Concentrations Of Histidine Research Articles

Insights in Osteosarcoma by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Serum Metabonomics.

Pediatric osteosarcoma outcomes have improved over the last decades; however, patients who do not achieve a full resection of the tumor, even after aggressive chemotherapy, have the worst prognosis. At a genetic level, osteosarcoma presents many alterations, but there is scarce information on alterations at metabolomic levels. Therefore, an untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance metabonomic approach was used to reveal blood serum alterations, when samples were taken from 21 patients with osteosarcoma aged from 12–20 (18, 86%) to 43 (3, 14%) years before any anticancer therapy were collected. The results showed that metabolites differed greatly between osteosarcoma and healthy control serum samples, especially in lipids, aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine), and histidine concentrations. Besides, most of the loading plots point to protons of the fatty acyls (-CH3 and -CH2-) from very-low- and low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol, as crucial metabolites for discrimination of the patients with osteosarcoma from the healthy samples. The relevance of blood lipids in osteosarcoma was highlighted when analyzed together with the somatic mutations disclosed in tumor samples from the same cohort of patients, where six genes linked to the cholesterol metabolism were found being altered too. The high consistency of the discrimination between osteosarcoma and healthy control blood serum suggests that nuclear magnetic resonance could be successfully applied for osteosarcoma diagnostic and prognostic purposes, which could ameliorate the clinical efficacy of therapy.

Plasma amino acid status is useful for understanding intestinal mucosal damage in calves with cryptosporidiosis.

We hypothesize that some amino acid abnormalities in diarrheic calves are useful for understanding intestinal mucosal damage, as in humans. However, few reports have revealed the relationship between intestinal mucosal damage and plasma amino acids in diarrheic calves. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between the amino acid status and plasma diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, which is known to be a biomarker for intestinal mucosal damage in diarrheic calves. Twenty Holstein calves aged 12.6 ± 4.2days old were enrolled in this study. In the diarrhea group (n = 10), there were yellow loose feces within the rectum and Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) was detected in all fecal samples. These calves were clinically normal except for diarrhea. All calves in the control group (n = 10) appeared to be healthy based on clinical findings with normal feces production and the absence of C. parvum. Plasma amino acid concentrations and DAO activity were measured. The relationships between plasma DAO activity and the concentration of each plasma amino acid were investigated using Spearman's rank test. The plasma DAO activity was significantly lower in the diarrhea group (176.1 ± 60.1IUmL-1) than in the control group (309.3 ± 74.8IUmL-1) (p < 0.001). Furthermore, positive correlations were observed when comparing plasma DAO activity with histidine, proline, cystine, arginine, and glutamine concentrations. As a result of relationship between plasma DAO activity and amino acid status, it was concluded that plasma amino acid status is useful for understanding intestinal mucosal damage in calves with cryptosporidiosis.

Metabolomics Approach Explore Diagnostic Biomarkers and Metabolic Changes in Heat-Stressed Dairy Cows.

Simple SummaryHeat stress results in a decline in the production performance of the dairy cows. This study explored the metabolomes of milk and blood plasma in heat-stressed cows by means of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based metabolomics tools. Findings of the current experiment reveal that HS alters the metabolic composition of milk and blood plasma in lactating dairy cows. In brief, HS alters twelve metabolites in blood plasma and eight metabolites in milk, which are primarily involved in proteolysis, gluconeogenesis, and milk fatty acid synthesis, suggesting that these metabolites could be possible biomarkers for heat-stressed dairy cows.In the present experiment, we investigated the impact of heat stress (HS) on physiological parameters, dry matter intake, milk production, the metabolome of milk, and blood plasma in lactating Holstein dairy cows. For this purpose, 20 Holstein lactating cows were distributed in two groups in such a way that each group had 10 cows. A group of 10 cows was reared in HS conditions, while the other group of 10 cows was reared in the thermoneutral zone. The results of the experiment showed that cows subjected to HS had higher respiration rates (p < 0.01) and greater rectal temperature (p < 0.01). Results of milk production and composition explored that HS lowered milk production (p < 0.01) and milk protein percentage (p < 0.05) than cows raised in a thermoneutral place. Furthermore, HS increased the concentrations of N-acetyl glycoprotein, scyllo-inositol, choline, and pyridoxamine in milk, while HS decreased the concentrations of O-acetyl glycoprotein, glycerophosphorylcholine, citrate, and methyl phosphate in milk. Moreover, HS enhanced plasma concentrations of alanine, glucose, glutamate, urea, 1-methylhistidine, histidine, and formate in cows, while the plasma concentration of low-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, leucine, lipid, and 3-hydroxybutyrate decreased due to HS. Based on the findings of the current research, it is concluded that HS alters the milk and blood plasma metabolites of lactating Holstein dairy cows. Overall, in the current experiment, HS altered eight metabolites in milk and twelve metabolites in the plasma of lactating Holstein dairy cows. Furthermore, the current study explored that these metabolites were mainly involved in proteolysis, gluconeogenesis, and milk fatty acid synthesis and could be potential biomarkers for dairy cows undergoing HS.

The Effect of Barley and Lysine Supplementation on the longissimus lumborum Meat Quality of Pasture-Raised Fallow Deer (Dama dama).

The chemical characteristics (proximate composition, amino acids, and fatty acids) and sensory quality of the longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle of 45 farmed male fallow deer were investigated. The animals were divided into three separate groups (n = 15 per treatment): pasture-fed (P), pasture-fed and supplemented with barley (B), and pasture-fed and supplemented with barley and lysine (BL). Differences were observed in LL moisture and the intramuscular fat contents, the latter being almost two-fold greater in the meat of B and BL groups compared to P. The concentrations of histidine, leucine, alanine, glutamic acid and glycine in the raw meat were higher in the BL group compared to the P group. Higher contents of n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and consequently lower n–3 ratios, were found in the P group, compared to the BL group. The grilled meat samples from the P group scored higher than the other groups for grassy flavour, and lower for liver flavour.

Cryoconcentration and 3D Temperature Profiles During Freezing of mAb Solutions in Large-Scale PET Bottles and a Novel Scale-Down Device.

Small-scale models that simulate large-scale freezing of bulk drug substance of biopharmaceuticals are highly needed to define freezing and formulation parameters based on process understanding. We evaluated a novel scale-down device (SDD), which is based on a specially designed insulation cover, with respect to changes in concentration after freezing, referred to as cryoconcentration, and 3D temperature profiles. Furthermore, the effect of the initial monoclonal antibody (mAb) concentration on cryoconcentration was addressed. 2L and 125mL bottles were utilized. Temperatures were mapped using type T thermocouples. Frozen blocks were cut and mAb and histidine concentrations were analysed by HPLC. In addition, concentration- and temperature-dependent viscosities were measured. 3D freezing profiles in the SDD were comparable to large-scale bottles. The SDD accurately predicted cryoconcentration of both mAb and histidine of large-scale freezing. Concentric changes in concentration were evident as well as an unforeseen diluted core at the last point to freeze. At low initial mAb concentration cryoconcentration was substantial, while high initial mAb concentration suppressed cryoconcentration almost completely. The novel SDD gives detailed insights into large-scale freezing of mAb solutions using only a fraction of the simulated volume. It is a promising material- and cost-saving tool to understand large-scale freezing processes.

Assessing amino acid utilization in young Nellore steers fed high-concentrate diets with different sources and levels of nitrogen

The aim of this study was to evaluate the availability and utilization of individual amino acids (AA) in young Nellore steers fed high-concentrate diets with different levels and sources of nitrogen (N). Six castrated Nellore steers, cannulated in the rumen, duodenum and ileum were randomly assigned in a 6 × 6 Latin square design arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial, which consisted of 3 protein sources (soybean meal plus urea (SU), corn gluten meal (CGM) and dry distillers grains (DDG)) and 2 dietary crude protein (CP) levels (110 and 140 g/kg dry matter). Arginine concentration in rumen microbial crude protein (MICP) was greater in steers fed diets containing DDG (P = 0.014). Histidine concentration in MICP was greater (P = 0.015) in steers fed CGM or DDG diets. Lysine concentration in MICP was greater (P = 0.050) as the protein level (PL) increased in the CGM diets. Steers fed diets containing DDG had greater NEAA flow (P = 0.049) and tended (P ≤ 0.08) to have greater non-essential AA (NEAA), arginine, leucine, lysine, proline and serine flow from MICP compared to those fed SU diets. Histidine and glutamate from MICP had a greater supply (P = 0.01) by the dietary inclusion of CGM or DDG. Steers fed CGM or DDG tended (P ≤ 0.07) to have greater EAA, arginine, isoleucine and valine supply from rumen undegraded protein (RUP). The Leucine supply from RUP was greater (P = 0.03) in the sources CGM or DDG. Increasing the protein level (PL) from 110 to 140 g/kg CP in SU diets reduced (P ≤ 0.04) the digestibility of isoleucine, leucine, and tyrosine. In contrast, the digestibility of leucine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamate, glycine, serine, and tyrosine was improved (P ≤ 0.05) by the increase in the PL in DDG diets. Plasma leucine and phenylalanine concentration was greater (P ≤ 0.047) in steers fed diets containing CGM or DDG. Plasma leucine and valine concentration was greater (P ≤ 0.042) in steers fed diets containing 140 g/kg of CP. Arginine and histidine utilization were greater (P ≤ 0.013) in steers fed diets containing 110 g/kg CP with DDG and 140 g/kg CP with CGM. Steers fed the diet containing 110 g/kg CP and DDG showed greater (P ≤ 0.04) isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, alanine, aspartic, glutamate, serine, and tyrosine use efficiency than those fed other diets, except for those fed the diet containing 140 g/kg CP with CGM which did not differ. The AA use efficiency is affected by dietary protein levels and sources. Our results suggest that it is possible to increase the supply of essential AA by the use of CGM or DDG (RUP sources).

Histidine-directed formation of nearly monodispersed silver nanoflowers and their ultra-high peroxidase-like activity under physiological pH

In this work, we demonstrated a new approach for the preparation of nearly monodispersed silver nanoflowers (Ag NFs) with ultra-high peroxidase-like activity under physiological pH (6.0) by using histidine as both ligand and shape-directing agent and hydroxylamine as reductant. It was identified that the histidine could tune the activity of the silver precursor effectively and direct the preferential growth of the (111) facet of Ag particles via the random attachment. Under the appropriate concentration of histidine, both increase in the concentration of the reductant and elevation in pH of the reaction solution (to improve the activity of reductant) favorited the formation of Ag NF. The resulting histidine-coated Ag NFs showed ultra-high peroxidase-like activity at pH 6.0 due to the critical role of histidine in the enhanced binding affinity of Ag NFs towards both H2O2 and 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrates. Based on the reducing ability of ascorbic acid (AA) towards the oxidized TMB, a simple and efficient colorimetric method was developed for the detection of AA under physiological pH.

Application of simultaneous selective pressures slows adaptation.

Beneficial mutations that arise in an evolving asexual population may compete or interact in ways that alter the overall rate of adaptation through mechanisms such as clonal or functional interference. The application of multiple selective pressures simultaneously may allow for a greater number of adaptive mutations, increasing the opportunities for competition between selectively advantageous alterations, and thereby reducing the rate of adaptation. We evolved a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that could not produce its own histidine or uracil for ~500 generations under one or three selective pressures: limitation of the concentration of glucose, histidine, and/or uracil in the media. The rate of adaptation was obtained by measuring evolved relative fitness using competition assays. Populations evolved under a single selective pressure showed a statistically significant increase in fitness on those pressures relative to the ancestral strain, but the populations evolved on all three pressures did not show a statistically significant increase in fitness over the ancestral strain on any single pressure. Simultaneously limiting three essential nutrients for a population of S. cerevisiae effectively slows the rate of evolution on any one of the three selective pressures applied, relative to the single selective pressure cases. We identify possible mechanisms for fitness changes seen between populations evolved on one or three limiting nutrient pressures by high‐throughput sequencing. Adding multiple selective pressures to evolving disease like cancer and infectious diseases could reduce the rate of adaptation and thereby may slow disease progression, prolong drug efficacy and prevent deaths.

Analysis of Gastrointestinal Responses Revealed Both Shared and Specific Targets of Zinc Oxide and Carbadox in Weaned Pigs.

Antibiotics and pharmacological zinc supplementation were commonly used as growth promoters for several decades in the swine industry before being limited because of public health and environmental concerns. Further, the physiological and metabolic responses associated with their growth promotion effects are unclear. To characterize these responses induced by pharmacological zinc supplementation (2500 mg/kg) and carbadox (55 mg/kg), 192 post-weaning pigs were fed basal and test diets for 43 days. Compared with basal, pharmacological zinc and carbadox independently improved growth performance. Pharmacological zinc increased gastric mucosa thickness compared with basal zinc, while carbadox increased intestinal villus:crypt ratio compared with non-carbadox. Pharmacological zinc and carbadox independently reduced interleukin (IL)-1β concentration compared with basal zinc and non-carbadox. Pharmacological zinc increased IL-1RA:IL-1 ratio by 42% compared with basal zinc, while carbadox tended to increase the IL-10 and IL10:IL-12 ratio compared with non-carbadox. Carbadox increased fecal concentrations of histidine and lysine compared with non-carbadox. The independent effect of pharmacological zinc and carbadox on morphology and nutrient metabolism, and their shared effect on immunity may contribute to the additive effect on growth promotion. These results further confirmed the concept that growth promotion is multifactorial intervention. Therefore, elucidating growth-promoting effects and searching for alternatives should include wide-spectrum evaluation.

Вплив одноразового перорального введення щурам асоціату таурин-декстрин на концентрацію амінокислот у плазмі крові

The aim of the study was to test the ability of dextrin particles of different sizes, modified with N-stearylglutamic acid, to increase the transport of taurine into the blood plasma of rats. To achieve this goal, Wistar rats weighing 240–260 g were divided into control and four experimental groups. The control group was administered once perorally with water. The first experimental group was administered perorally with an aqueous solution of taurine at a dose of 100 mg/kg, the second and third ― a solution of taurine-dextrin associate with particle sizes of 60–90 nm and 500–800 nm, in which the dose of taurine was 100 mg/kg. The fourth experimental group (IV) was administered only dextrin. In 30 min, the rats were decapitated, and blood was collected. Blood cells and proteins were precipitated, and samples were derivatized with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Free amino acids of plasma were separated on a Dionex Ultimate 3000 liquid chromatograph equipped with a spectrophotometric detector, chromatographic column Luna C18 (2) 250×4.6 mm, elution type was gradient. It was registered that in the first and third experimental groups the content of taurine in the blood plasma of rats was 33.8% higher than in the control. Oral administration of taurine-dextrin associate with 60–90 nm particles increases the taurine content by 62.6% compared to the control and by 21.6% more than in the first and third experimental groups. This indicates efficient transport of taurine by dextrin only with particles of 60–90 nm. Administration of both taurine and taurine-dextrin associate reduced concentrations of glutamine, methionine, lysine, alanine, phenylalanine, and histidine. Moreover, the reason for the decrease in the content of the last two amino acids was not only taurine, but also the transporter itself. With the administration of the transporter the concentration of asparagine was lower than in control, and the content of arginine, on the contrary, higher. In the first experimental group, the concentration of aspartic acid and serine decreased, and in the second ― valine, leucine and tryptophan, in the third ― glutamic acid. The glycine content increased in the second experimental group. Ornithine content in all experimental groups except the third was higher, compared with the control. Thus, modified dextrin with a particle size of 60–90 nm increases the transport of taurine into the blood.

Serum Metabolomic Profile of Critical Limb-Threatening Ischemia Patients

Despite a high prevalence of 10% to 20% in the elderly population, peripheral artery disease (PAD) is often undiagnosed in the primary care setting as over 50% of patients are asymptomatic. Some patients experience variable and unpredicTable progression to the severe, end-stage form known as critical limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI). A better understanding of this progression can reduce delays in surgical interventions, reduce amputations and decrease mortality. With the help of metabolomics, we aim to investigate PAD and CLTI at the metabolites level. Non-PAD, PAD, and CLTI patients were recruited for this study (ethics application number REB #16-375). Patients with diabetes, history of cancer, deep vein thrombosis, and acute coronary syndrome were excluded. Nontargeted metabolite screening of serum was conducted using three operation modes of multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry with full-scan data acquisition, where a total of 90 authentic metabolites were consistently detected in the majority of samples after a stringent process of data filtering and quality control. A total of 60 patients were recruited and stratified based on the Rutherford Classification for chronic limb ischemia into CLTI (n = 20), PAD (n = 20) and non-PAD controls (n = 20). Compared with controls, patients with CLTI showed lower serum concentrations of creatine, lysine, histidine, linoleic and eicosadienoic acids, as well as higher concentrations of creatinine and phenylacetylglutamine that satisfied a false discovery rate adjustment (q < 0.05) (Figure). All identified serum metabolites were also correlated with the ankle-brachial index (r = ± 0.35 – 0.44; P = .01-.0001). Reduced creatine/creatinine ratios in circulation likely indicates a perturbation in energy metabolism within skeletal muscle, which may be specific to CLTI as compared to coronary artery disease. Lower serum levels of linoleic acid is indicative of increased atherosclerotic processes in CLTI patients, whereas phenylacetylglutamine is a uremic toxin that is an independent risk factor for overall mortality and cardiovascular disease. Also, decreased serum levels of the antioxidant histidine in the diseased state can contribute to reduced protection of vascular tissue from increased free radical production in CLTI patients. This work provides novel biochemical insights into the pathophysiology of CLTI and offers a new foundation for possible metabolic markers that can be used for PAD and CLTI screening and monitoring.

Sensory comparisons between handmade and instant bonito-kelp stocks in Japanese dishes

The aim of this study was to compare the use of handmade and instant bonito-kelp stocks in Japanese-style dishes. Japanese dishes prepared with handmade or instant bonito-kelp stocks could be discriminated from one another (p < 0.01). The handmade stock was rated as preferable in liquid-type dishes, while the instant stock was preferable in solid-type dishes (p < 0.01). Our analysis showed that handmade and instant stocks had significantly different compositions of taste constituents (p < 0.01). For example, the concentrations of aspartic acid and histidine were both higher in the handmade stock than in the instant stock. Instant stocks had markedly higher concentrations of glutamic acid and 5′-inosinic acid as compared with handmade stocks. In addition, the total number of free amino acids and nucleic acid compounds differed between the handmade and instant stocks: handmade stock had many types of components, whereas instant stock had only a few types. These findings imply that the composition of taste components is simpler in instant stocks than in handmade stocks.

High ammonia exposure regulates lipid metabolism in the pig skeletal muscle via mTOR pathway

Ambient ammonia exposure has been known to perturb lipid metabolism in farm animals, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. The current study was conducted to investigate how ambient ammonia exposure influences lipid metabolism in the pig model. Twelve pigs were randomly divided into two groups, either exposed to 0 or 35 mg/m3 atmospheric ammonia for 25 days. Serum ammonia remained unchanged (p > 0.05), but increased serum urea concentration was found (p < 0.05) after ammonia exposure. Ammonia exposure also caused an increased C18:0, C18:2n6c, C18:3n6, C18:3n3, C20:0, C20:2, C20:3n6, C20:3n3, C22:0 concentrations and fat content in the longissimus dorsi muscle (p < 0.05), and also serum total triglyceride (p = 0.0294) and ApoB (p = 0.0061) contents. Analysis of serum free amino acids profile revealed that concentrations of ornithine, tyrosine, asparagine, histidine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, glutamine and valine were significantly increased in the pigs exposed to 35 mg/m3 ammonia (p < 0.05). RNA-Seq analysis showed that genes encoding enzymes involved in lipid synthesis (FASN, SCD and FADS1) and uptake (LDLR) were up-regulated, whereas genes related to lipolysis (PNPLA4, ANGPTL4 and CEL), transport (CPT1A, CPT1B and CPT2) and β-oxidation (ACADL, ACADVL, UCP2 and UCP3) were down-regulated. Furthermore, exposure to 35 mg/m3 atmospheric ammonia increased expression of mTOR (p = 0.0377) and its downstream P70S6K (p = 0.0139) and p-P70S6K (p = 0.0431), but decreased AMPK (p < 0.0001) and p-AMPK (p = 0.0071) in the longissimus dorsi muscle. In conclusion, high concentration of atmospheric ammonia exposure greatly interferes with amino acid metabolism, resulting in increased BCAAs and aromatic amino acids. The increased BCAAs production can up-regulate lipid synthesis and down-regulate β-oxidation by activating mTOR signaling and inhibiting AMPK signaling.

Plasma histidine concentrations as a specific biomarker for intestinal mucosal damage in calves with cryptosporidiosis

Specific alterations in plasma histidine concentrations and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity were recently reported as a potential biomarker for intestinal mucosal damage in diarrheic calves. However, there are no data on the comparison of precision between histidine concentration and DAO activity in bovine plasma. The aim of the present study was to compare precision of histidine concentrations and DAO activities in plasma as a biomarker for the Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum)-associated intestinal mucosal damage in diarrheic calves. Thirty-two Holstein calves aged 12.2 ± 4.1 days old were enrolled in the present study; they were divided into C. parvum (n = 9), diarrhea (n = 11), and control (n = 12) groups based on the presence or absence of diarrhea and with or without C. parvum infection. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to characterize the sensitivity and specificity of each parameter for the C. parvum-associated intestinal mucosal damage. The proposed cut-off points for plasma histidine concentrations and plasma DAO activities for cryptosporidiosis in calves based on ROC analyses were < 55.8 nM and < 246.0 IU/ml, respectively. The sensitivities and specificities of the proposed diagnostic cut-offs were 88.9% and 82.6% for plasma histidine concentrations and 100.0% and 34.8% for plasma DAO activities, respectively. It was concluded that plasma histidine concentrations may be superior to plasma DAO activities as a specific biomarker for the C. parvum-associated intestinal mucosal damage in diarrheic calves.

Targeted metabolomic analysis of serum amino acids in the adult Fontan patient with a dominant left ventricle

Growing interest lies in the assessment of the metabolic status of patients with a univentricular circulation after Fontan operation, especially in changes of amino acid metabolism. Using targeted metabolomic examinations, we investigated amino acid metabolism in a homogeneous adult Fontan-patient group with a dominant left ventricle, seeking biomarker patterns that might permit better understanding of Fontan pathophysiology and early detection of subtle ventricular or circulatory dysfunction. We compared serum amino acid levels (42 analytes; AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit, Biocrates Life Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria) in 20 adult Fontan patients with a dominant left ventricle and those in age- and sex-matched biventricular controls. Serum concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine, methionine sulfoxide, glutamic acid, and trans-4-hydroxyproline and the methionine sulfoxide/methionine ratio (Met-SO/Met) were significantly higher and serum concentrations of asparagine, histidine, taurine, and threonine were significantly lower in patients than in controls. Met-SO/Met values exhibited a significant negative correlation with oxygen uptake during exercise. The alterations in amino acid metabolome that we found in Fontan patients suggest links between Fontan pathophysiology, altered cell energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction like those found in biventricular patients with congestive heart failure. Studies of extended amino acid metabolism may allow better understanding of Fontan pathophysiology that will permit early detection of subtle ventricular or circulatory dysfunction in Fontan patients.

Lysine and methionine supplementation in high soy protein content diets for silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles.

A two-month feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) by soybean protein (SP) alone or in combination with lysine (Lys) and methionine (Met) supplementation in practical diets for silvery-black porgy juveniles (16.7±0.1 g). Seven isoproteic (ca. 50% crude protein) and isoenergetic (ca. 22.4 MJ kg-1) diets were formulated in which 45% (SP45), 60% (SP60) and 75% (SP75) of FM protein were replaced by SP and the control diet (FM) was prepared with FM as the major source of protein. In SP45+, SP60+ and SP75+ diets, 45 to 75% of FM was replaced by SP with supplementing blends of Lys and Met. Growth performance, feed utilization, and protein and lipid digestibility decreased with increasing dietary SP levels (p<0.05). Fish fed SP75 had the highest whole body lipid content, but with the lowest whole body arginine, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine and taurine concentrations (p<0.05). Supplementing Lys and Met in SP based diets did not improve growth performance, suggesting that the anti-nutritional factors in soybean protein products rather than Met and Lys deficiency might limit FM substitution with SP in silvery-black porgy juveniles.

Probiotic Administration Increases Amino Acid Absorption from Plant Protein: a Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Crossover Study

The fate of dietary protein in the gut is determined by microbial and host digestion and utilization. Fermentation of proteins generates bioactive molecules that have wide-ranging health effects on the host. The type of protein can affect amino acid absorption, with animal proteins generally being more efficiently absorbed compared with plant proteins. In contrast to animal proteins, most plant proteins, such as pea protein, are incomplete proteins. Pea protein is low in methionine and contains lower amounts of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which play a crucial role in muscle health. We hypothesized that probiotic supplementation results in favorable changes in the gut microbiota, aiding the absorption of amino acids from plant proteins by the host. Fifteen physically active men (24.2 ± 5.0 years; 85.3 ± 12.9 kg; 178.0 ± 7.6 cm; 16.7 ± 5.8% body fat) co-ingested 20 g of pea protein with either AminoAlta™, a multi-strain probiotic (5 billion CFU L. paracasei LP-DG® (CNCM I-1572) plus 5 billion CFU L. paracasei LPC-S01 (DSM 26760), SOFAR S.p.A., Italy) or a placebo for 2 weeks in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, separated by a 4-week washout period. Blood samples were taken at baseline and at 30-, 60-, 120-, and 180-min post-ingestion and analyzed for amino acid content. Probiotic administration significantly increased methionine, histidine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, total BCAA, and total EAA maximum concentrations (Cmax) and AUC without significantly changing the time to reach maximum concentrations. Probiotic supplementation can be an important nutritional strategy to improve post-prandial changes in blood amino acids and to overcome compositional shortcomings of plant proteins. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: ISRCTN38903788

Assessment of the application for renewal of authorisation of l-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate produced with Escherichia coli NITE SD 00268 for salmonids and its extension of use to other fin fish.

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l‐histidine monohydrochloride (HCl) monohydrate produced by fermentation using Escherichia coli NITE SD 00268 in the context of the renewal of the authorisation for salmonids when used as a nutritional additive. In addition, the applicant requested the extension of use of the additive for other fin fish. The applicant has provided evidence that the composition of the additive currently in the market complies with the conditions of authorisation. The production strain has been modified by conventional mutagenesis and it does not raise safety concerns. The use of l‐histidine HCl monohydrate produced by fermentation using E. coli NITE SD 00268 is safe for salmonids and other fin fish when used as a nutritional additive to supplement the diet in appropriate amounts to cover the nutritional requirements, depending on the species, the physiological state of the animal, the performance level, the environmental conditions, the background amino acid composition of the unsupplemented diet and the status of some essential trace elements such as copper and zinc. The FEEDAP Panel considers the maximum total concentration of 1.7% histidine in feed for salmonids proposed by the applicant as safe. For other fin fish species, the level of 1.7% appears to cause adverse effects. Therefore, it is not possible to define a maximum concentration of histidine in fish other than salmonids as it depends on histidine nutritional requirements in the different fish species. The use of the authorised additive in salmonids production does not pose a risk for consumers, and the proposed maximum total concentration of 1.7% histidine in feed is considered safe for the consumer. l‐Histidine HCl monohydrate produced using E. coli NITE SD 00268 supplemented at levels appropriate to cover the nutritional requirements of fish other than salmonids is considered safe for the consumer. The additive under assessment is not a skin irritant. In the absence of data, it is not possible to conclude on the potential of the additive to be toxic by inhalation, irritant to eyes or a skin sensitiser. The amino acid l‐histidine is a natural component of plants and animals. The use of the additive under assessment in animal nutrition does not represent a risk to the environment. The additive is considered an efficacious source of the amino acid l‐histidine for fish species.

Vitamin B6 cofactors guided highly selective fluorescent turn-on sensing of histamine using beta-cyclodextrin stabilized ZnO quantum dots

Histamine, one of the most important biogenic amines (BAs) is considered as food hazard and therefore various agencies have fixed threshold in different food and beverages. In this manuscript, two novel fluorescent turn-on probes were developed for the instantaneous detection of histamine. The β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) capped ZnO quantum dots (QDs) were decorated with the vitamin B6 cofactors like pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxal (Py) by forming host-guest inclusion complexation between the capped β-CD and PLP/Py. The cofactors decorated QDs (ZnO@PLP and ZnO@Py) were applied for the sensing of BAs. Addition of histamine to the ZnO@PLP and ZnO@Py solution resulted selective fluorescence enhancement at 473 nm and 460 nm, respectively. Without any interference from the other tested BAs, the fluorescence response of the probes ZnO@PLP and ZnO@Py showed good linearity to histidine concentration from 2.49 to 24.4 μM and 7.44 to 47.6 μM with the detection limit down to 0.59 μM and 0.97 μM, respectively.

Study of germination, soaking and cooking effects on the nutritional quality of goat pea (Securigera securidaca L.)

Effect of traditional processing on the nutrient composition, antinutritional factor and in vivo protein digestibility of goat pea (Securigera Securidaca L.) seeds was investigated. Various traditional processing had no significance effect on protein, lipid, fiber and ash except carbohydrate. Essential amino acid analysis revealed high concentration of lysine, leucine and histidine whereas the sulfur containing amino acids are limited. Germination and cooking significantly increased essential amino acid level. Traditional processing resulted in significant decrease of antinutrient phytate contents by 4.32, 1.47, 4.15, 1.9, 1.91 and 4.12% for raw, raw cooked, soaked and cooked, germinated and germinated cooked, respectively. Similarly, tannin was also decreased to 7.1, 4.51, 4.5, 0.75, 0.87, 0.26 and 7.1% for the above samples. Biological parameters showed that the net protein utilization (NPU) for the casein was significantly higher than the raw and processed seeds.