commonly utilized polymerization techniques lead to very low conversions of the corresponding monomers. Consequently, itaconic acid and its derivatives are generally considered difficult or poorly polymerizable monomers. The current study presents the improvement of the polymerization by applying an emulsion polymerization of itaconic acid esters, leading to very high monomer conversions with a residual monomer content of less than 1%.

Synthesis and characterization of new polyarylate containing phthalazinone moiety

Novel polyarylates containing phthalazinone moieties (PAR-PH) were synthesized and characterized by co-solvent interfacial polymerization based on 4-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-phthalazin-1-one (DHPZ) and isophthaloyl chloride (IPC). Effects of inorganic bases, monomer concentration, phase transfer catalysts and co-solvents on the interfacial polymerization reaction were investigated. When the organic phase solvent was cyclohexane with 3% butanone and 18-crown-6 was the phase transfer catalyst, PAR-PH achieved a maximum intrinsic viscosity ( η int) up to 0.52 dL/g. For some organic phase solvents of alkanes and chlorinated hydrocarbons, the addition of co-solvents increased the η int of the polymer. PAR-PH exhibit excellent thermal resistance due to the introduction of rigid twisted phthalazinone moieties into the polymer main chains, with glass transition temperature ( T g) of 275°C. The 5% thermal weight loss temperature of PAR-PH was 463°C in N2 and residual mass ratios at 800°C of 52.0%, demonstrating excellent thermal stability.

Preparation and properties of UV anti-corrosion ink

At present, UV ink has been widely used in inkjet printing, screen printing, offset printing, and other fields. Compared with traditional ink, UV ink has faster curing speed, more stable performance, does not contain volatile organic solvents, and is less harmful to the human body. At present, the corrosion resistance of UV inks used in the market is very poor. This paper uses carbon-carbon double bond “C = C” + fluorine “F” to build anti-corrosion coating, which can greatly improve the corrosion resistance of UV ink. With azodiisobutyronitrile as initiator and tetrahydrofuran as solvent, α-methacrylic acid (MA) and styrene (St) were polymerized to form P(MA-r-St) under the condition of 40 °C magnetic stirring in a water bath after removing oxygen through nitrogen. P(MA-r-St) was esterified with trifluoroacetic acid under the catalysis of diethylenetriamine, and the prepolymer P(MA-r-St)-g-TFA of UV anti-corrosion ink was obtained. Monomer synthesis is done by mixing glycerol and acrylic acid with different molar ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3, and obtaining monomers with different double bond content through an esterification reaction. The effects of the type and content of photoinitiator, prepolymer, and monomer on the curing speed and contact angle of UV ink were studied, and the best UV curing system was explored. The best UV curing system is ITX with 1% photoinitiator, 50% prepolymer and 40% monomer. The contact angles of deionized water, 0.1 g/ml NaCl, 0.01 g/ml H2C2O4, and 0.01 mol/L NaOH were 94°, 92°, 96° and 98°, respectively. Apply the prepared UV anti-corrosion ink and ordinary UV ink evenly on the cover slide, and bake in the oven at 130 oC for 3 h. After drying, the weight is 0.187 g. The dried cover glass was soaked in 0.01 mol/L NaOH, 0.01 g/ml H2C2O4, 0.01 mol/L HCl, 0.01 mol/L KOH for 5–45 min. After soaking, it was baked in the oven at 130°C for 3 h. After drying, the mass was weighed with a balance, and the maximum mass loss was 7.7%. Compared with ordinary UV ink, the corrosion resistance of UV anti-corrosion ink has been improved, and the corrosion resistance effect is good, which proves that the synthesis of UV anti-corrosion ink is successful.

The interfacial polymerization reaction induced by intermolecular dipole–dipole interaction for the preparation of nanofiltration membrane under the low concentration of the aqueous monomers

The interfacial polymerization reaction induced by intermolecular dipole–dipole interaction for the preparation of nanofiltration membrane under the low concentration of the aqueous monomers

Depolymerisation of poly(lactide) under continuous flow conditions.

Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) is commercially successful bio-based plastic, where end-of-life materials can undergo industrial composting. To create a circular economy, a desirable alternative to composting is chemical recycling to monomer (CRM), where direct depolymerisation to l-lactide can be achieved. CRM of PLLA is typically impeded by thermal decomposition and side reactions, due to the high ceiling temperate (T c) of PLLA in bulk (>600 °C), which preclude implementation on a large scale, and has led to the development of catalytic strategies, under vacuum or high dilution in high boiling point solvents conditions. In this study, a commercially available Sn(ii) catalyst and low boiling point solvents, at a range of temperatures and concentrations, were explored for the CRM of PLLA in a continuous flow process. The solvent THF was found to produce the best results, where up to 92% conversion of lactide could be achieved, with 92-97% selectivity for l-lactide formation at temperatures 150-170 °C. Further, inline monitoring of monomer and polymer concentrations in flow were used to determine the depolymerisation rate coefficient k depo and the activation energy of k depo was determined to be 129.4 kJ mol-1.

Radical polymerization of itaconic acid in dipolar aprotic solvents − The effect of high monomer concentration

Radical polymerization of itaconic acid in dipolar aprotic solvents − The effect of high monomer concentration

Transcriptomic Insights into Higher Anthocyanin Accumulation in 'Summer Black' Table Grapes in Winter Crop Under Double-Cropping Viticulture System.

Anthocyanins are responsible for grape (Vitis vinifera L.) skin color. To obtain a more detailed understanding of the anthocyanin regulatory networks across' the summer and winter seasons in grapes under a double-cropping viticulture system, the transcriptomes of 'Summer Black' grapes were analyzed using RNA sequencing. The average daily temperature during the harvest stage in the summer crop, ranging from 26.18 °C to 32.98 °C, was higher than that in the winter crop, ranging from 11.03 °C to 23.90 °C. Grapes from the winter crop accumulated a greater content of anthocyanins than those from the summer crop, peaking in the harvest stage (E-L38) with 207.51 mg·100 g-1. Among them, malvidin-3-O-glucoside (Mv-3-G) had the highest monomer content, accounting for 32%. The content of Cy-3-G during winter increased by 55% compared to summer. KEGG analysis indicated that the flavonoid biosynthesis and circadian rhythm-plant pathways are involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis during fruit development. Pearson's coefficient showed significant positive correlations between anthocyanin content and the VvDFR, VvUFGT, VvOMT, VvMYB, and VvbHLH genes in the winter crop; at full veraison stage, their expressions were 1.34, 1.98, 1.28, 1.17, and 1.34 times greater than in summer, respectively. The higher expression of VvUFGT and VvOMT led to higher contents of Cy-3-G and Mv-3-G in the winter berries, respectively.

Integrating Hydrogels and Biomedical Plastics via In Situ Physical Entanglements and Covalent Bonding.

Both rigid plastics and soft hydrogels find ample applications in engineering and medicine but bear their own disadvantages that limit their broader applications. Bonding these mechanically dissimilar materials may resolve these limitations, preserve their advantages, and offer new opportunities as biointerfaces. Here, a robust adhesion strategy is proposed to integrate highly entangled tough hydrogels and diverse plastics with high interfacial adhesion energy and strength. Systemic investigations on the effects of hydrogel monomer content and crosslink fraction revealed the significant contributions of both polymer physical entanglements and interfacial covalent bonding. This hybrid engineering strategy also enables the plastic-hydrogel composite to attenuate foreign body response caused by pristine rigid plastics in vivo in mice. This versatile materials engineering approach may be broadly applicable to other polymer-based devices commonly used in regenerative medicine and surgical robotics.

Прививочная полимеризация метакриловой и акриловой кислот на облученную пленку полиэтилена и оценка прочностных характеристик привитых сополимеров

Membranes on the basis of synthetic and modified natural polymeric substrates are widely used in separation and filtration processes and as conductive or isolating media. Grafting acrylic monomers onto polymeric substrates is an effective method of their production. Polyethylene, a synthetic polymer, has high strength properties, thermal and chemical resistance, which makes it a good substrate for various products. The objective of this work was producing ion exchange grafted films on the basis of preirradiated polyethylene grafted with methacrylic and acrylic acids, and regulation of their properties during synthesis. Methacrylic and acrylic acids have been grafted onto preirradiated polyethylene film (thickness 30±5 μm) in concentrated solutions with a monomer content up to 45 wt.% in the presence of iron (II) ions at temperatures within 90–97 °C. The concentration of the monomers, initiators, additives of modifiers and the reaction temperature have been varied. The kinetics of grafting polymerization, grafting degree and the degree of swelling in an electrolyte have been studied by a gravimetric method. The influence of the nature of grafted monomers, the concentration of components and modifiers on the above quantities and mechanical properties of the grafted films have been established. Our modified films have been characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, chemical elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (the relief and surface morphology), and their mechanical properties have been assessed by the uniaxial tensile method. The study of the resulting ion exchange composites for the purpose of further application in the technology of treating waste and industrial waters from polyvalent metals and as ion conducting media will be carried out in the future.

NIPAm Microgels Synthesised in Water: Tailored Control of Particles' Size and Thermoresponsive Properties.

Microgels, combining the properties of hydrogels and microparticles, are emerging as versatile materials for varied applications such as drug delivery and sensing, although the precise control of particle size remains a challenge. Advances in synthetic methodologies have provided new tools for tailoring of properties, however costs and scalability of the processes remains a limitation. We report here the water-based synthesis of a library of N-isopropylacrylamide-based microgels covalently crosslinked with varying contents of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide. The results highlight the versatility of water as a synthetic medium, which yields large and monodisperse microgels, with excellent control over size. Dynamic light scattering data demonstrate that by increasing the total monomer concentration from 1 to 3 wt%, the particle size is increased by up to 4.9-fold. Crosslinker content allows fine-tuning of microgel size, with greater relevance for functionalised microgels. Functional co-monomers such as N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide hydrochloride and N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamide are shown to influence size and thermoresponsive behaviour, with hydrogen-bonding monomers reducing particle size and increasing the volume phase transition temperature by 2 °C. Positively charged monomers show a size reduction upon heating but provide colloidal stability at temperatures up to 60 °C. These findings emphasize the importance of tailoring synthetic conditions and formulations to optimize microgel properties for specific applications.

Taguchi method optimisation for synthesising a novel Fe3O4@Sodium alginate-g-copolymer for enhanced methylene blue adsorption: optimisation, kinetics, and isotherm analyses

ABSTRACT This research paper includes a novel hydrogel as an adsorbent prepared via free radical polymerisation of sodium alginate-grafting-poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-hydroxy ethyl acrylamide-co-2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulphonic acid) (HGs). Employing the Taguchi method, optimal concentrations of monomers, sodium alginate, initiator, and crosslinking agent were determined to achieve maximum swelling ratio for the incorporation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions to produce Fe3O4/HGS magnetic hydrogel nanocomposites (MGHs) as shown in Scheme 1. HGS and MGHs were characterised using various techniques, including the infrared absorption spectrum (FTIR), the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), the atomic force microscope (AFM), the transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Vibrating‑Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The study compared swelling behaviours at different pH values for both adsorbents. The point zero charge PZC was studied to understand adsorption behaviour, which was equal to 5.44 for the adsorbent. Adsorption kinetics exhibited pseudo-second-order behaviour after determining the adsorbent’s effective weight, which is 0.002 g, and the equilibrium time, which was 60 min. The adsorption isotherm showed good agreement with both Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich models. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated at different temperatures (5–35 °C), indicating physisorption. While the removal percent of Mb dye was equal to 95% and Qe = 474.7 mg/g, adsorption conditions were studied using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and analysed through Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results demonstrated that adsorption increases with increasing pH and temperature, confirming the endothermic nature of the process. The study also investigated adsorbent Reusability, which exhibited high efficiency after five cycles.