Concentrations Of Glycine Research Articles

Tear metabolomics for the diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) is the most prevalent glaucoma type, and the leading cause of irreversible visual impairment and blindness worldwide. Identification of early POAG biomarkers is of enormous value, as there is not an effective treatment for the glaucomatous optic nerve degeneration (OND). In this pilot study, a metabolomic analysis, by using proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was conducted in tears, in order to determine the changes of specific metabolites in the initial glaucoma eyes and to discover potential diagnostic biomarkers. A classification model, based on the metabolomic fingerprint in tears was generated as a non-invasive tool to support the preclinical and clinical POAG diagnosis. 1H NMR spectra were acquired from 30 tear samples corresponding to the POAG group (n = 11) and the control group (n = 19). Data were analysed by multivariate statistics (partial least squares-discriminant analysis: PLS-DA) to determine a model capable of differentiating between groups. The whole data set was split into calibration (65%)/validation (35%), to test the performance and the ability for glaucoma discrimination. The calculated PLS-DA model showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 1, as well as a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 83.3% to distinguish POAG group versus control group tear data. This model included 11 metabolites, potential biomarkers of the disease. When comparing the study groups, a decrease in the tear concentration of phenylalanine, phenylacetate, leucine, n-acetylated compounds, formic acid, and uridine, was found in the POAG group. Moreover, an increase in the tear concentration of taurine, glycine, urea, glucose, and unsaturated fatty acids was observed in the POAG group. These results highlight the potential of tear metabolomics by 1H NMR spectroscopy as a non-invasive approach to support early POAG diagnosis and in order to prevent visual loss.

Amino acid distribution in blood following high-intensity interval exercise: a preliminary study.

This study investigated the effect of high-intensity interval exercise on total and individual amino acid concentrations in red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma. Seven males (31 ± 13yr) provided venous blood samples at rest, immediately and 15min and 30min following an 8-min high-intensity exercise bout. The exercise bout was 16 × 15s cycle efforts at 0.4N/kg of body mass and 90rpm, interspersed with 15s passive recovery. Total and individual amino acid concentrations of RBC and plasma and blood cell parameters were analysed. No significant differences for total amino acid concentrations between RBC and plasma were found. Individual amino acid analyses showed significant interaction effects for alanine and α-aminoadipic acid (P < 0.05), with plasma alanine significantly increased from baseline across the recovery period (P < 0.001). Blood fraction (group) effects showed greater concentrations of glycine, serine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, α-aminoadipic acid and ornithine in RBC, while greater concentrations of alanine, α-aminobutyric acid, valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, proline, phenylalanine, glutamine, tryptophan and cystine were found in plasma (P < 0.05). Comparable levels of histidine, lysine and tyrosine were observed between blood fractions. Significant differences in the variation of total amino acids in RBC were reported with higher variance at rest compared to following exercise (P = 0.01). Haemoglobin, pack cell volume and white blood cell count significantly increased immediately following exercise (P < 0.05) but returned to baseline after 15min recovery. These results support the notion of individualised amino acid transportation roles for RBC and plasma during exercise.

High-level expression of leghemoglobin in Kluyveromyces marxianus by remodeling the heme metabolism pathway.

Soy leghemoglobin, when bound to heme, imparts a meat-like color and flavor and can serve as a substitute for animal-derived proteins. Enhancing cellular heme synthesis improves the recombinant expression of leghemoglobin in yeast. To achieve high-level expression of leghemoglobin A (LBA) in Kluyveromyces marxianus, a food-safe yeast, large-scale heme synthesis modules were transferred into K. marxianus using yeast artificial chromosomes (KmYACs). These modules contained up to 8 native and heterologous genes to promote the supply of heme precursors and downstream synthesis. Next, eight genes inhibiting heme or LBA synthesis were individually or combinatorially deleted, with the lsc1Δssn3Δ mutant yielding the best results. Subsequently, heme synthesis modules were combined with the lsc1Δssn3Δ mutant. In the resulting strains, the module genes were all actively expressed. Among these module genes, heterologous S. cerevisiae genes in the downstream heme synthesis pathway significantly enhanced the expression of their counterparts in K. marxianus, resulting in high heme content and LBA yield. After optimizing the medium recipe by adjusting the concentrations of glucose, glycine, and FeSO4·7H2O, a heme content of 66.32mg/L and an intracellular LBA titer of 7.27g/L were achieved in the engineered strain in a 5L fermentor. This represents the highest intracellular expression of leghemoglobin in microorganisms to date. The leghemoglobin produced by K. marxianus can be utilized as a safe ingredient for plant-based protein products.

Efficient secretion of an enzyme cocktail in Escherichia coli for hemicellulose degradation

The use of host to secrete several hemicellulase is a cost-effective way for hemicellulose degradation. In this study, the xylose utilization gene xylAB of Escherichia coli BL21 was knocked out, and the xylanase (N20Xyl), β-xylosidase (Xys), and feruloyl esterase (FaeLam) were co-expressed in this strain. By measuring the content of reducing sugars generated by enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat bran in the fermentation supernatant, the order of the three enzymes was screened to obtain the optimal recombinant strain of E. coli BL21/∆xylAB/pDIII-2. Subsequently, fermentation conditions including culture medium, inducer concentration, induction timing, metal ions, and glycine concentration were optimized. Then, different concentrations of wheat bran and xylan were added to the fermentation medium for degradation. The results showed that the extracellular reducing sugars content reached the highest value of 33.70 ± 0.46 g/L when 50 g/L xylan was added. Besides, the scavenging rates of hydroxyl radical by the fermentation supernatant was 81.0 ± 1.41 %, and the total antioxidant capacity reached 2.289 ± 0.55. Furthermore, it showed the growth promotion effect on different lactic acid bacteria. These results provided a basis for constructing E. coli strain to efficiently degrade hemicellulose, and the strain obtained has great potential application to transform hemicellulose into fermentable carbon source.

Botryodiplodin (A Mycotoxin) detection in pathogenic Botryodiplodia theobromae isolated from diseased coconut fruits

Botryodiplodia theobromae is a threat to crops because it produces botryodiplodin, that plays a role in the initial stages of plant infection, creating necrotic areas through which it can easily penetrate. In addition, the botryodiplodin produced is not easily detected during quarantine, and other techniques developed to detect botryodiplodin are not easily practicable for screening numerous samples. Hence, the need to develop an in-culture pigment formation method to identify and differentiate toxigenic and non-toxigenic pathogenic isolates of B. theobromae. In this study, to detect botryodiplodin produced by isolates of B. theobromae, PDA, CDA and modified CDA media were used. Only the modified CDA medium enhanced the detection of botryodiplodin produced by B. theobromae isolates due to the addition of glycine into the medium. The effect of modified CDA composition or formulation, sucrose, and glycine concentrations on botryodiplodin detection were also evaluated. Study on the effect of the modified CDA composition on the detection of botryodiplodin produced by isolates of B. theobromae revealed that only sucrose stimulated the detection of botryodiplodin in comparison with other ingredients in the modified medium. In addition, the results from the study also reveals that increasing sucrose and glycine concentrations directly enhanced botryodiplodin detection, with optimum concentration of sucrose and glycine for detecting botryodiplodin by isolates of B. theobromae established at 15 and 10 g/l respectively. Hence, there is no need to increase the concentration of both sucrose and glycine above these established concentrations when preparing an in-culture medium for screening B. theobromae isolates capable of producing botryodiplodin.

Botryodiplodin (A Mycotoxin) detection in pathogenic Botryodiplodia theobromae isolated from diseased coconut fruits

Botryodiplodia theobromae is a threat to crops because it produces botryodiplodin, that plays a role in the initial stages of plant infection, creating necrotic areas through which it can easily penetrate. In addition, the botryodiplodin produced is not easily detected during quarantine, and other techniques developed to detect botryodiplodin are not easily practicable for screening numerous samples. Hence, the need to develop an in-culture pigment formation method to identify and differentiate toxigenic and non-toxigenic pathogenic isolates of B. theobromae. In this study, to detect botryodiplodin produced by isolates of B. theobromae, PDA, CDA and modified CDA media were used. Only the modified CDA medium enhanced the detection of botryodiplodin produced by B. theobromae isolates due to the addition of glycine into the medium. The effect of modified CDA composition or formulation, sucrose, and glycine concentrations on botryodiplodin detection were also evaluated. Study on the effect of the modified CDA composition on the detection of botryodiplodin produced by isolates of B. theobromae revealed that only sucrose stimulated the detection of botryodiplodin in comparison with other ingredients in the modified medium. In addition, the results from the study also reveals that increasing sucrose and glycine concentrations directly enhanced botryodiplodin detection, with optimum concentration of sucrose and glycine for detecting botryodiplodin by isolates of B. theobromae established at 15 and 10 g/l respectively. Hence, there is no need to increase the concentration of both sucrose and glycine above these established concentrations when preparing an in-culture medium for screening B. theobromae isolates capable of producing botryodiplodin.

N6-methyladenosine modification of LATS2 promotes hepatoblastoma progression by inhibiting ferroptosis through the YAP1/ATF4/PSAT1 axis.

Ferroptosis has attracted extensive interest from cancer researchers due to its substantial potential as a therapeutic target. The role of LATS2, a core component of the Hippo pathway cascade, in ferroptosis initiation in hepatoblastoma (HB) has not yet been investigated. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of decreased LATS2 expression remains largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated decreased LATS2 expression in HB and that LATS2 overexpression inhibits HB cell proliferation by inducing ferroptosis. Increased LATS2 expression reduced glycine and cysteine concentrations via the ATF4/PSAT1 axis. Physical binding between YAP1/ATF4 and the PSAT1 promoter was confirmed through ChIP‒qPCR. Moreover, METTL3 was identified as the writer of the LATS2 mRNA m6A modification at a specific site in the 5' UTR. Subsequently, YTHDF2 recognizes the m6A modification site and recruits the CCR4-NOT complex, leading to its degradation by mRNA deadenylation. In summary, N6-methyladenosine modification of LATS2 facilitates its degradation. Reduced LATS2 expression promotes hepatoblastoma progression by inhibiting ferroptosis through the YAP1/ATF4/PSAT1 axis. Targeting LATS2 is a potential strategy for HB therapy.

Prognostic value of serum phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and glycine levels in breast cancer.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cancer in women and is a serious worldwide health issue. Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) is an enzyme that catalyses the first steps in the serine biosynthetic pathways downstream of glycolysis. Phosphoglycerate and glycine are produced by a series of enzymatic processes from the glycolysis intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate. The aim of the study was to indicate the levels of PHGDH and glycine in patients with breast cancer. The study was performed from December 2022 to March 2023. The total number of samples was 135 samples - 65 samples were collected from women with breast cancer, and 70 samples were from healthy women as a control group. Blood samples (5 ml) were obtained from all study group members. The complete blood count (CBC) neutrophils/lymphocytes, and haemoglobin ratio analysis was done on a CBC haematology analyser (Sysmex, Japan). Serum PHGDH and glycine were measure by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The study findings revealed a significant increase in the neutrophil/lymphocytes ratio and a decrease in PHGDH level in patients with BC compare to controls (p < 0.01), while the serum glycine level showed a significant increase in patients with BC compare to the control group (p < 0.01). Reduced PHGDH level and high glycine concentration in patients with BC could act as a prognostic factor in cancer development.

Changes in the amino acid pool of cerebral hemispheres in rats with total cerebral ischemia

Objective: assessment of changes in the pool of amino acids (AA) in rats with total cerebral ischemia (TCI). Material and Methods. Experiments were performed on 16 male outbred white rats weighing 260±20 g. TCI was modeled by decapitation of animals. Brain tissue was sampled 1 hour after decapitation. Results. In the parietal lobe (PL) and hippocampus (HC) of TCI group animals 1 hour after their decapitation, we detected an increase in the content of tyrosine (by 43%, p=0.044, and 40%, p=0.044, respectively) and tryptophan (by 24%, p=0.036, and 23%, p=0.046, respectively). Similar trend was observed for methionine that increased by 32% in PL(p=0.046) and by 27% in HC (p=0.046). Analogous increase in the content of L-arginine was noted in PL and HC (by 20%, p=0.037, and 33%, p=0.037, correspondingly). Isoleucine content increased by 12% in PL (p=0.054), while valine content decreased by 15% in HC (p=0.053). The ratio of the combined total content of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA)to the combined content of aromatic AA in TCI significantly declined from 1.4 to 1.0 in PL (p=0.053) and from 1.6 to 1.0 in GC (p=0.053). We observed an increase in methionine content by 33% (p=0.046) in PL and an increase in tryptophan content by 24% (p=0.046) in HC. Conclusion. One-hour TCI caused the following changes in the AA pool: an increase in the content of aromatic AA (tyrosine and tryptophan) and methionine; an increase in the content of L-arginine; and also, an increase in the concentration of the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine.

Improving indigenous Vietnamese Black Rabbit frozen sperm quality: the role of glycine and sperm selection methods

Rabbit sperm are known to undergo damage during both cryopreservation and thawing, leading to decreased viability, motility and membrane integrity. Glycine can protect sperm and reduce damage during freezing. Swim-up is a simple semen processing method for selecting good motile sperm. The study evaluated the effect of the swim-up method and glycine with different concentrations supplemented to the frozen medium. Three indigenous black rabbits were selected for semen collection by artificial vagina. Next, semen was selected by swim-up method and diluted with glycine-added frozen medium. The samples were then transferred to 0.5 mL straws, cooled to 15°C and 5°C, placed in liquid nitrogen vapour, and finally placed directly into liquid nitrogen (-196°C). The samples were thawed and evaluated for sperm quality. The results showed that the medium supplemented with 10mM glycine in combination with swim-up method for 30 min gave the best results and was significantly different from the remaining concentrations (P&lt;0.01), with viability rate, overall mobility and membrane integrity of 68.0%, 58.7% and 49.7%, respectively. In conclusion, 10 mM glycine concentration combined with swim-up for 30 min is the optimal choice for freezing local black rabbit semen. The study highlights the importance of optimising freezing protocols to improve the quality of frozen rabbit sperm, which can have important implications for animal breeding and conservation efforts.

Associations between Smoking and Smoking Cessation during Pregnancy and Newborn Metabolite Concentrations: Findings from PRAMS and INSPIRE Birth Cohorts.

Newborn metabolite perturbations may identify potential biomarkers or mechanisms underlying adverse, smoking-related childhood health outcomes. We assessed associations between third-trimester smoking and newborn metabolite concentrations using the Tennessee Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS, 2009-2019) as the discovery cohort and INSPIRE (2012-2014) as the replication cohort. Children were linked to newborn screening metabolic data (33 metabolites). Third-trimester smoking was ascertained from birth certificates (PRAMS) and questionnaires (INSPIRE). Among 8600 and 1918 mother-child dyads in PRAMS and INSPIRE cohorts, 14% and 13% of women reported third-trimester smoking, respectively. Third-trimester smoking was associated with higher median concentrations of free carnitine (C0), glycine (GLY), and leucine (LEU) at birth (PRAMS: C0: adjusted fold change 1.11 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08, 1.14], GLY: 1.03 [95% CI 1.01, 1.04], LEU: 1.04 [95% CI 1.03, 1.06]; INSPIRE: C0: 1.08 [95% CI 1.02, 1.14], GLY: 1.05 [95% CI 1.01, 1.09], LEU: 1.05 [95% CI 1.01, 1.09]). Smoking cessation (vs. continued smoking) during pregnancy was associated with lower median metabolite concentrations, approaching levels observed in infants of non-smoking women. Findings suggest potential pathways underlying fetal metabolic programming due to in utero smoke exposure and a potential reversible relationship of cessation.

Hyperglucagonaemia and amino acid alterations in individuals with type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Hyperglucagonaemia contributes to the pathophysiology in type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the mechanisms behind the inappropriate glucagon secretion are not fully understood. Glucagon and amino acids are regulated in a feedback loop referred to as the liver-α cell axis. Individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) appear to be glucagon resistant, disrupting the liver-α cell axis resulting in hyperglucagonaemia and hyperaminoacidaemia. We investigated the associations between circulating glucagon, amino acids, and liver fat content in a cohort of individuals with T2D. We included 110 individuals with T2D in this cross-sectional study. Liver fat content was quantified using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Associations between liver fat content and plasma glucagon and amino acids, respectively, were estimated in multivariate linear regression analyses. Individuals with NAFLD (n = 52) had higher plasma glucagon concentrations than individuals without NAFLD (n = 58). The positive association between plasma glucagon concentrations and liver fat content was confirmed in the multivariable regression analyses. Plasma concentrations of isoleucine and glutamate were increased, and glycine and serine concentrations were decreased in individuals with NAFLD. Concentrations of other amino acids were similar between individuals with and without NAFLD, and no clear association was seen between liver fat content and amino acids in the regression analyses. MRS-diagnosed NAFLD in T2D is associated with hyperglucagonaemia and elevated plasma concentrations of isoleucine and glutamate and low plasma concentrations of glycine and serine. Whether NAFLD and glucagon resistance per se induce these changes remains to be elucidated.

PSI-14 Weaning Stress Increases Bile Cysteine and Cysteinylglycine Concentrations in Pigs

Abstract Weaning is a critical time for pigs that is associated with nutritional, social, and environmental stressors that lead to reduced feed intake and poor nutrient utilization. Cysteine is a sulfur amino acid and a key constituent of glutathione (GSH), a major intracellular antioxidant and potential regulator of intestinal redox status. Glutathione is present in biliary secretions and may be an important source of cysteine to intestine in newly weaned pigs. The objective of this study was to determine amino thiol and amino acid concentrations in bile. Piglets (initial BW = 7,233 ± 683 g) were either weaned on day 21 of age (W; n = 9) and euthanized after 2 d or remained on the sow until day 23 of age (NW; n = 9) and were euthanized. Weaned pigs were fasted and allowed free access to water. After euthanasia, bile (directly from the gallbladder), jejunum, and ileum samples were collected. Bile amino acids and bile amino thiols were analyzed by reversed phase HPLC following precolumn derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate and 4-fluoro-7-aminosulfonylbenzofurazan, respectively. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR was performed to measure cysteine transporter expression in jejunum and ileum. Cysteine concentration was greater in W than NW pigs (1,203 versus 324 ± 99 µmol/L; P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Both γ-glutamylcysteine (7.1 versus 2.2 ± 2.1 µmol/L), the direct precursor for GSH synthesis, and cysteinylglycine (203 versus 110 ± 30 µmol/L, the direct product of GSH degradation, were greater in W pigs than in NW pigs (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Bile GSH concentration tended to be greater in W than NW pigs (9.1 versus 5.3 ± 2.8 µmol/L; P = 0.07). Taurine, derived from cysteine oxidation, was greater in W than NW pigs (180 versus 91 ± 23 µmol/L; P &amp;lt; 0.05), whereas glutamate (11.4 versus 8.8 ± 1.9 µmol/L) and glycine (463 versus 403 ± 62 µmol/L), additional amino acid constituents of GSH, were not different between groups (P &amp;gt; 0.10). Expression of cysteine transporters SLC1A4, SLC1A5, SLC6A14, SLC6A19, SLC7A9, and SLC7A11 in jejunum and ileum were not different between groups (P &amp;gt; 0.10). Despite no feed intake after weaning, cysteine concentrations increase in bile. While this is likely due to bile accumulation in the gallbladder after weaning, high bile cysteine, cysteinylglycine, and glycine concentrations could potentially be a source of these amino acids for enterocytes during weaning stress.

Vitamin B and One-Carbon Metabolite Profiles Show Divergent Associations with Cardiometabolic Risk Markers but not Cognitive Function in Older New Zealand Adults: A Secondary Analysis of the REACH Study

BackgroundVitamin B inadequacies and elevated homocysteine status have been associated with impaired cognitive and cardiometabolic health with aging. There is, however, a scarcity of research investigating integrated profiles of one-carbon (1C) metabolites in this context, including metabolites of interconnected folate, methionine, choline oxidation, and transsulfuration pathways. ObjectivesThe study aimed to examine associations between vitamins B and 1C metabolites with cardiometabolic health and cognitive function in healthy older adults, including the interactive effects of Apolipoprotein E-ε4 status. MethodsThree hundred and thirteen healthy participants (65-74 y, 65% female) were analyzed. Vitamins B were estimated according to dietary intake (4-d food records) and biochemical status (serum folate and vitamin B12). Fasting plasma 1C metabolites were quantified by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Measures of cardiometabolic health included biochemical (lipid panel, blood glucose) and anthropometric markers. Cognitive function was assessed by the Computerized Mental Performance Assessment System (COMPASS) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Associations were analyzed using multivariate linear (COMPASS, cardiometabolic health) and Poisson (MoCA) regression modeling. ResultsOver 90% of participants met dietary recommendations for riboflavin and vitamins B6 and B12, but only 78% of males and 67% of females achieved adequate folate intakes. Higher serum folate and plasma betaine and glycine concentrations were associated with favorable cardiometabolic markers, whereas higher plasma choline and homocysteine concentrations were associated with greater cardiometabolic risk based on body mass index and serum lipids concentration values (P< 0.05). Vitamins B and homocysteine were not associated with cognitive performance in this cohort, though higher glycine concentrations were associated with better global cognitive performance (P = 0.017), episodic memory (P = 0.016), and spatial memory (P = 0.027) scores. Apolipoprotein E-ε4 status did not modify the relationship between vitamins B or 1C metabolites with cognitive function in linear regression analyses. ConclusionsVitamin B and 1C metabolite profiles showed divergent associations with cardiometabolic risk markers and limited associations with cognitive performance in this cohort of healthy older adults.

Effects of Glycine Supplementation in Drinking Water on the Growth Performance, Intestinal Development, and Genes Expression in the Jejunum of Chicks.

Glycine, the most basic amino acid found in nature, is considered an essential amino acid for chicks. However, the precise understanding of high concentrations of glycine's significance in promoting the growth performance of chicks, as well as its impact on intestinal development, re-mains limited. Consequently, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of glycine supplementation in drinking water on growth performance, intestine morphology, and development in newly hatched chicks. In this study, 200 newly born chicks were selected and pro-vided with a supplementation of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% glycine in their drinking water during their first week of life. The results revealed that glycine supplementation in drinking water could significantly increase the average daily gain of chicks from days 7 to 14. Furthermore, a significant difference was observed between the group supplemented with 1% glycine and the control group. Concurrently, this glycine supplementation increased the villus height and the ratio of the villus height to crypt depth in jejunum on both day 7 and day 14. Glycine supplementation in drinking water significantly affected the mRNA expression level of the ZO-1, GCLM, and rBAT genes in jejunum, which may have certain effects on the mucosal immune defense, cellular antioxidant stress capacity, and amino acid absorption. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that glycine supplementation in drinking water can enhance the growth performance of chicks and promote their intestine development.

A Comprehensive and Sustainable Recycling Process for Different Types of Blended End-of-Life Solar Panels: Leaching and Recovery of Valuable Base and Precious Metals and/or Elements

The production of photovoltaic modules is increasing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, this results in a significant amount of waste at the end of their lifespan. Therefore, recycling these solar panels is important for environmental and economic reasons. However, collecting and separating crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper–indium–gallium–selenide panels can be challenging, especially in underdeveloped countries. The innovation in this work is the development of a process to recycle all solar panel waste. The dissolution of all metals through the leaching process is studied as the main step of the flowchart. In the first step of leaching, 98% of silver can be recovered by 0.5 M nitric acid. Then, the second and third step involves the use of glycine for base metal dissolution, followed by the leaching of valuable metals with hydrochloric acid. The effect of parameters such as the initial pH, acid concentration, solid/liquid ratio, and hydrogen peroxide concentration is studied. The results show that up to 100% of Cu, Pb, Sn, Zn, Cd, In, Ga, and Se can be recovered under optimal conditions. The optimal conditions for the dissolution of Cu, Zn, and Cd were a glycine concentration of 0.5 M, a temperature of 25 °C, a solid/liquid ratio of 10 gr/L, and 1% of hydrogen peroxide. The optimized glycine concentration for the leaching of lead and tin was 1.5 M. Indium and gallium were recovered at 100% by the use of 5 M hydrochloric acid, S/L ratio = 10 gr/L, and T = 45 °C. Separation of selenium and tellurium occurred using 0.5 M HCl at a temperature of 60 °C. Additionally, for the first time, a general outlook for the recycling of various end-of-life solar panels is suggested.

Response of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Hillawi cultivar to some amino acids

This study was conducted at one of the orchards in the Abi Al-Khasib region of Basrah Governorate during the 2022 growing season to determine the extent of the response of the date palm Hillawi cultivar to spray with amino acids (Glycine, Arginine, and Tryptophan) concentrations of 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg. L-1 per acid, to determine the effect of these acids on some vegetative and fruitful growth characteristics. Showed results of the study showed significant superiority of s amino acid glycine at a concentration of 2000 mg. L-1 in leaf length, leaf width, number of new leaves, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, length and weight of fruit, weight of fleshy part of the fruit weight bunch and reducing sugars. (4.627m, 5.477cm, 17.67, 12.240 mg.100g-1, 49.37 mg.g-1, 3.870cm, 6.057g, 4.817g, 6.823kg, 50.76%) respectively compared with control. Arginine concentration 2000 mg. L-1 significantly in total protein of leaves, and total sugar and soluble solids of fruits. (4.933 mg.g-1, 60.90%, 70.42%) respectively. A tryptophan concentration of 2000 mg. L-1 was significant to fruit size (6.590 cm3). A tryptophan concentration of 1000 mg l was significant to sucrose on fruits (11.260%). Amino acid supplements have a significant impact on plant development and production. Combining different amino acids yields better quality and quantity of fruit. Keywords: Amino acids, vegetative characteristics, fruit characteristics, chemical characteristics, bunch weight.

The Warburg effect alters amino acid homeostasis in human retinal endothelial cells: implication for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) remains a leading cause of blindness despite progress in screening and treatment. Recently, the Warburg effect, a metabolic alteration affecting amino acid (AA) metabolism in proliferating cells, has drawn attention regarding its role in PDR. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the Warburg effect on AA metabolism in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) subjected to PDR-associated risk factors and validate the findings in patients with PDR. In vitro experiments exposed HRECs to high glucose (HG) and/or hypoxia (Hyp), known inducers of the Warburg effect. The HG + Hyp group of HRECs exhibited significant differences in non-essential AAs with aliphatic non-polar side chains, mainly driven by elevated glycine concentrations. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed several glycine metabolism-related pathways significantly altered due to the Warburg effect induced by HG + Hyp. Crucially, vitreous humor samples from PDR patients displayed higher glycine levels compared to non-diabetic and diabetic patients without PDR. The odds ratio for PDR patients with glycine levels above the cut-off of 0.0836 µM was 28 (p = 0.03) compared to non-PDR controls. In conclusion, this study provides mechanistic insights into how a specific Warburg effect subtype contributes to glycine accumulation in PDR and supports glycine's potential as a biomarker for PDR pathogenesis.

The effect of enzyme hydrolysis on collagen raw materials of animal origin

During the processing of meat, a significant part of the offal is thrown away as waste or used for low-value products. Meat by-products (for example, legs with a putty joint) are good sources for obtaining protein hydrolysate, since they are produced in large quantities and are rich in proteins. In order for these by-products to be advantageously processed into valuable products by enzymatic hydrolysis, protein hydrolysate was obtained from wool by-products. Protein hydrolysate is a promising food ingredient for the development of functional food products. To obtain protein hydrolysate, an enzyme preparation was selected and the parameters of hydrolysis (concentration, duration) were determined. The physicochemical, microbiological properties of protein hydrolysate were investigated for use in the production of meat products of the herodietic direction. The data obtained showed that hydrolysates from beef legs contain a high concentration of glycine – 27.160 ± 9.235%, valine and proline showed almost the same high level – 17.284 ± 6.914 16.667 ± 4.333%, alanine – 10.494 ± 2.728%, arginine – 6.173 ± 2.469%. Studies of the mineral composition of the finished protein hydrolysate showed the concentration of macro and microelements: calcium - 0.93±0.005 mg/100 g, magnesium - 0.27±0.005 mg/100 g and zinc - 0.07±0.001 mg/100 g. A technological scheme for obtaining protein hydrolysate from wool by-products has been developed and proposed. The effectiveness of the use of 1% BLT 7 as an enzyme preparation providing hydrolysis of beef leg proteins with a put joint is substantiated.

Obtaining protein hydrolysate from secondary meat raw materials for food enrichment

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system are the most common in the elderly. Collagen hydrolysates obtained from animal raw materials are widely used to prevent and reduce the risk of such diseases. The effectiveness of collagen hydrolysates as an independent product and as part of food products has been confirmed. A study of the technological process of obtaining hydrolysates from inexpensive raw materials, such as wool by-products, using enzymatic hydrolysis. The main purpose of the study was to identify factors affecting the accumulation of hydrolysis products. To achieve this goal, the main parameters of hydrolysis were optimized, including the duration of the process, the temperature regime and the amount of enzyme added in the process. The resulting protein hydrolysate contains a high concentration of glycine – 27,160 %, 13,317 %, 13,216 %, valine and proline showed almost the same high level – 16 %, 10 %, 8,8 %, alanin – 10,494 %, 7,022 %, 6,681 %, arginine – 6,173%, 3,874%, 6,021% depending on raw materials. The results of the studies showed that the optimal parameters for obtaining hydrolysate were achieved using an enzyme preparation in an amount of 5% of the total mass, temperature 45 ° C, duration of hydrolysis 24 hours. The hydrolysate obtained as a result of this process can serve as the basis for the production of functional products that are intended for the elderly.