Concentrations Of Ethyl Acetate Extract Research Articles

Antiviral activity of Embelia ribes Burm. f. against influenza virus in vitro.

Viral respiratory infections are raising serious concern globally. Asian medicinal plants could be useful in improving the current treatment strategies for influenza. The present study examines the activity of five plants from Bangladesh against influenza virus. MDCK cells infected with influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) were treated with increasing concentrations of ethyl acetate extracts, and their cytotoxicity (CC50), virus-inhibiting activity (IC50), and selectivity index (SI) were calculated. The ethyl acetate extract of fruits of Embelia ribes Burm. f. (Myrsinaceae) had the highest antiviral activity, with an IC50 of 0.2µg/mL and a SI of 32. Its major constituent, embelin, was further isolated and tested against the same virus. Embelin demonstrated antiviral activity, with an IC50 of 0.3µM and an SI of 10. Time-of-addition experiments revealed that embelin was most effective when added at early stages of the viral life cycle (0-1h postinfection). Embelin was further evaluated against a panel of influenza viruses including influenza A and B viruses that were susceptible or resistant to rimantadine and oseltamivir. Among the viruses tested, avian influenza virus A/mallard/Pennsylvania/10218/84 (H5N2) was the most susceptible to embelin (SI = 31), while A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) virus was the most resistant (SI = 5). In silico molecular docking showed that the binding site for embelin is located in the receptor-binding domain of the viral hemagglutinin. The results of this study provide evidence that E. ribes can be used for development of a novel alternative anti-influenza plant-based agent.

Potensi Daun Trembilungan (Begonia hirtella Link) sebagai Antibakteri dan Antifungi

Begonia hirtella leaf are commonly used by people in mountainous areas to treat itchy due to insect bites and skin infection. This study aims to (1) determine proper solvent extract of B. hirtella leaf on antibacterial activity of S. aureus and E. coli and on antifungal activity of C. albicans (2) determine the lowest concentration of leaf extract of B. hirtella that indicate the formation of inhibition zone (3) know the content of bioactive compounds contained in each leaf extract of B. hirtella. The method used in this study is experimental with completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments were type of solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water) and a serie of the ethyl acetate extract concentration of 500 ppm, 450 ppm, 400 ppm, 350 ppm, 300 ppm and 250 ppm against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (Anova) and the significant differences between the treatments were analyzed by Duncan test at 95% confidence level. The result showed that each solvent extracts affect microbes growth with a highly significant difference p <0.05. Solvent extracts that have the best inhibitory zone is ethyl acetate against S. aureus with an average diameter of inhibitory zone 13.75 ± 1.26 mm. Increasing concentrations of ethyl acetate extract of 250 ppm to 500 ppm increase inhibition zone against microbes. The lowest concentration that show inhibition zone was 300 ppm. The formation inhibition of zone on microbes growth happened due to their compounds in the extract. Extract of n-hexane contains stigmasterol, ethyl acetate contains neophytadiene, while the ethanol extract contains ethyl palmitate

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective potentials of novel endophytic fungus Achaetomium sp., from Euphorbia hirta

To isolate, identify and evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective potentials, total phenolic content, flavonoid content, tannin content of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungus Achaetomium sp., isolated from Euphorbia hirta. Hepatoprotectivity of ethyl acetate extract of Achaetomium sp., was evaluated by CCl4 induced toxicity in HepG2 cells and subsequently analysed for cell viability using MTT assay. It also demonstrates antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials by DPPH radical scavenging assay and well diffusion assay respectively. Quantification of total phenolic content, tannin content and flavonoid content were assessed by spectroscopic methods. Phenols, flavonoids and tannins were the phytochemicals present in ethyl acetate extract of Achaetomium sp., with rich phenolic content exhibited potent hepatoprotective, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The hepatoprotective activity was recorded as of 72.13%±2.948% of cell viability at a concentration of 150μg/mL, whereas the standard silymarin showed 93.260%±0.784%. It was observed to be dose dependent, when CCl4 exposed HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of ethyl acetate extract. Antibacterial activity showed significant inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antioxidant activity ranged from 66.890%±1.385% to 87.340%±0.289% with (44.02±1.57) μg of total phenolics, (54.54±1.82) μg of flavonoid content and (18.790±1.018) μg of tannin content. Ascorbic acid, BHT (butylated hydroxyl toluene) Gallic acid and Pyrogallol were used as standards which showed 98.370%±0.763%; 97.080%±0.636%; 94.890%±1.103% and 96.980%±0.098% reducing potential respectively. The results reveal that the metabolites produced by endophytic fungi isolated from Euphorbia hirta could be novel natural products that could lead to new drug discovery.

Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Semen Impatientis Inhibit Proliferation and Induce Apoptosis of Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines through AKT/ERK Pathways

Objective. To investigate the inhibitory effect of ethyl acetate extracts of Impatiens balsamina L. on prostate cancer cells. Methods. Impatiens balsamina L. was extracted to get water, ethanol, oil ether, ethyl acetate, and butanol extracts. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the inhibitory effect. Apoptosis rates and cell cycle distribution were detected by flow cytometry. Transwell assay was performed to test the ability of migration. The expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved-caspase-3, p-ERK, ERK, p-AKT, AKT, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and MMP2 were detected by Western blot. Results. Ethyl acetate extracts had the strongest inhibitory effect. After being treated with different concentrations of ethyl acetate extracts, the percentage of G0/G1 phase increased significantly, cyclin D1 and cyclin E expression decreased, apoptosis rate was significantly higher, and the ability of migration of PC-3 and RV1 was inhibited significantly. Western blot showed that the expressions of Bcl-2, p-ERK, and p-AKT were significantly decreased, but the expressions of Bax and caspase-3 cleavage were increased. Conclusions. Impatiens balsamina L. inhibited the proliferation of human prostate cancer cells; ethyl acetate extracts have the strongest effect. It could inhibit cell proliferation and migration, cause G1 phase arrest, and induce apoptosis probably through inhibition of the AKT and ERK pathways.

Phytochemical Determination and Antibacterial Activity of <i>Punica granatum</i> Peel Extracts against Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

Plant pathogenic bacteria are recognized to be harmful microbes able to decrease the quantity and quality of crop production in the world. Punica granatum peel was screened for its potential use as biological control agent for plant pathogenic bacteria. P. granatum peel was successfully extract using n-hexane, methanol and ethyl acetate by maceration. The highest yield obtained by ethyl acetate showed that ethyl acetate extracted more compounds that readily soluble to methanol and n-hexane. For in-vitro antibacterial activity, three different species of plant pathogenic bacteria were used namely Erwinia carotovorum subsp. Carotovorum, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Xanthomonas gardneri. For all crude extracts, four different concentrations 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml were used in cup-plate agar diffusion method. Streptomycin sulfate at concentration 30 μg/ml was used as positive control while each respective solvent used for peel extraction was used as negative control. The results obtained from in vitro studies showed only ethyl acetate extract possessed antibacterial activity tested on the plant pathogenic bacteria. Methanol and n-hexane did not show any antibacterial activity against plant pathogenic bacteria selected where no inhibition zones were recorded. R. solanacearum recorded the highest diameter of inhibition zones for all range of concentrations introduced followed by E. carotovorum subsp. Carotovorum and X. gardneri. For the minimum inhbitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), only the ethyl acetate extract was subjected to the assay as only ethyl acetate extract exhibited antibacterial activity. The minimum concentration of ethyl acetate extract that was able to inhibit plant pathogenic bacteria was recorded at a concentration of 3.12 mg/ml which inhibited R. solancearum and E. carotovorum subsp. Carotovorum, followed by X. gardneri at concentration 6.25 mg/ml. For the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), the results showed that at the concentration of 12.5 mg/ml, the extract was still capable of killing the pathogenic bacteria, R. solanacearum, and P. caratovora sub.sp. caratovora while for the bacteria X. gardneri, the concentration that was able to kill the bacteria was 25 mg/ml. The qualitative estimation of phytochemical constituents within P. granatum L. ethyl acetate peel extracts had revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, phenols alkaloid, Saponins, and terpenoids. This study has demonstrated that Ethyl Acetate peel extracts of P. granatum has significant antibacterial activity against pathogenic plant bacterial, and it could be of high agricultural value.

GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of Mutagenic and Antimutagenic Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Ajuga bracteosa Wall ex. Benth: An Endemic Medicinal Plant of Kashmir Himalaya, India

Herbal medicines as the major remedy in traditional system of medicine have been used in medical practices since antiquity. The natural products remain an important source of new drugs, new drug leads and new chemical entities. The ethyl acetate extract of Ajuga bracteosa was evaluated for mutagenic and antimutagenic assay against mice pre-treated with 1/4th LD50 (117.5 mg/kg bw) of ethyl methane sulphonate by micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assay. Mice were treated with ethyl acetate extract of Ajuga bracteosa (Ab-EAE) (100, 200 300 & 400 mg/kg bw) for 30 days. Without the doses of EMS, no mutagenic effects were observed in blood and bone marrow samples of the mice. But Ab-EAE showed antimutagenic effects on EMS induced mutagenicity in mice. It was observed that high doses of Ab-EAE showed protective effects. The reduction profiles in the EMS induction MN at concentration of ethyl acetate extract of Ajuga bracteosa (100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg bw) were estimated as 2%, 4.9%, 16.4% and 20.7% respectively. It can be concluded from the study that ethyl acetate extract of Ajuga bracteosa exhibited no mutagenic effects but only possessing antimutagenic effects. This antimutagenic activity is an induction of medicinal relevance.

Adulticidal bioassay and repellency potentiality of fruits of<i> Drypetes roxburghii </i>on<i> Culex quinquefasciatus</i> and<i> Anopheles stephensi</i>

The present study was designed to evaluate adulticidal efficacy and repellency potentiality of crude and ethyl acetate extracts of mature fruits of Drypetes roxburghii (Wall.) Hurus., against the adult Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Anopheles stephensi Liston following appropriate protocols. In both the species of mosquitoes, mortality rate increased gradually with increased concentrations of ethyl acetate extract. LC 50 and LC 90 values of ethyl acetate extract were 109.62 ppm and 189.01 ppm for Cx. quinquefasciatus and 95.41 ppm, 181.96 ppm for An. stephensi respectively in adulticidal bioassay. An. stephensi was more susceptible to ethyl acetate extract than Cx. quinquefasciatus. Both crude and ethyl acetate extracts showed significant repellency potentiality. 99 % concentration of ethyl acetate extract conferred 100 % protection against biting activity of both the species of mosquitoes up to 120 minutes.

Bioefficacy of Blumea mollis (D. Don) Merr. and Hygrophila schulii (Buch.-Ham.) (Syn. H. auriculata) against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

Indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides to control the pests causes negative effects on non-target organisms. Some of the chemicals under B and C categories are carcinogenic to humans. The present study was aimed to assess the antifeedant, larvicidal and pupicidal activities of Hygrophila schulii (syn. H. auriculata) and Blumea mollis against Helicoverpa armigera. Maximum antifeedant activity of 70.01% was observed in ethyl acetate extract of H. schulii at 5.0% concentration with LC50 value of 2.0%. B. mollis ethyl acetate extract at 5.0% concentration showed antifeedant activity of 35.40% with LC50 value of 8.38%. The data for antifeedant activity showed homogeneity of variances in Levene Statistics and normality in Shapiro–Wilk test. Ethyl acetate extract of H. schulii at 5.0% concentration showed 68.66% larvicidal activity with LC50 value of 2.97%. It also showed 73.33% pupicidal activity and was statistically significant from other treatments. No pupicidal activity was observed in ethyl acetate extract of B. mollis. All concentrations of ethyl acetate extract of H. schulii showed promising biological activities which differed statistically from other treatments. Ethyl acetate extract of H. schulii could be used to develop new botanical formulations to manage agricultural pests.

Infection prevention of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by providing ethyl acetate extract of temu ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa) rhizome

Sari DS, Pangastuti A, Elisa Herawati E. 2013. Infection prevention of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by providing ethyl acetate extract of temu ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa) rhizome. Biofarmasi 11: 31-35. In tilapia aquaculture, some diseases can disturb the growth and production of fish. Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the pathogenic bacteria that can cause a disease in tilapia. Aeromonas hydrophila uses a quorum sensing system and the virulence of organisms as a controller to other organisms. The one of infection prevention effort of A. hydrophila that efficient enough is to use a compound of natural ingredients, i.e. Curcuma aeruginosa rhizome. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of ethyl acetate extract of Curcuma aeruginosa rhizome that needed to prevent the infection of A. hydrophila bacterial in tilapia. The method used in this study was an immersion method. Tilapia was soaked in water mixed with A. hydrophila and the ethyl acetate extract of C. aeruginosa rhizome with the concentrations of 0 mL/L, 10 mL/L, 20 mL/L, 30 mL/L, 40 mL/L, 50 mL/L and control for 90 minutes. At the end of the study, it was observed for the fish behavior after immersion, the reaction of fish, the type and morphology of fish, and the number of bacteria in the water conservancy. The results showed that the A. hydrophila infection could be prevented by using the ethyl acetate extract of the C. aeruginosa rhizome with the concentration of 40 mL/L. During immersion, tilapia was get an experience stress, often to the surface of water, and then quietly at the bottom of aquarium. The response to eat of tilapia decreased by 50% after soaking, but after 2-3 days of immersion time, the fish feeding was normally again.

Antifeedent and toxic activity of endophytic Alternaria alternata against tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura

Fungal endophytes play a significant role in plant resistance to insects by altering the nutritional quality of plants or by production of various alkaloid-based defensive compounds. Ethyl acetate extract of endophytic Alternaria alternata isolated from Azadirachta indica A. Juss was tested for its bioactivity against Spodoptera litura (Fab.). Effect of different concentrations of ethyl acetate extract of A. alternata was assessed on growth and development of S. litura larvae. The results indicate higher larval mortality on diet supplemented with the fungal extract than control. Adverse effects of A. alternata were also observed on development of the insect. Ethyl acetate extract of the fungus also significantly reduced the adult emergence, longevity and reproductive potential of S. litura. Larvae feeding on diet supplemented with fungal extract showed significant reduction in relative growth and consumption rate, as well as efficiency of ingested and digested food. The antifeedant and toxic effects of A. alternata may be due to production of bioactive molecules by this fungus.

Isolation of Phomopsis Inhibitory Fraction of Allamanda Extract Removing Gum and Other Undesirable Compounds

Allamanda leaf extracts were made by three organic solvents hexane, methanol and ethyl acetate having different polarities. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the refluxing extracts showed each of them contained considerable number of different compounds. By observing Rf value of these extracts it was confirmed that the compounds present in different extracts are not same and two of them (methanol and ethyl acetate) extracts were distilled to remove solvent for bioactivity test. In growth inhibition test, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of allamanda inhibited mycelial growth of Phomopsis vexans. Ethyl acetate extract at 0.2% and 0.3% concentration inhibited 100% mycelial growth of Phomopsis vexans while methanol extract was not effective in suppressing growth rather it arrested temporarily the growth of Phomopsis vexans. Eggplant seeds treated with ethyl acetate extract in blotter produced higher percentage of seed germination (85.00%) and healthy seedlings (88.36%) and lower percentage of dead seed (15.00%), and rotten seed (5.89%) than those treated with methanol extract. In most cases, seed quality was improved with the increasing of concentration of ethyl acetate extract. It may be summarized that higher amount of antifungal compounds were present in ethyl acetate extract in purified form where methanol also have some compounds that inhibited partially growth of Phomopsis vexans.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14814 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 199-203 2012

Antimalarial and safety evaluation of extracts from Toddalia asiatica (L) Lam. (Rutaceae)

Ethnopharmacological relevanceToddalia asiatica (L) Lam. (Rutaceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used in Kenya by many communities for the treatment of malaria and other ailments. All parts of the plant are claimed to have medicinal value, but the root bark in particular is believed to be more potent. Decoctions or infusions of the roots are taken orally to treat malaria, fever and stomach ache. Aim of the studyTo evaluate antimalarial activity of aqueous and organic extracts prepared from Toddalia asiatica and determine in vitro and in vivo safety of the extracts. Materials and methodsAqueous, ethyl acetate, hexane and methanol extracts were obtained from Toddalia asiatica root bark, fruits and leaves. In vitro antiplasmodial activity was done using chloroquine-sensitive (D6) and chloroquine-resistant (W2) Plasmodium falciparum strains and the concentration causing 50% inhibition of radioisotope incorporation (IC50) was determined. In vivo assay was done by administering mice infected with Plasmodium berghei four consecutive daily doses of the extracts through oral route following Peters 4-Day suppressive test. The percentage suppression of parasitaemia was calculated for each dose level by comparing the parasitaemia in untreated control with those of treated mice. Quinine hydrochloride was used as positive control while double distilled water or 20% Tween-80 was used as a negative control. In vivo acute toxicity was determined in mice using standard procedures. In vitro cytotoxicity assay was carried out using actively dividing sub-confluent Vero cells. ResultsInhibitory concentrations of ethyl acetate extract of Toddalia asiatica fruits showed high activity against chloroquine resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum (IC50=1.87μg/ml), followed by root bark aqueous extract (IC50=2.43μg/ml). Tested in vivo against Plasmodium berghei, the fruit ethyl acetate extract (500mg/kg) and root bark aqueous extract (250mg/kg) reduced malaria parasitaemia by 81.34% and 56.8% respectively. Higher doses were found to be less effective in vivo. Acute toxicity and cytotoxictiy of the tested extracts, with the exception of hexane extract from the roots, showed LD50>1000mg/kg and CC50>100μg/ml respectively. ConclusionsThe results obtained contribute to the validation of traditional use of Toddalia asiatica and provides in vivo and safety data of the plant extracts tested for the first time. Ethyl acetate extract of the fruits was active against chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum as well as against Plasmodium berghei. These findings confirm the suitability of Toddalia asiatica as a good candidate for further tests to obtain a prototype for antimalarial medicine.

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of novel polyene type antimicrobial metabolite producing actinomycetes from marine sediments: Bay of Bengal India

ObjectiveTo isolate and indentify the promising antimicrobial metabolite producing Streptomyces strains from marine sediment samples from Andrapradesh coast of India. MethodsAntagonistic actinomycetes were isolated by starch casein agar medium and modified nutrient agar medium with 1% glucose used as a base for primary screening. Significant antimicrobial metabolite producing strains were selected and identified by using biochemical and 16S rDNA level. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the organic extracts were done by using broth micro dilution method. ResultsAmong the 210 actinomycetes, 64.3% exhibited activity against Gram positive bacteria, 48.5 % showed activity towards Gram negative bacteria, 38.8% exhibited both Gram positive and negative bacteria and 80.85 % isolates revealed significant antifungal activity. However, five isolates AP-5, AP-18, AP-41 and AP-70 showed significant antimicrobial activity. The analysis of cell wall hydrolysates showed the presence of LL-diaminopimelic acid and glycine in all the isolates. Sequencing analysis indicated that the isolates shared 98.5%-99.8% sequence identity to the 16S rDNA gene sequences of the Streptomyces taxons. The antimicrobial substances were extracted using hexane and ethyl acetate from spent medium in which strains were cultivated at 30°C for five days. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using broth micro dilution technique. Each of the culture extracts from these five strains showed a typical polyene-like property. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations of ethyl acetate extracts against Escherichia coli and Curvularia lunata were 67.5 and 125.0 μg/mL, respectively. ConclusionIt can be concluded that hexane and ethyl acetate soluble extracellular products of novel isolates are effective against pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

Detrimental effects of endophytic fungus Nigrospora sp. on survival and development of Spodoptera litura

Endophytes have been known to confer resistance to host plants against insect herbivores mediated by fungal alkaloids. In this study we have isolated an endophytic fungus Nigrospora sp. (Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes) from a native plant Tinospora cordifolia. To assess anti-insect potential, we tested to what extent the survival and development of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a polyphagous pest, was affected when fed on artificial diet amended with different concentrations of ethyl acetate extract of Nigrospora sp. In feeding assay, the insect suffered significantly higher mortality and showed prolonged development period on amended diet as compared to unamended diet. A significant reduction in relative growth and consumption rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested and digested food and approximate digestibility indicated deterrent as well as toxic effects of the fungal extract. Significant adverse effects were also observed on adult emergence, longevity and reproductive potential of S. litura. This preliminary information on insecticidal properties of Nigrospora sp. may further be used for imparting resistance in plants against insects.

Apoptosis of Hela cell induced by Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb extract and primary mechanisms

The apoptosis of Hela cells induced by ethyl acetate extract and n-butanol extract of Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb was studied in order to assess its antitumor effect. Hela cells were cultured in vitro and treated by a series of concentrations of ethyl acetate extract and n-butanol extract of Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. Cell proliferation was detected based on MTT assay. Quantity of apoptosis were observed and analyzed by flow cytometry with Annexin V and propidium iodide double staining. P53 gene expression was detected by flow cytometry. The proliferation of Hela cells was obviously inhibited by 15, 30, 60 and 120 μg/mL extract of Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb and apoptosis of Hela was induced by dosed dependent manner. P53 gene showed increasing tendency when treated by 60–480 μg/mL extract of Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. The ethyl acetate extract and n-butanol extract of Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb could induce apoptosis of Hela gastric cancer cells by dose dependent manner, which maybe one of the important mechanisms of Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb’s anticancer effects. P53 protein expression in Hela was up-regulated by Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb, which maybe one of the molecular mechanisms involved in the anticancer and proapoptotic effect of Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.

Repellency and toxicity of extract from Francoeria crispa (Forsk.) to Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to characterise the activity of the extract Francoeria crispa (Forsk.) (Family: Compositae) against the citrus brown mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein). Ethyl acetate was tested for preparing the crude extract of F. crispa. The extract was tested for its toxicity against eggs and adult females of the pest E. orientalis. Ethyl acetate extract of F. crispa affected the behaviour, toxicity and fecundity of females under laboratory conditions. The extract had similar toxic effects on egg stage and adult females of E. orientalis (LC50 = 0.00050 g/ml), respectively. Leaf discs treated with increasing concentrations of ethyl acetate extract of F. crispa showed a high percentage of repellency (97.45%), respectively. Treated females with LC50 concentration of ethyl acetate extract showed a higher remarkable percentage of mortality as well as a reduction in the total number of eggs laid during 7 days. Ten isolated fractions of ethyl acetate crude extract from F. crispa were detected. The results clearly indicate that the isolate number (10) was the most toxic isolate on eggs and females of E. orientalis (LC50 = 0.00014 and 0.000125 g/ml), respectively.

In - vitro susceptibility testing of some Phellinus species against Acinetobacter baumannii from Maharashtra India

Antibacterial activity of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of two Phellinusspecies were studied. The activity was evaluated by well assay method and microtiter plate dilution method using sixteen strains of Acinetobacter baumanniiBouvet and Grimont. The ethyl acetate extract of Phellinus swieteniae (Murr.) Herrera and Bondart. showed activity against all strains of Acinetobacter. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ethyl acetate extract of Phellinus merrillii (Murr.) Ryv. was found to be in the range 0.71 - 1.42 mg/ml. The MIC value of methanol extract of both species was found to be much higher. Key words: Antibacterial activity, Phellinus, Acinetobacter, medicinal mushrooms

Cytotoxic effects of ethyl acetate extract of Sambucus ebulus compared with Etoposide on normal and cancer cell lines

Sambucus ebulus is a native botany and exists in large amount in Iran and consists of anti-cancer substances such as ebulin (RIP, ribosome inactivated protein), flavonoids, etc. Isolation and identification of some potent anti-tumor compounds from medicinal plants, has motivated researchers to screen different parts of plant species for anti-tumor effects. In previous studies, anti-inflammatory effects of n-hexane and methanolic extracts of S. ebulus, nephro- and hepato-toxic effects of ethyl acetate extract of this plant and evaluation of role of vitamins C and E on prevention of cellular and pathological disorders induced by the ethyl acetate extract was performed and reported [1,2]. So, cytotoxic activity and IC50 of specific concentrations of ethyl acetate extract of fruits of S.ebulus on 4 normal and cancer cell lines was studied. Also, Etoposide, a chemotherapeutic drug was selected as control positive group. The normal cell lines were CHO and rat fibroblast and cancer cell lines were HepG2 and CT26. The ethyl acetate extract was prepared by perculation. The cytotoxic effects and IC50 of the extract on the cell lines were studied followed by MTT assay after 72 hours incubation. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract of Sambucus ebulus posses lower IC50 in the cancer cell lines in comparison with the normal cell lines. On the other hand, the extract posses higher IC50 in comparison with Etoposide on all 4 normal and cancer cell lines (P<0.05), but it manifested a good cytotoxic compound which can introduce as an anticancer compound.

Cytotoxic Effects of Ethyl Acetate Extract ofSambucus ebulusCompared With Etoposide on Normal and Cancer Cell Lines

Sambucus ebulus is a native botany and exists in large amount in Iran and consists of anti-cancer substances such as ebulin (RIP-II, ribosome inactivated protein-II), flavonoids, etc. Isolation and identification of some potent anti-tumor compounds from medicinal plants, has motivated researchers to screen different parts of plant species for anti-tumor effects. In previous studies, anti-inflammatory effects of n-hexane and methanolic extracts of S. ebulus , nephro- and hepato-toxic effects of ethylacetate extract of this plant and evaluation of role of vitamins C and E on prevention of cellular and pathological disorders induced by the ethyl acetate extract was performed and reported. So, cytotoxic activity and IC50 of specific concentrations of ethyl acetate extract of fruits of S.ebulus on 4 normal and cancer cell lines was studied.Also, Etoposide, a chemotherapeutic drug, was administered to control positive group. The normal cell lines were CHO and rat fibroblast and cancer cell lines were HepG2 and CT26. The cytotoxic effects and IC50 of the extract on the cell lines were studied followed by MTT assay.The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract of Sambucus ebulus possesses lower IC50 in the cancer cell lines in comparison with the normal cell lines. On the other hand, the extract possesses higher IC 50 in comparison with Etoposide on all 4 normal and cancer cell lines (P<0.05), but it manifested a good cytotoxic compound which can introduce as an anticancer compound.

Synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater

The generated wastewater of table-olive brine processing contains a high amount of polyphenols which are endowed with interesting biological activities. The ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of such wastewater shows high hydroxytyrosol (HT) and tyrosol concentrations of 690 and 98 mg g −1 dry weight extract, respectively. Phenolic compounds analysis was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the scavenging effect on DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-Azinobis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate] radicals. Total polyphenol content was estimated with the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. Hydroxytyrosol has DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging activities higher than 2,6-di- tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT), while triacetylated hydroxytyrosol (triAcHT) was devoid of any antioxidant activity. The assessment of these antioxidant compounds in biological systems was carried out by the determination of their in vitro cytotoxicity against two different human cancer cell lines (HeLa and DG75) and normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) using the MTT assay. The 50% cytotoxic concentrations were ranged between 27 and 210 μg mL −1 for Hela and DG75. At the same concentration range, the EAE and the pure HT and triAcHT exhibited an insignificant cytotoxicity against PBL. Incubation of HeLa and DG75 cells with non-cytotoxic concentrations of EAE, HT or triAcHT resulted in a remarkable protection from the oxidative stress induced by Fe 2+. The antimicrobial activity evaluated by the broth dilution NCCL method using Gram-positive ( Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica) bacteria and ( Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger) fungi showed a broad spectrum bactericidal and fungicidal effect of table-olives-EAE, HT and triAcHT. The MICs vary from 125 to 500 μg mL −1 for bacteria and from 500 to 2000 μg mL −1 for fungi.