Concentrations Of Glycol Research Articles

Synthesis and Characterization of High Glycolic Acid Content Poly(glycolic acid-co-butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) and Poly(glycolic acid-co-butylene succinate) Copolymers with Improved Elasticity.

Poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) is a biodegradable polymer with high gas barrier properties, mechanical strength, and heat deflection temperature. However, PGA's brittleness severely limits its application in packaging, creating a need to develop PGA-based copolymers with improved elasticity that maintain its barrier properties and hydrolytic degradability. In this work, a series of PGBAT (poly(glycolic acid-co-butylene) adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) copolymers containing 21-92% glycolic acid (nGA) with Mw values of 46,700-50,600 g mol-1 were synthesized via melt polycondensation, and the effects of altering the nGA on PGBAT's thermomechanical properties and hydrolysis rate were investigated. Poly(glycolic acid-co-butylene succinate) (PGBS) and poly(glycolic acid-co-butylene terephthalate) (PGBT) copolymers with high nGA were synthesized for comparison. DSC analysis revealed that PGBAT21 (nGA = 21%) and PGBAT92 were semicrystalline, melting between 102.8 and 163.3 °C, while PGBAT44, PGBAT86-89, PGBT80, and PGBS90 were amorphous, with Tg values from -19.0 to 23.7 °C. These high nGA copolymers showed similar rates of hydrolysis to PGA, whereas those containing <50% GA showed almost no mass loss over the testing period. Their mechanical properties were highly dependent upon their crystallinity and improved significantly after annealing. Of the high nGA copolymers, annealed PGBS90 (Mw 97,000 g mol-1) possessed excellent mechanical properties with a modulus of 588 MPa, tensile strength of 30.0 MPa, and elongation at break of 171%, a significant improvement on PGA's elongation at break of 3%. This work demonstrates the potential of enhancing PGA's flexibility by introducing minor amounts of low-cost diols and diacids into its synthesis.

In-vitro Screening of EMS and Sodium Azide Induced Mutant Population at Seedling Stage for Drought Tolerance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Drought caused by climate change result in water shortages, decreased global wheat production and unevenly distributed heavy rains. About 50% of the global wheat production is affected by water deficit conditions. The effects of different concentrations of EMS and SA on HD-3226 and HI-1620 wheat genotype for drought tolerance capability were investigated at seedling stage under water and osmotic stress conditions. In the present study, 15% concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000, to mimic drought stress) was used for in-vitro screening of EMS and SA induced mutant lines of both wheat genotypes. Current study revealed that SA decreased germination of seeds, seedling length, seed vigour index and survival rate percentage while it increased morphological mutation frequency percentage as comparison to EMS treatment in both wheat genotypes under water and PEG stress. Moreover, osmotic stress significantly reduced seed germination, shoot length, root length, seed vigour index, survival rate percentage compared to control-wild type.

Synergistic Effect of Frequently Found Ions in the Flotation of Pb-Zn Sulfide Ores on Air/Water Interface

The aqueous ions influence the properties of air bubbles and, therefore, the recovery of flotation. This study aims to reveal the synergistic effect of frequently found ions in the flotation of Pb-Zn sulfide ores. In this context, dynamic surface tension measurements, bubble coalescence time, Sauter mean diameter (SMD), bubble size distribution (BSD), and dynamic foam stability (DFS) measurements were carried out using artificial process waters (APWs). APW with the minimum ion concentration is expressed as “APW1” with the ionic strength (I) of 0.03 mol/dm3. The concentration of the ions in APW1 was increased by 3, 5, and 10 times, and thus APW3 (I = 0.08 mol/dm3), APW5 (I = 0.13 mol/dm3), and APW10 (I = 0.26 mol/dm3) were prepared, respectively. The results of this study indicated that the surface tension increased slightly in the presence of APW related to the ion concentration. Potassium ethyl xanthate (KEX) at high concentrations was effective in the reduction of surface tension. As the APW concentration increased, finer bubbles were obtained with a narrower size range. The stability of the foam increased with butyl glycol (BG) and APW concentration. There was no need to use a frother (BG) for the flotation experiments in the presence of APW1 or APWs with higher ionic strength.

Energy-saving process development for the purification of propylene glycol based on MVR heat pump distillation combined with thermally coupled technology

In the process of recovering organic compounds from wastewater generated by propylene oxide (PO) production plant, the low concentration of propylene glycol (PG) in the wastewater makes it difficult and energy-intensive to achieve the high concentrations purify of PG using conventional distillation technology. Additionally, there is no publicly available commercial technology for this purpose. Therefore, the aim of this work is to develop an energy-efficient PG purification process based on mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) heat pump distillation combined with thermally coupled technology. Several energy-saving methods were implemented as follows. Firstly, MVR distillation technology was used to purify PG from 2.22% to 33.3% in the PG concentration tower, and the gas at the top of the tower was compressed and pressurized to serve as the heating medium for the reboiler, which significantly reduced the consumption of fresh steam. Secondly, in order to achieve heat matching, the dehydration tower was divided into two parts. The surplus steam compressed by the compressor was then served as the heat source for the reboiler of the first dehydration tower to reduce steam consumption, while achieving 98.7% water removal. Thirdly, the condenser of the de-heavy tower and the scraping film evaporator were thermally coupled to reduce the consumption of heating and cooling media. Based on the aforementioned energy-saving measures, the developed optimization process can achieve PG purification of over 90%, while significantly reducing costs. The total annual cost (TAC) is reduced by 34.89% compared to the traditional distillation process.

Screening of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes against Drought Stress Employing Polyethylene Glycol 6000 as Selecting Agent

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) stands as a prominent legume crop globally, renowned for its elevated protein content. The primary challenges to chickpea cultivation emanate from abiotic stressors, with drought reigning as the most pivotal contributor to diminished growth and production output. To select putative drought tolerant genotype (s), an in vitro screening method was deployed, utilizing different concentration of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG 6000) as selecting agent along with control. Seeds of twenty different genotypes were treated with different concentrations of PEG6000 and observations were recorded for shoot length (cm), root length (cm), germination percentage, relative water content, seedling vigour index and stress tolerance index (STI). Evidently, all assessed attributes exhibited a significant reduction commensurate with the augmentation of PEG6000. This trend detrimentally influenced germination and the entirety of seedling growth-related metrics. Furthermore, the distinction in variability across genotypes concerning germination percentage, vigour index, and stress tolerance index (STI) emerged as vigorous and informative standards for discriminating drought-tolerant chickpea genotype (s) during both germination and seedling phases. Investigative findings spotlighted the drought-tolerant disposition of genotypes, where genotypes viz., SAGL152252, ICC4958, and JG315 found to be putative drought tolerant based on different parameters investigated.

Study of the doping of PEDOT:PSS films and the reversibility in organic electrochemical transistors

In this work, the effect in the performance of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) due to the doping with a secondary dopant solvent of poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) films) has been studied. We found an improvement in the performance of the OECTs related to the increase of conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS film due to the doping with ethylene glycol (EG). We found that PEDOT:PSS films doped with EG showed higher conductivity due to the improvement of conducting paths between the PEDOT+ chains, which causes a higher transconductance and response of the OECTs. However, a higher concentration of EG is detrimental to the OECT performance due to the removal of PSS- chains caused by the EG secondary doping, which was corroborated by X-ray diffraction.We propose that the good reversibility between low-resistance state (ON) to high-resistance state (OFF), is caused by the injection/removal of cations in the polymeric film to maintain the electroneutrality. We found applying more negative gate voltage pulses in the transfer characteristics of the OECTs is necessary to reach the complete oxidation of the PEDOT:PSS film, as lower negative voltages only partially dedope the film.

Ingredients in Commercially Available Mouthwashes

Mouthwashes, a cornerstone of oral and dental hygiene, play a pivotal role in combating the formation of dental plaque, a leading cause of periodontal disease and dental caries. This study aimed to review the composition of mouthwashes found on retail shelves in Turkey and evaluate their prevalence and side effects, if any. The mouthwashes examined were sourced from the 5 largest chain stores in each district of Istanbul. A comprehensive list of the constituents was meticulously recorded. The research was supported by an extensive compilation of references from scholarly databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Through rigorous analysis, the relative proportions of mouthwash ingredients and components were determined. A total of 45 distinctive variations of mouthwashes, representing 17 prominent brands, were identified. Amongst the 116 ingredients discovered, 70 were evaluated for potential adverse effects and undesirable side effects. The aroma of the mouthwash (n = 45; 100%), as welll as their sodium fluoride (n = 28; 62.22%), sodium saccharin (n = 29; 64.44%), sorbitol (n = 21; 46.6%), and propylene glycol (n = 28; 62.22%) content were the main undesireable features. The limited array of mouthwashes found on store shelves poses a concern for both oral and public health. Furthermore, the intricate composition of these products, consisting of numerous ingredients with the potential for adverse effects, warrants serious attention. Both clinicians and patients should acknowledge the importance and unwarranted side effects of the compnents of the mouthwashes.

Rapid Production of Nanoscale Liposomes Using a 3D-Printed Reactor-In-A-Centrifuge: Formulation, Characterisation, and Super-Resolution Imaging.

Nanoscale liposomes have been extensively researched and employed clinically for the delivery of biologically active compounds, including chemotherapy drugs and vaccines, offering improved pharmacokinetic behaviour and therapeutic outcomes. Traditional laboratory-scale production methods often suffer from limited control over liposome properties (e.g., size and lamellarity) and rely on laborious multistep procedures, which may limit pre-clinical research developments and innovation in this area. The widespread adoption of alternative, more controllable microfluidic-based methods is often hindered by complexities and costs associated with device manufacturing and operation, as well as the short device lifetime and the relatively low liposome production rates in some cases. In this study, we demonstrated the production of liposomes comprising therapeutically relevant lipid formulations, using a cost-effective 3D-printed reactor-in-a-centrifuge (RIAC) device. By adjusting formulation- and production-related parameters, including the concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG), temperature, centrifugation time and speed, and lipid concentration, the mean size of the produced liposomes could be tuned in the range of 140 to 200 nm. By combining selected experimental parameters, the method was capable of producing liposomes with a therapeutically relevant mean size of ~174 nm with narrow size distribution (polydispersity index, PDI ~0.1) at a production rate of >8 mg/min. The flow-through method proposed in this study has potential to become an effective and versatile laboratory-scale approach to simplify the synthesis of therapeutic liposomal formulations.

Effect of ethylene glycol on preparation and electrical transport properties of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 ceramics

Perovskite manganates La1-xCaxMnO3 (LCMO) has attracted wide attention due to its unique physical properties such as metal-insulator transition (IMT), colossal magnetoresistance (CMR), which has potential application value in infrared detection, magnetic sensor, and other fields. LCMO precursor powder was prepared using the sol-gel method with a large surface area, high surface energy, and unstable thermodynamic system. To reduce the free enthalpy of the system, powder particles will spontaneously form agglomeration, affecting the structure and properties of materials. Ethylene glycol is selected as a dispersant, and the content of ethylene glycol is changed to obtain LCMO ceramics with excellent uniformity. To achieve the purpose of regulating the electrical transport properties, temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), and magnetoresistance (MR) of LCMO. In this study, when the amount of ethylene glycol was 4 %, TCR is 42.58 %·K−1 (262.69 K), and MR is 59.96 %. Therefore, the excellent preparation process promotes the application of such materials in the fields of uncooled thermal radiation infrared detection and magnetic sensitivity.

Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Propilenglikol terhadap Karakteristik Fisik Hair Tonic Ekstrak Daun Katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L). Merr)

Katuk leaf extract contains flavonoids which can stimulate hair growth by relaxing the muscles in the blood vessels around the hair follicles. One dosage form that is suitable for hair growth application is hair tonic preparations. An important component in the formulation of hair tonic is a thickener which can maintain the stability of the preparation. Propylene glycol is a thickening agent that can determine the physical characteristics of hair tonic preparations which are related to the stability of the resulting preparations. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different concentrations of propylene glycol on the physical characteristics of hair tonic katuk leaf extract (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr). This type of experimental research uses a completely randomized design (CRD) one factorial. The independent variables in this study were the concentration of propylene glycol 5%, 15% and 25%. Testing the physical characteristics of hair tonic preparations included organoleptic, clarity, pH, viscosity, and specific gravity. Data analysis used the ANOVA test with a 95% level of confidence then continued with the Post hoc test. The results of the physical characteristic test showed that the difference in the concentration of propylene glycol in hair tonic katuk leaf extract had an effect on the physical characteristics of viscosity (p&lt;0.05).

Effect of Different Concentrations of Propylene Glycol and Glycerin on the Formulation of Guava Leaf (Psidium Guajava Linn.) Body Scrub with White Rice (Oryza sativa Linn.)

Guava leaves (Psidium guajava Linn.) have contents such as saponins, essential oils, tannins and anti-mutagenic and antioxidants which are ingredients that can reduce free radicals to cells. White rice (Oryza sativa Linn.) is a material that can be used as an abrasiver. Besides being easy to find, white rice also has a relatively cheap price, compared to brown rice or others. This study aims to determine the ethanol extract of guava leaves with white rice can be formulated and the effect of glycerine-propylenglycol in the preparation of body scrub cream with each concentration of 1%, 3%, and 5% and vice versa 5%, 3%, and 1% which are made in 3 formulas. The results obtained from the evaluation of the preparation are: Organoleptical test FI (green), FII and FIII (brown). Homogeneity test obtained by the three formulas is homogeneous, pH test obtained that all formulas meet the pH requirements of 4.5 - 6.5. The spreadability test obtained results in FI (3.1 cm), FII (3.2 cm), FIII (3.0 cm). As for the determination of the type (type) of emulsion obtained that all formulas have type m/a.

Assessment of Gus Expression Induced by Anti-Sense OsPPO Gene Promoter and Antioxidant Enzymatic Assays in Response to Drought and Heavy Metal Stress in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana

Abiotic stresses, including drought and heavy metals, are detrimental to plant growth and development and enormously reduce agricultural yields. Plants may quickly change their transcriptome in response to various stressful conditions. Plants develop many defense mechanisms to respond to various stresses that can be classified into morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses. Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are one of the self-protective enzymes found in plants except for Arabidopsis. Currently, drought and heavy metals were applied exogenously to transgenic A. thaliana lines (transformed with Oryza sativa PPO promoter fused to the GUS reporter gene). The current study mainly focused on the systematic pathway by which plants respond to stressors. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect/expression of PPO and antioxidant defense system against abiotic stresses. A. thaliana was treated with different concentrations of polyethylene glycols. At 30% PEG, maximum fold induction (1.9) was seen after 12 h. Overall, various concentrations (5%, 20%, and 30%) induced PPO expression after 6, 12, and 24 h. Moreover, three different concentrations of Cu (50 µM, 100 µM, 200 µM) and Ni (50 µM, 100 µM, 200 µM) for 6, 12, and 24 h were also applied. It was observed that the expression profiling of the OsPPO promoter induced GUS gene expression in response to Cu and Ni treatments. The maximum fold induction (15.03) of GUS was observed in 100 µM of Cu after 24 h. In the case of Ni, maximum fold induction of (7.78) was observed at 100 µM after 24 h. So, both Cu and Ni showed a similar pattern of induction at 100 µM after 24 h. In conclusion, the efficiency of the PPOGUS promoter can be operated to assess the response of plants to various abiotic stimuli.

Metagenomic analysis of ethylene glycol contamination in anaerobic digestion

Anaerobic digestion is an established method for the biological conversion of waste feedstocks to biogas and biomethane. While anaerobic digestion is an excellent waste management technique, it can be susceptible to toxins and pollutants from contaminated feedstocks, which may have a detrimental impact on a digester’s efficiency and productivity. Ethylene glycol (EG) is readily used in the heat-transfer loops of anaerobic digestion facilities to maintain reactor temperature. Failure of the structural integrity of these heat transfer loops can cause EG to leak into the digester, potentially causing a decrease in the resultant gas yields. Batch fermentations were incubated with 0, 10, 100 and 500 ppm (parts per million) of EG, and analysis showed that the EG was completely metabolised by the digester microbiome. The concentrations of EG tested showed significant increases in gas yields, however there were no significant changes to the digester microbiome.

Responses of different invasive and non-invasive ornamental plants to water stress during seed germination and vegetative growth

Biological invasions represent a major threat to natural ecosystems. A primary source of invasive plants is ornamental horticulture, which selects traits related to invasiveness. This study evaluated the responses to water stress during germination and vegetative growth of six species used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Three of them are recognised as invasive weeds in many world areas. Seeds were exposed to increasing concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) mimicking drought stress, and young plants in the vegetative growth stage were subjected to two levels of water stress. Results indicated that in the absence of stress in control conditions, the most competitive species were those reported as weeds, namely Bidens pilosa L., Oenothera biennis L., and Centaurea cyanus L., the last regarding germination velocity. Under stress, only two species, Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill. and C. cyanus, maintained germination at –1 MPa osmotic potential, but in the recovery experiment, an osmopriming effect of PEG was observed. The most tolerant species during growth were two natives in the Mediterranean region, L. sinuatum and Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv., both accumulating the highest proline concentrations. The sixth species studied, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench., proved to be more susceptible to stress in the two developmental stages. This study reveals that the most significant traits associated with invasiveness were related to germination, especially in the absence of stress.

Characterization of a chlorine resistant and hydrophilic TiO2/calcium alginate hydrogel filtration membrane used for protein purification maintaining protein structure

The development of membranes for protein purification has stringent requirement of disinfection resistance, low protein adsorption and anti-fouling, without changing protein structure. In this study, hydrophilic titanium dioxide (TiO2)/calcium alginate (TiO2/CaAlg) hydrogel membranes were prepared by a simple ionic cross-linking method. The effects of the porogenic agent polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration, the molecular weight of PEG, and the concentration of TiO2 on the filtration properties were systematically investigated. The TiO2/CaAlg membrane exhibited excellent bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection and anti-fouling properties. The mechanical properties and surface energy of the TiO2/CaAlg membrane were significantly improved. The chemical bonding mechanism of TiO2 and NaAlg was investigated by molecular dynamic simulation. The TiO2/CaAlg membrane had good chlorine resistance and could be disinfected or cleaned with sodium hypochlorite. The TiO2/CaAlg hydrogel membrane loaded with polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) nanofibers maintained high flux (136.7 L/m2h) and high BSA rejection (98.0 %) at 0.1 MPa. The results of circular dichroism and synchronous fluorescence indicated that the secondary structure of BSA was maintained after membrane separation. This study provides one method for the preparation of green and environmentally friendly membrane for protein purification.

Assessment of oil change intervals in urban buses based on the selected physicochemical properties of used engine oils

The paper presents the results of the analysis of selected physicochemical parameters of engine oils after their use. The oils were obtained both from urban buses belonging to the fleet of a municipal transport company in Lublin, Poland but also from the city of Pardubice in the Czech Republic. Five samples of 10W/40 semi-synthetic oil and four samples of 5W/30 synthetic oil were tested. Kinematic viscosity at 40°C and 100°C, oxidation, nitration, sulfonation, total acid number (TAN), total base number (TBN), remaining antiwear additives, water content, and glycol content, were assessed using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The tests were performed on the basis of the ASTM E2412-10 standard. The article also presents the exceedance of the limit values results for the selected parameters. The results of the research can be used in optimizing the engine oil change interval so that the decision to replace the oil is justified both in economic and technical terms, taking into account the need to maintain the service life of the bus.

ETPTA Inverse Photonic Crystals for the Detection of Alcohols

We developed a comparatively simple and inexpensive approach for the determination of the concentration of alcohols in water. The method is based on the study of the optical properties of ethoxylate trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA) inverse photonic crystals (IPhCs). The position of the transmission minimum associated with the first photonic stop band (PSB) is used as the analytical signal. The PSB position depends on the swelling degree of ETPTA photoresist and the refractive index of the tested alcohols and their mixtures with water. The signal increases linearly with increasing concentration of ethylene glycol and increases nonlinearly but monotonically with the concentration of methanol and ethanol in water. Sensitivity to alcohols, in the case of the ethylene glycol–water mixtures, reached about 0.55 nm/v.% or 560 nm/RIU (refractive index unit), which is sufficient for various applications in bio/chemical detection and environmental monitoring.

Seed Germination and Plant Growth under Drought Stress of Herbicide-Resistant and Herbicide-Susceptible Biotypes of Conyza Species and Smart Farming Approaches

Horseweed (C. canadensis) and fleabane (C. sumatrensis) are two annual or perennial herbaceous weeds present with high frequency and density in many parts of the world. Their response to water deficit was studied by means of seed germination tests and pot experiments. Seed germination was tested in solutions with different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Two biotypes of each species were examined, one glyphosate resistant and the other susceptible. Growth responses were similar in the two species, both being more affected by lower (−1 MPa) than higher water potential (−0.2 MPa). The results revealed a significant effect of the biotype and the weed species on the drought stress response and adaptation. When high PEG concentrations were applied (−0.6 MPa), both C. sumatrensis biotypes had higher germination percentages (up to 88%) than the C. canadensis biotypes, while in most cases the seeds of the resistant biotypes germinated more (up to 72%) compared to the susceptible ones. These findings were confirmed by means of NDVI values, indicating that remote sensing can be used for a quick evaluation of the drought stress response of these weeds. The results obtained highlight the significant effect of species, biotypes and drought stress level on the germination, survival and growth of the weeds.

Assessing the Role of Initial Serum Calcium Concentration in Patients with Ethylene Glycol Poisoning.

Assays for ethylene glycol (EG) with a rapid turn-around time are not routinely available. Clinicians must rely on historical features and readily available clinical tests, combined with clinical acumen, to guide the initial management of suspected EG poisoning. Hypocalcemia has been suggested as a clue supporting the diagnosis of EG poisoning in patients presenting with an unexplained high anion gap metabolic acidosis (HAGMA). A previous small study challenged this assumption. This was a retrospective case series of one state's poison control system of confirmed EG-poisoned patients between September 2017 and April 2021. The definition of EG poisoning was based on suspected EG ingestion and a serum EG concentration > 5 mg/dL. Patients who were suspected to have EG toxicity but did not have a confirmed EG concentration or the EG concentration was less than 5 mg/dL were excluded. Routine laboratory studies were recorded for all patients. Comparisons between serum calcium on presentation to presenting blood pH, bicarbonate, anion gap, and creatinine were assessed for correlation. There was no correlation between the presenting calcium and either pH or creatinine. There was a weak positive correlation between the initial serum calcium and anion gap, a weak negative correlation between the initial serum calcium and bicarbonate. On hospital presentation, hypocalcemia was not associated with EG poisoning, even in patients with a HAGMA. A normal serum calcium on presentation does not exclude the diagnosis of EG poisoning.

Quantification of macromolecule crowding at single-molecule level.

Macromolecule crowding has a prominent impact on a series of biochemical processes in the cell. It is also expected to promote macromolecular complexation induced by excluded volume effects, which conflicts with recent advances in the thermodynamic interaction between inert, synthetic polymers, and nucleic acids. Along this line, a method combining high-resolution magnetic tweezers and extended crowder-oxDNA model was applied to resolve these discrepancies by systematically studying the kinetics and thermodynamics of the folding-unfolding transition for an individual DNA hairpin in a crowded environment. More specifically, from the magnetic tweezers-based experiments, the linear dependence of the critical force of the DNA hairpin on the polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration was demonstrated, which is consistent with the results based on the crowder-oxDNA model in which the Lennard-Jones potential was adopted to express the interaction between the crowders and the DNA hairpin. These consistencies highlight that the excluded volume effects are mainly responsible for the interaction between PEG and the DNA hairpin, which is different from the interaction between dextran and the DNA hairpin. In the meantime, the dependence of the folding rate on the molecule weight of PEG, which was different from fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based results, was identified. The proposed method opens a path to detect the interaction between an inert, synthetic molecule, and the DNA hairpin, which is important to accurately mimic the cytosolic environments using mixtures of different inert molecules.