Concentrations Of Glycol Research Articles

Systematic development of ionizable lipid nanoparticles for placental mRNA delivery using a design of experiments approach

Ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have gained attention as mRNA delivery platforms for vaccination against COVID-19 and for protein replacement therapies. LNPs enhance mRNA stability, circulation time, cellular uptake, and preferential delivery to specific tissues compared to mRNA with no carrier platform. However, LNPs are only in the beginning stages of development for safe and effective mRNA delivery to the placenta to treat placental dysfunction. Here, we develop LNPs that enable high levels of mRNA delivery to trophoblasts in vitro and to the placenta in vivo with no toxicity. We conducted a Design of Experiments to explore how LNP composition, including the type and molar ratio of each lipid component, drives trophoblast and placental delivery. Our data revealed that utilizing C12-200 as the ionizable lipid and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) as the phospholipid in the LNP design yields high transfection efficiency in vitro. Analysis of lipid molar composition as a design parameter in LNPs displayed a strong correlation between apparent pKa and poly (ethylene) glycol (PEG) content, as a reduction in PEG molar amount increases apparent pKa. Further, we present one LNP platform that exhibits the highest delivery of placental growth factor mRNA to the placenta in pregnant mice, resulting in synthesis and secretion of a potentially therapeutic protein. Lastly, our high-performing LNPs have no toxicity to both the pregnant mice and fetuses. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of LNPs as a platform for mRNA delivery to the placenta, and our top LNP formulations may provide a therapeutic platform to treat diseases that originate from placental dysfunction during pregnancy.

A simplified grading system for in vivo and in vitro derived vitrified equine embryos

The ability to predict the viability of embryos before vitrification and thawing has important commercial applications in any breeding program. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a simplified embryo grading system for both in vivo- and in vitro-derived vitrified day 8 embryos. The in vivo derived (n=109) and in vitro – intracytoplasmic sperm injection derived (n=145) embryos were produced in a commercial embryo program. The embryos were classified as Grade 1, 2 or 3 based on the amount of extruded material between the trophoblast and the zona pellucida observed during the vitrification process. The embryos were vitrified at day 8 of development in a two-step system with increasing concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide and ethylene glycol and 0.5 M sucrose in the final solution. Each embryo was thawed in 0.3 M and then 0.15 M sucrose before transfer into holding medium for non-surgical transfer into a recipient mare. Analysis of the relationship between the embryo grading system and pregnancy rates after vitrification, thawing and transfer of in vivo and in vitro derived embryos confirmed that there was a significant effect of origin (in vivo vs in vitro; P ≤ 0.05), and embryo grade (P ≤ 0.001) on embryo survival after transfer. In conclusion, this simplified grading system is predictive of embryo survival for both in vivo- and in vitro- derived vitrified equine embryos.

Experimental investigation of ice slurry viscosity

This work attempted to conduct an experimental study which demonstrates the effect of the initial concentration of solute on the apparent viscosity of ice slurry in a horizontal circular pipe. The study was conducted on ice slurry based on propylene glycol, varying from 5 to 24% with different ice mass fractions varying from 5 to 25%. During the experiments, the initial concentration of the propylene glycol, ice concentration, and flow rate was modified as parameters. The flow tests were performed on laminar flows. The results of the investigation revealed that the ice slurry behaved like a non-Newtonian fluid, while it sometimes behaved like a Newtonian fluid. The rheological behavior of the ice slurry is reflected by its viscosity. For the shear-thickening behavior, the apparent viscosity increases with increasing the shear rate, and for the shear-thinning behavior, the viscosity decreases with increasing the shear rate, while for the Newtonian behavior, the viscosity remains almost constant. Then it was revealed that the viscosity of the mixture became too high for low shear rates at high ice mass fractions by increasing the concentration of the solute. The power law was used to establish a relationship between the apparent viscosity and the indexes of flow and consistency of ice slurry.

Rumen fermentation of meal-fed sheep in response to diets formulated to vary in fiber and protein degradability.

The concentration of volatile fatty acid (VFA) provides an imprecise view of VFA dynamics due to the confounding effects of fluid pool size and dynamics. Determination of VFA flux using isotope is expensive and a complex methodology. Therefore, a rapid and affordable approach to explore VFA dynamics may allow comprehensive characterization of VFA availability. The objective of this study was to explore the use of VFA dynamics generated by meal feeding to derive time-series rates of VFA apparent appearance and disappearance driven by different protein and fiber sources. Six ruminally cannulated wethers were fed diets containing timothy hay or beet pulp (TH and BP) and soybean meal (SBM) or heated soybean meal (HSBM). Diets were, TH + HSBM; TH + SBM; BP + HSBM; and BP + SBM and the experimental design was a partially replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square. Concentrations of VFA and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in rumen fluid samples were estimated. Concentrations of PEG were used to estimate fluid passage and volume to calculate VFA mass, and fluid-mediated exit. Maximum apparent appearance rate (mmol/h), the rate of apparent appearance decline (mmol/mmol/h), mean apparent appearance flux (mmol/h), mean apparent disappearance (mmol/h), and apparent disappearance rate (mmol/mmol/h) were estimated by deriving a 1 pool model for each VFA on a mass basis where appearance was assumed to follow an exponential decay pattern and disappearance followed mass-action kinetics. Statistical analyses were conducted using a linear mixed effect regression with fixed effects for fiber source, protein source, and their interaction, as well as random effects for animal and period. Rumen fluid volume (L) was greater in HSBM diets (P = 0.033) and fluid passage (%/h) was greater in SBM diets (P = 0.048). Concentrations (higher acetate and butyrate, P = 0.002 and 0.004, respectively) and molar proportions (higher valerate, P = 0.035) of VFA were affected only by fiber source; however, protein source and fiber source interacted to significantly influence apparent appearance rates and absorption rates of many major VFA. On a flux basis, HSBM supported significantly elevated mean disappearance of propionate (P = 0.033). This data demonstrates that time-series evaluation of fermentation dynamics, including fluid dynamics and VFA concentrations can be used to estimate apparent appearance and disappearance of VFA. Although further work is needed to confirm the alignment of these estimates with measurements of VFA supplies to the animal, this modeling approach may provide a simpler way to better understand the kinetics of rumen.

Importance of hydrogen bonding in base-catalyzed transesterification reactions with vicinal diols

The transesterification reaction kinetics of 2-(benzoyloxy)ethyl benzoate with various alcohols (ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1-butanol, propylene glycol and 1,2-butylene glycol) using various cyclic amidine catalysts were investigated. For transesterification with excess glycol (glycolysis), the rate was nearly zero order in diester and glycol concentration, which is substantially different from classical transesterification kinetics with mono-alcohols. The measured kinetic parameters during glycolysis are consistent with a reaction path that is kinetically limited by the decomposition of the reaction intermediate formed from the alkoxide and diester. The DFT-calculated reaction energy and activation barrier for decomposition of this intermediate reveal a critical role of intramolecular hydrogen-bond stabilization made possible by the vicinal –OH of the glycol that effectively increases the concentration of the intermediate during reaction resulting in acceleration of the overall transesterification rate. These findings indicate the nature of both the alcohol solvent and the catalyst influence transesterification rate, and results suggest they are also important in the deconstruction of carbonyl-containing condensation polymers.

A study of the Effect of Diesel Oil Contamination with Glycol on the Performance of a Diesel Engine

The performance of a diesel engine was tested with diesel oil contaminated with glycol at the engineering workshop/Department of Agricultural Machines and Equipment / College of the Agricultural Engineering Sciences at the University of Baghdad. To investigate the impact of different concentrations of glycol on the performance of a diesel engine, an experimental water-cooled four-stroke motor was utilized, with oil containing 0, 100, and 200 parts per million (ppm). Specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, friction power, and exhaust gas temperature were examined as performance indicators. To compare the significance of the treatments, the study employed a full randomization design (CRD), with three replicates for each treatment at the 5% probability level. Experiment results demonstrated significant variations in the characteristics under study. For example, the highest rates of Brake-specific fuel consumption (kg/KW.h) (0.4459), frictional power (7.8837 kW), and exhaust gas temperature (173.6 0 C) were all observed at oil contamination levels of 200 ppm glycol. Meanwhile, the Brake thermal efficiency was the lowest of any measured system at only 17.5623%. Glycol oil pollution was shown to have a considerable effect on engine performance.

Assessing the efficacy and mechanisms of glycol-contaminated water treatment through floating treatment wetlands

Abstract The growing concerns surrounding water pollution and the degradation of ecosystems worldwide have led to an increased use of nature-based solutions (NbSs). This study assessed the feasibility of using floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) as an NbS to treat propylene glycol-contaminated water and quantitatively investigated different removal pathways. With an environmentally relevant concentration of propylene glycol (1,250 mg/L), FTWs containing Acorus calamus and mixed species demonstrated the highest average glycol mass removal efficacy (99%), followed by Carex acutiformis (98%), Juncus effusus (93%), and the control group without plants (10%) after 1 week. Additional mesocosm-scale experiments with varying FTW configurations, including surface coverage to reduce evaporation and photodegradation processes, and the addition of antibiotics to inhibit microbial activity, were conducted to quantify glycol removal pathways. Mass balance analysis results revealed that microbial biodegradation (33.3–39.7%) and plant uptake (37.9–45.2%) were the primary pathways for glycol removal. Only 15.5–19.5% of the glycol removal via evaporation and photodegradation was accounted in this study, which may be attributed to the mesocosm experimental setup (static water and no wind). Aligned with the broader discussion regarding biodiversity improvements and carbon storage capacity, this study demonstrated that FTWs are an environmentally friendly and effective NbS for addressing glycol-contaminated water.

Germination Responses of Ruta montana (L.) L. Seeds From Tessala Mount (Northwest of Algeria) to Different Controlled Environmental Conditions

Abstract This work is part of the exsitu conservation of Ruta montana (L.) L., a spontaneous Rutaceae, known for its many therapeutic properties. The aim is to study, under controlled conditions, the effects of daylight and darkness, temperature, salt, and water stress on the germination of its seeds. Salt stress was induced by different molar concentrations of NaCl (0–200 mM), and water stress was simulated using different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) corresponding to different water potentials (0-1.2 MPa). The results obtained showed that R. montana seeds were viable and could germinate both in daylight and in continuous darkness. Germination was possible at temperatures between 10 and 30 °C, with the maximum final germination percentage (FGP = 81.66%) recorded at 20 °C. At this optimum temperature, FGP decreased significantly when the seeds were placed under salt and water stress (p< 0.01).This decrease became more and more significant when the osmotic pressure induced by NaCl increased and when the water potential induced by PEG6000 in the medium decreased. The depressive effect of salt and water stress on FGP was verified by a linear regression analysis, which showed high values of the coefficient of determination (R 2):0.934 for water stress and 0.890 for salt stress. This effect on the velocity coefficient and latency time was more moderate or lower. The thresholds of tolerance to salinity and water deficit found were 150 mM and −1 MPa, respectively, for which the lowest FGP values were recorded with 16.25% for water stress and 11.10% for salt stress.

Induction of Callus of Two Cultivars from Rice Seed Embryos by the Effect of Abiotic Factors for Drought Tolerance ex Vivo

The experiment was conducted at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, during the period 2021-2023, with the aim of inducing Callus from embryos of two rice cultivars: black rice and Amber 33, to enhance drought tolerance in vitro. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was applied for experimental arrangements. Different concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 mg L-1) were used to stimulate Callus, along with UV radiation of type UV-C with a wavelength (<280 nanometers), It does not affect the environment because it is absorbed by the atmosphere’s oxygen and ozone, for various durations of 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. A control treatment was also used for comparison. The experimental stress conditions were induced using different concentrations (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6%) of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The fresh and dry weights of Callus were measured for all treatments, in addition to assessing the drought tolerance index. The results showed significant differences for most of the studied traits. The highest fresh and dry weight of Callus was achieved at a concentration of 3 mg L-1 of 2,4-D, at 258.9 mg and 26.06 mg, respectively. The control treatment with UV-C radiation outperformed with the highest fresh and dry weight of Callus, reaching 356.8 mg and 37.81 mg, respectively, compared to other irradiation doses. The control treatment with other PEG concentrations yielded the highest fresh and dry weight of Callus for the cultivars treated with UV-C radiation, reaching 356.4 mg and 38.81 mg, respectively. The drought tolerance index in terms of dry weight, the treatment with 1.5% PEG yielded the highest rate at 0.73 mg, while the treatment with 6% PEG resulted in the lowest rate at 0.21 mg. additionally; the black rice cultivar treated with UV-C radiation outperformed the Amber 33 rice cultivar in terms of both fresh and dry weights of Callus.

Histological studies on induction of somatic embryogenesis in mangabeira

The Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae), is a fruit tree known as mangabeira and officially listed as a genetic resource with food potential in Brazil. The aim of this investigation was to conduct histological studies on inducing maturation of somatic embryos from explants of Hancornia speciosa Gomes. For callus induction, leaf and nodal segments of the Terra Caída accession were cultured in media with different concentrations of putrescine (0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 µM) in MS medium with 10 mg/L of 2,4D, 5 mg/L of BAP, 1 g/L of activated carbon, and 30 g/L of sucrose, and gelled with 3 g/L of Phytagel®. At 90 days of culture in multiplication medium, the embryogenic calluses were identified and selected for the maturation phase of somatic embryos in media composed of MS salts combined with two concentrations of BAP (10 and 15 mg/L) and two concentrations of polyethylene glycol – PEG 2000 (0% and 2%) with 30 g/L of sucrose, 1 g/L of activated carbon, and 4 g/L of Phytagel®. At 90 days of culture in multiplication medium (medium II) and at 60 days of culture in maturation medium (medium IV), the callus samples were fixed in FAA. After that, the samples were infiltrated in 100% ethanol + liquid resin (1:1) for 2 hours and then in activated resin = infiltration solution for 24 hours in the refrigerator. After drying, the slides were fixed with glass varnish and then evaluated in an optical microscope (Zeiss/Jenamed2), and photomicrographs (Axiocam software) were taken of the prepared slides. The results obtained in the different histological analyses of the Terra Caída accession of Hancornia speciosa Gomes are important to show the response of the nodal and leaf segments in inducing embryogenic calluses and possible maturation of somatic embryos, providing information that collaborates in validation of future protocols of somatic embryogenesis for this species.

Cinética de consumo de sustratos orgánicos de bacterias aisladas de la Laguna de Chascomus

Eight bacterial strains were isolated from Chascomús Pond (Buenos Aires Province) and their capacity to growth at low concentrations of glycolate and glucose, as a solé source of organic carbón was evaluated.Substrate affinities (Kt valúes) and other kinetic parameters were measured by Wright &amp; Hobbie methodology with 14C-labelled glycollate and MC-labelled glucose as substrates. Four o f the eight puré culture studied followed Michaelis-Menten uptakekinetics giving good straight lines after the Lineweaver-Burke transfonnation.Vmax valúes o f natural popuiations and the experimental ones were similar for glycollate; for glucose the experimental valúes were a little higher. This suggest the possibility o f applying the experimental Kt valúes to natural popuiations as a way of evaluation o f the natural substrate concentration.

Optimasi Variasi Konsentrasi, Waktu Sentrifugasi Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), dan Modified Egg Yolk Lipemic Serum pada Enzim Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT)

Examination of Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) enzymes can be disrupted due to the presence of fatty serum. The addition of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) to fatty serum will lower the surface tension of the serum so that the fat will precipitate and eliminate error readings on the photometer. This study aims to determine the concentration and centrifugation time of the addition of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) under optimal conditions. Serum modification was made to resemble fatty serum using egg yolks with three variations of triglyceride levels in ±500 mg/dL, ±600 mg/dL, ±700 mg/dL. Fatty serum is made using three concentrations of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), namely 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%. Then incubated for 30 minutes at 40C and precipitation was carried out using centrifugation at 3000 rpm with three variations of centrifugation time, namely at 5, 10 and 15 minutes. Then the resulting supernatant was separated and measured to determine the Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) enzyme using a photometer. Then the data were analyzed using a two way ANOVA test followed by a Post Hoc test with a 95% confidence level. The conclusion of this study is that at 500 mg/dL fatty serum, the optimal concentration was obtained, namely 0.10% with a 10-minute centrifugation time, at 600 mg/dL fatty serum, the optimal concentration was obtained, namely 0.10% with a 10-minute centrifugation time, on fatty serum 700 mg/dL obtained the optimal PEG concentration and centrifugation time of 0.15% with a centrifugation time of 15 minutes.

Redox reactions in vitrified-warmed ovary

Ovary vitrification is a way for the preservation of fertility in women undergoing chemotherapy and for protecting the valuable or the endangered species. However, cryopreservation of complex tissues, which are composed of different cells and materials, encountered various challenges including oxidative stress damage. This study aimed to evaluate some oxidative stress indices in the vitrified bovine ovaries. The pieces of the bovine ovarian cortex (1 × 1 × 1 mm3) were vitrified with final concentrations of ethylene glycol (25%) and glycerol (25%) and 0.5 M sucrose and then, after 48 h, were warmed with descending concentrations (0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 M) of sucrose. The ovaries were processed and some biochemical indicators of oxidative stresses were assayed. Total antioxidant capacity had a 45% decrease after vitrification (P<.0001). This reduction was associated with a 4 times increase in malondialdehyde (P=.0002) and a 53% decrease in superoxide dismutase (P=.0081). The levels of protein carbonyl in vitrified-warmed ovaries were less than in fresh ovaries (P=.0325). Regression analysis showed that the components of oxidative stress indices in vitrified tissues are different from those of fresh tissues. An extensive alteration was seen in oxidant/antioxidant balance during vitrification.

Minding the osmol gap: a sentinel event and subsequent laboratory investigation

Introduction Many hospitals are unable to determine toxic alcohol concentrations in a clinically meaningful time frame. Thus, clinicians use surrogate markers when evaluating potentially poisoned patients. Index case A patient presented after an intentional antifreeze (ethylene glycol) ingestion with an osmol gap of −10.6 that remained stable one hour later. Further investigation revealed that the serum osmolality was calculated and not measured. The true osmol gap was 16.4, which correlated to a measured ethylene glycol concentration of 808 mg/L (80.8 mg/dL, 13.0 mmol/L). Survey A telephone survey of hospital laboratories in our catchment area was performed to investigate the potential for similar events. Results Thirty-eight (47 percent) hospitals responded. No laboratories were able to test for toxic alcohols. One hospital (2.6 percent) reported routinely calculating osmolality based on chemistries, while two hospitals (5.3 percent) reported scenarios in which this might occur. Thirty-five (92.1 percent) hospitals could directly measure osmolality. Two hospitals (5.3 percent) were reliant on outside laboratories for osmolality measurement. Limitations The 47 percent response rate and one geographic area are significant limitations. Discussion Over 10 percent of hospitals that responded could have significant difficulty assessing patients with toxic alcohol ingestion. Conclusions Until the standard of rapidly obtaining toxic alcohol concentrations is broadly implemented, we recommend that policies and procedures be put in place to minimize errors associated with the determination of the osmol gap.

Impact of Water Content on the Superlubricity of Ethylene Glycol Solutions

Aqueous solutions of water and ethylene glycol (EG) are prevalently employed in braking, heat transfer, and lubrication systems. However, the precise mechanism through which water content affects the lubricative attributes of EG solutions remains elusive. This research systematically examines the tribological characteristics of EG solutions at varying concentrations using a ceramic–TiAlN friction-pair system. As the concentration of EG increases, the sequential transformation of the associated molecular complex structure in the lubricating medium can be described as follows: [H2O]m·EG → [H2O]m·[EG]n → H2O·[EG]n. Among them, the stoichiometric coefficients “m” and “n” are the simplest mole ratio of H2O and EG in the molecular complex structure, respectively. The most favorable EG concentration was determined to be 50 wt.%. At this concentration, a flexible molecular complex adsorption structure ([H2O]m·[EG]n) with a significant bearing capacity (due to intense hydrogen bonding) forms on the surface of the friction pair, which results in a reduction in the running-in duration and facilitates the achievement of superlubricity, and the coefficient of friction (COF) is about 0.0047. Solutions containing 50 wt.% EG enhance the load-bearing ability and hydrophilicity of the lubricating medium. Moreover, they minimize the roughness of the worn region and curtail the adhesive forces and shear stress at the frictional interface, enabling the realization of superlubricity. Consequently, this research offers valuable insights into the optimal water-to-EG ratio, revealing the mechanism of a superlubricity system that possesses exceptional tribological attributes and holds significant potential for practical applications.

Study of factors affecting some properties of hydrophilic suppository base

The aim. To study the effect of the composition of hydrophilic suppository bases on the physicochemical and osmotic properties of suppositories made from them.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The bases were studied with varying compositions of excipients. The microstructure of the bases was evaluated, and the disintegration time and resistance to rupture of suppositories made from them were determined. The kinetics of water absorption and solvent release were studied by dialysis. The content of propylene glycol (PG) and macrogol 400 (M400) in the receptor medium was determined by gas chromatography. The melted bases were studied by rotational viscometry. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of spin probes in hydrophilic solvents and bases were obtained; the type of spectrum, isotropic constant (AN), rotational correlation times (τ), and anisotropy parameter (ε) were determined.&#x0D; Results. The disintegration times and resistance to rupture of suppositories were determined depending on such factors as the content and grade of poloxamers, the ratio between high molecular weight macrogols and the mixed solvent PG-M400 (60 : 40 % m/m), the ratio of nonionic surfactant and cetostearyl alcohol (CSA) and their total content, water and hard fat content. The introduction of solid fat and a mixture of surfactants and CSA provides the uniform structure of the bases. The mass ratio between surfactants and CSA and their total content are important factors that provide acceptable resistance to rupture and disintegration times for suppositories and reduce water absorption and solvent release. As the temperature decreases from 45 °C to 20 °C, the bases transform from Newtonian liquids to solids. At that time, the microviscosity of the environment of the spin probes increased by about 5 times, but the parameters of their rotational diffusion in solid bases and the mixed solvent PG-M400 are comparable. This indicates the dissolved state of the spin probes in the bases and the absence of the formation of mixed associates from molecules of surfactant and CSA.&#x0D; Conclusions. By varying the composition of excipients, the properties of hydrophilic suppository bases can be controlled, significantly reducing their osmotic properties. The active substances in these bases may be in a dissolved state due to the high content of non-aqueous solvents

Effect of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) on Germination and Seedling Parameters of Maize Varieties

In an experimental framework employing a Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (FRBCD), a study was conducted in July 2022 at the Crop Science Institute, NARC, Islamabad. The objective was to assess the impact of different Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) concentrations on two maize cultivars Sargodha 202 and OPV-3 under drought stress conditions. With triplicate replications, each experimental unit consisted of a pot filled with 4.5 kg of dry sand, where 10 seeds were planted. The 45-day study incorporated four treatment groups: T0 (Control), T1 (10% PEG), T2 (20% PEG), and T3 (30% PEG).&#x0D; Data analysis revealed that increasing PEG concentrations led to a decline in key parameters such as germination rate, root elongation, and shoot development, while concurrently escalating seedling mortality in both cultivars. Statistical evaluations, carried out through the Least Significant Difference (LSD) method at a 5% significance level, highlighted notable differences between the treatment outcomes. Sargodha 202 exhibited superior performance relative to OPV-3, recording a germination rate of 91.66% as opposed to OPV-3's 83.33%. Furthermore, Sargodha 202 demonstrated enhanced root (13.08 cm) and shoot (50.08 cm) lengths in comparison to OPV-3, which showed 10.58 cm for root and 45.83 cm for shoot length. Sargodha 202 also displayed elevated levels of both root and shoot moisture content and a higher crop growth rate compared to OPV-3. Collectively, these results underscore the greater resilience and adaptability of Sargodha 202 under PEG-induced drought conditions.

Study on tensile stress fluctuation of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and its bicrystalline block copolyesters (PBSEG)

AbstractBased on the stress fluctuation during the tensile process of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), the tensile behavior of biodegradable bicrystalline block copolyesters (PBSEG) synthesized using polycondensation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) was further studied. The effects of tensile rate and temperature test conditions on the stress–strain behavior of bicrystalline block copolymer PBSEG were investigated by conducting tensile tests. The experimental results showed that when the mass content of polyethylene glycol in PBSEG was 60%, the material did not show obvious periodic stress fluctuation during the “cold drawing” stage of the stress–strain curve, but showed different and more complicated periodic curve changes. The stress fluctuation of PBSEG copolyester had the characteristics of small amplitude and short period. The elongation at break increased obviously, and the maximum elongation at break was more than 2000%. The analysis of morphology and structure showed that the surface morphology of PBSEG dumbbell bars did not show obvious alternating changes in structure, characterized by light and dark. Craze was the main cause of ductile fracture for PBS and PBSEG copolyesters. The tensile fracture of the two materials occurred in the stress fluctuation region.Highlights Small‐amplitude and short‐period stress fluctuation for PBSEG copolyester. There was no alternating light and dark on the surface of the PBSEG stretched spline. Craze was the main cause of ductile fracture for PBS and PBSEG copolyesters. Tensile fracture of the materials occurred in the stress fluctuation region.

Separation of 1,2-diols from ethylene glycol via biphasic-solvent extraction and thermodynamic insights

Impurities 1,2-propylene glycol (PG), 1,2-butylene glycol (BG), 2,3-butylene glycol (23BG), 1,2-pentanediol (PDO), and 1,2-hexanediol (HDO) were isolated from ethylene glycol (EG) via biphasic-solvent extraction, which involves immiscible solvents saline water (S1) and ethyl acetate (S2). After adding S1 to the diol-S2 system, the partition coefficients were almost unaltered, while the selectivity coefficients were doubled or tripled. The larger the carbon-atom number of diol was, the higher the removal rate was. The removal rates of PG, BG, 23BG, PDO, and HDO reached 68%, 95.3%, 90.1%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The EG content was increased from 72.7 to 91.2 wt%, and EG recovery reached 80.1%. The phase diagrams showed that the S1-EG-S2, S1-PDO-S2, and S1-HDO-S2 systems exhibited Treybal's type-II behaviors, while the S1-PG-S2 and S1-BG-S2 systems showed type-I characteristics. In addition, the low-carbon-number diols were miscible with S1 and rejected S2, while the high-carbon-number diols exhibited opposite characteristics. The intense endotherm during the dissolution of EG in ester implied that the increase of enthalpy of system is an important reason for the high chemical potential of EG. The obvious Tyndall phenomena of C3–6 diols dispersed in saline water indicated that these diols formed into ordered micelles with low entropy, resulting in their high chemical potentials. The chemical potentials of diols in the biphasic solvents synergistically contributed to the separation selectivity.

Effect of Oligomers and Polymers of Ethylene Glycols on Micellar Characteristics of Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Pentadectyl Sulfonate

The influence of oligomers and polymers of ethylene glycols with a different molecular mass on the structural transformations of aqueous solutions of surfactant, sodium pentadecylsulfonate, studied by viscometry and light scattering methods depending on their content in the system. It established that ethylene glycol with a molecular mass of 2,000 and 40,000 does not affect the structure of the system. For ethylene glycol with a molecular mass of 4,000, 6,000, and 20,000, a clearly expressed complex course of the dependence of the intrinsic viscosity of the micelle system on the polymer content was established. It assumed that with the changes in the concentration of ethylene glycols in the system, micelles are compacted due to a change in the balance of hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions. In parallel with the change in apparent micelle masses and asymmetry coefficients determined by the light scattering method, the intrinsic viscosity also changes depending on the system's composition. The practical application of this research is that it allows the performance properties of sodium pentadecyl sulfonate (SPDS) to be adjusted, thereby expanding and improving its applications.