Concentrations Of Ethyl Acetate Extract Research Articles

Evaluating the efficacy of probiotic bacterial strain Lactobacillus plantarum for inhibition of fungal strains associated with historical manuscript deterioration: An experimental study

The aim of this study is to develop safe biological methods for controlling fungal deterioration of historical manuscripts. Therefore, fifteen fungal isolates were obtained from paper sheets and leather skins of a deteriorated historical manuscript (dated back to the 13th century). Those isolates were identified using both traditional methods and ITS-sequencing analysis. Aspergillus niger accounted for seven strains, Penicillium citrinum for one strain, Aspergillus flavus for three, Aspergillus fumigatus for one, Aspergillus nidulans for one, and Penicillium chrysogenum for two of the fungal strains that were obtained. The ability of fungal strains for the secretion of cellulase, amylase, gelatinase, and pectinase as hydrolytic enzymes was evaluated. The capability of the probiotic-bacterial strain Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 20174 for inhibition of fungal strains that cause severe deterioration was studied using ethyl acetate-extract. The metabolic profile of the ethyl acetate-extract showed the presence of both high- and low-molecular-weight active compounds as revealed by GC-MS analysis. The safe dose to prevent fungal growth was determined by testing the ethyl acetate extract's biocompatibility against Wi38 and HFB4 as normal cell lines. The extract was found to have a concentration-dependent cytotoxic impact on Wi38 and HFB4, with IC50 values of 416 ± 4.5 and 349.7 ± 5.9 μg mL−1, respectively. It was suggested that 100 μg mL−1 as a safe concentration could be used for paper preservation. Whatman filter paper treated with ethyl acetate extract was used to cultivate the fungal strain Penicillium citrinum AX2. According to data analysis, fungal inhibition measurement, SEM, ATR-FT-IR, XRD, color change measurement, and mechanical property assessment, the recommended concentration of ethyl acetate extract was adequate to protect paper inoculated with the highest enzymatic producer fungi, P. citrinum AX2.

THE ENDOPHYTIC FUNGUS EPICOCCUM NIGRUM: ISOLATION, MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND STUDY ITS ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AGAINST PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS FUSARIUM SOLANI

Fusarium solani is a soil-borne fungus that causes fusarium dry rot disease in Upper Egypt. In this study, endophytic fungi from the Helwan University campus were collected, separated, and classified according to their morphological traits. Based on morphological and molecular characteristics, Epicocum nigrum was isolated and identified from E. milii leaves; other endophytic fungi were recovered and recognised morphologically from E. hirta leaves. The endophytic isolates were examined for their antifungal activity against F. solani on PDA plates using the dual culture technique, which exhibited a variable growth inhibition percentage. E. nigrum showed a highly inhibited percentage (94%) after 5 days. As well, E. nigrum metabolites were extracted by different solvents (e.g., ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and chloroform: methanol, 2:1), and the crude extracts were active against F. solani compared to the control. The antifusarial activity was mostly reported in the ethyl acetate extract. Both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that higher concentrations of ethyl acetate extract caused a change in hyphal aggregation and spore formation in F. solani. Identification of antifungal components in ethyl acetate extract using GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4-Hexadeutero Octadecanal, 2, 2-Dideutero Octadecanal, and Isochiapin B as major components that could have antifungal and antimicrobial substances. These results suggest using E. nigrum extracts for controlling phytopathogenic F. solani.

Antioxidant And Anti-Mycotoxin Activities, And Cytotoxicity Properties In Vitro Of Propolis Extracts

Abstract: The present study aims to determine the antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity of propolis and evaluate the anti-mycotoxin activity of different propolis extracts. The three extracts of propolis (ethyl acetate, ethanol (75%), and water) were subjected to testing of the antioxidant potential, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. determination of the cytotoxicity activity by standard cell culture method against colon and liver and the ability of propolis extracts to control aflatoxin (AF) production. The results revealed that the highest value of antioxidant activities was found for propolis ethyl acetate extract with an average % inhibition of 63.42%. the highest amount of propolis's total phenolic and flavonoid contents using ethyl acetate extract were 149.5 µg gallic acid equivalent/mg extract and 218.1 µg quercetin equivalent/mg extract, respectively. The three propolis extracts affect liver and colon human cell cancer. Ethyl acetate extract of propolis showed the lowest IC50 with the highest anti-cancer activity on the liver cancer cell line. In comparison, water extract showed the lowest IC50 with the greatest anticancer activity on the colon cancer cell line (50 and 54 µg/ml, respectively). Using different concentrations of propolis to reduce AF levels led to the complete disappearance of AF production at 100, 200, and 400 mg/ml concentrations of Ethyl acetate extract against AF production. In conclusion, these obtained findings indicated that propolis extracts exhibited substantial antioxidant and anti-cancer activities.

Investigation of antimicrobial and anticancer activity of extracts obtained following UV application to Althaea officinalis L. callus cultures

Althaea officinalis L., a plant of the Malvaceae family, is widely used in alternative medicine. The aim of this study is to cultivate the Althaea officinalis plant under in vitro conditions to create an appropriate callus regeneration protocol and investigate the antimicrobial and anticancer activities of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of calli after UV-C application. Leaf, petiole, and root parts of A. officinalis plants germinated in a sterile environment were used as explant sources. Explants were cultured on MS medium containing different concentrations of 2,4-D (1, 2 mg/l) and BAP (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 mg/l). The most effective (100%) callus growth and callus weight (516.24±0.48 mg) was observed on petiole explants using MS medium containing 1 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.25 mg/l BAP. Calli obtained from leaf and petiole explants were exposed to UV-C treatment. Extractions of calli were carried out using methanol and ethyl acetate solutions. 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, and 10 mg/ml solutions of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were prepared and their antimicrobial activity on bacteria was investigated using the disc diffusion method for 7 different gram-positive and 9 different gram-negative bacteria. None of the three extract concentrations used had any antimicrobial activities. The anticancer activities of the extracts on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells were studied using the WST-1 viability kit. 1000, 500, 250, 125, and 62.5 µg/ml concentrations of ethyl acetate extracts of leaf and petiole calli had anticancer activity.

The isolation of novel terrestrial Streptomyces strains with antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties

Streptomyces are very important Gram-positive filamentous bacteria because they can produce many beneficial secondary metabolites with various biological activities. The study aims to isolate and identify novel Streptomyces strains from terrestrial habitats in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) with antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. The antimicrobial efficacy was assessed using the disk and well susceptibility methods. Crude ethyl acetate extracts of active-producing strains were used to determine the antimicrobial activity by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against E. coli, S. aureus, C. albicans, S. cerevisiae, B. subtilis, and E. coli-ESBL (extended-spectrum Beta-Lactamase), and cytotoxic properties against HeLa cells by MTT assay and DAPI staining. The novelty of the strains was determined by sequencing the 16S rRNA fragment. Results showed that antimicrobial activity was observed for CSK1, CSK3, CSW2, CSU1, CSU2, and CSG1 strains, with zones of inhibition ranging between 16 and 35 mm. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of ethyl acetate extracts ranged from 0.21 to 12.17 µg/mL, with the highest inhibitory effect against S. aureus ranging between 0.21 and 0.29 µg/mL. Some strains (CSK3, CSW2, CSU1 and CSG1) also displayed cytotoxic activity against the HeLa cancer cell line with IC50 values ranging between 3.46 and 9.74 µg/µL, and apparent DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation. This study indicates that Streptomyces sp. strains isolated from different soil habitats in the UAE can produce antimicrobial compounds that can treat microbial infections. In addition, some strains’ cytotoxicity suggests that they are producing bioactive compounds that can lead to drug discovery.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Leaf Ethl Acetate Extract Distance of Fence (Jatropha curcasL.) Against Bacteria Propionibacterium Acnes and Staphylococcus Aureus

Skin diseases are very easy to found in countries with a tropical climate. The climate that facilitate the development of bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Acne is a skin disease that occurs due to inflammation of the follicles polisebasea characterized by the presence of comedones, papules, pustules and nodules. Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that play a role in the pathogenesis of acne that will cause inflammation. The study was to determine the concentration of ethyl acetate extract of leaves of jatropha effectively inhibits the growth of bacteria Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. This study was experimental research that includes plant identification, manufacture of crude dru, ethyl acetate extract of jatropha, examination of the phytochemical screening, and test the antibacterial activity of extracts of jatropha leaves by the method of pitting using MHA media, the manufacture of the extract with maceration using solvent ethyl acetate. The results of phytochemical screening of Jatropha showed the presence of flavonoid compounds, alkaloids, saponins and tannins. The results of the antibacterial activity test showed that each concentration had an inhibitory response that was categorized as moderate to strong on Propionibacterium acnes bacteria with clear zone diameters of 10% (7.50mm), 20% (9.18mm), 30% (12.10mm), and 40% (15.16mm) in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a clear zone diameter of 10% (8.13mm), 20% (10.21mm), 30% (12.13mm), and 40% (15.53mm). The conclusion showed that the ethyl acetate extract of Jatropha leaves (Jatropha curcas L.) has antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus.

Cytotoxic Activity of the Ethyl Acetate Extract of Iraqi Carica papaya Leaves in Breast and Lung Cancer Cell Lines.

The ethyl acetate extract of Iraqi C. papaya leaves was prepared and tested for its phytochemical constitution. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazoline-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed in breast (MCF-7) and lung (A549) cells lines that were treated with different concentrations of ethyl acetate extract (3.125,6.25,12.5, 25, 50, and 100μg/ml). After 72 hrs of treatment, cell viability was evaluated. The ethyl acetate extract of C. papaya showed considerable cytotoxic activity in the MCF-7 and A549 cell lines. The activity was dose-dependent; The half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were 22.74μg/ml and 8.674 μg/ml in the MCF-7 and A549 cell lines, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction of Iraqi C. papaya leaves has potential anticancer activity in lung and breast cancer.

Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Effect of Averrhoa bilimbi Fruit Extracts Against Selected Bacteria

Introduction: Most diseases involving bacterial infections have caused high mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. However, the misuse of synthetic antibiotics in treatments has not only caused adverse effects on patients but also led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The escalating issue of antimicrobial resistance has led to the urgent need for new antimicrobial agents originating from natural resources. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi fruits against selected bacteria. Methods: The antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by disc diffusion method and microdilution broth method were respectively performed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the A. bilimbi extract against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579), as well as gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 13311)). Results: Initial screening for ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts showed inhibition against all microbes with the most significant effects on B. cereus at 16 and 11.67±1.15 mm, respectively. With MIC value of 7.81 mg/ml, the lowest concentration of ethyl acetate extract was required by S. aureus and B. cereus to inhibit their growth. For aqueous extract, the lowest MIC value of 31.25 mg/ml was observed to inhibit E. coli. Moreover, A. bilimbi fruit extracts also contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, tannins, and reducing sugars responsible for antibacterial activities. Conclusion: Therefore, A. bilimbi fruit extract with its potential antibacterial properties can be used as an alternative therapy to combat infectious diseases initiated by the selected pathogens.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI PADA EKSTRAK BIJI KURMA AJWA (Phoenix dactylifera L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus

In fectious diseases are one of the increasing health problems. Infections can be caused by viruses, fungi, parasites and bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive, pathogenic bacterium. The waste of date palms in various industrial processes is quite high, which is around 6.10-11.47% of the dates are the seeds. Therefore, alternative treatments using plants that have the potential to have antibacterial abilities were investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of antibacterial and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus. The method used is the diffusion method using a well. The results of the minimum inhibitory concentration of n-hexane extract of date palm seeds at a concentration of 25% with an inhibitory diameter of 10.09 mm, the results of the minimum inhibitory concentration of ethyl acetate extract of ajwa date palm seeds at a concentration of 0.19% with an inhibitory diameter of 11.19 mm and ethanol extract of ajwa date palm seeds. produces a minimum inhibitory concentration at a concentration of 0.19% with an inhibitory diameter of 17.77mm. The conclusions of the study showed that the most effective minimum inhibitory concentration of the three extracts of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol of ajwa date seeds is ajwa date seed extract with ethanol solvent because it falls into the category of strong antibacterial (10-20 mm) with an inhibitory zone diameter of 17.77 mm Keywords: A ntibacterial, Ajwa palm seed extract, KHM, Staphylococcus aureus

Efficacy of ethyl acetate extract of Alangium salviifolium fruit pericarp against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

Mosquitoes transmit major human diseases, resulting in millions of fatalities each year and the development of chemical insecticide resistance, leading to a rebound in vectorial capacity. Plants could be used as a mosquito repellent alternative. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biocontrol potentiality of ethyl acetate extract of fruit pericarp of Alangium salviifolium against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. 100% larval mortality was recorded after 72 h of exposure with 50, 40 ppm, and 30 ppm concentrations of ethyl acetate extract against 3rd instar mosquito larvae. The bioactive compound responsible for larval mortality was isolated by TLC (Rf value of 0.33). 3rd instar larvae were found to be the most susceptible (LC50 = 3.60 ppm) among all the instars and corresponding LC50 values were 4.45 ppm and 4.52 ppm for 2nd and 4th instars larvae respectively after 72 h of exposure. The mortality rate of all larval instars was directly proportional to the concentration of bioactive compounds. Three-way ANOVA analysis revealed that larval instars, the concentration of bioactive compound, and time of exposure had a significant effect on larval mortality. In the bioactive TLC fraction of A. salviifolium (Rf value of 0.33), FT-IR spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of numerous functional groups. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of Benzoyl bromide and 3-Amino -5 (2-Furyl) Pyrazole in the extract. The compounds were also studied on non-target organisms such as Anisops sardea, 4th instar larvae of Chironomus sp. and Diplonychus annulatum, and in all the cases no abnormalities were recorded.

Effect oflt;emgt; Croton zambescicuslt;/emgt; Muell Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) root extracts on aphrodisiac and fertility using Wistar rats and lt;emgt;Drosophila melanogaster lt;/emgt;models

Globally, infertility affects approximately 15% of sexually active couples with male factors accounting for 20% to 50% of all cases. Most of the researches on infertility have generally been focused on women and the available chemotherapies exhibit many adverse effects. This study was aimed at investigating the male fertility enhancing activities of Croton zambescicus root. Powdered sample of C. Zambescicus (CZ) root was macerated in methanol at room temperature for 72 hrs, the resulting extract (pilot methanol) was evaluated on Wistar rats for toxicity and male fertility enhancing potentials. The root powder was also successively macerated into n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol, and the extracts were investigated using Wistar rats (sperm indices) and Drosophila melanogaster [survival study, mating latency (ML), copulation duration (CD), fly emergence / % fertility] models. Mesterolone (10 mg/kg) and Sildenafil (2 mg/kg) were used as standards for Wistar rats and Drosophila models respectively. All data were analysed using Student T-test and Graph pad prism 5.02, level of significance was placed at p ≤ 0.05 Results showed that Croton zambescicus had LD50 of 1523.15 mg/kg bwt., survival study on successive extracts of CZ with drosophila showed that the extracts are safe above 400 mg/kg dose level. 200 mg/kg bwt. of CZ pilot methanol extract produced the most significant sperm count (117.40 ±7.28) when compared to the untreated group (83.27±3.51) and mesterolone (107 ± 5.08). All concentrations of ethyl acetate extract showed significant reduction in ML (p≤ 0.05 top ≤ 0.001) and better CD but 400mg/kg diet of ethyl acetate extract was the only significant concentration for copulation duration when compared to untreated group (1 ml of 0.1% Tween 80 per kg diet). Ethyl acetate extract showed highest % fertility increase (58.95± 4.03) in 400 mg/kg (p ≤ 0.001) relative to negative control (0.00 ± 0.48). Sildenafil (positive control) had significant mating latency and copulation duration but a non-significant % increase (6.10 ± 2.31) in fertility In this study, Croton Zambesicus root was proven to be effective in the regulation of fertility. However, the right choice of extracting solvent has to be made in using Croton zambesicus in the management of infertility.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Streptomyces sps Isolated from Muthupettai Mangrove Soil

Muthupet mangrove forest soil sediment was the abundant resource of the actinomycetes with distinct nature of bioactive compounds. The soil sediment was collected at 1-3meter away from bank. The present study was focused on isolation, identification and antimicrobial activity of the actinomycetes from Muthupet mangrove soil samples. Totally 32 actinomycetes strains was isolated and screened for antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Among 32 isolates 16 have antibacterial activity and 10 have antifungal activity but MG-3 and MG-4 showed maximum activity against both all the test pathogens. These two strains are gram-positive, rod-shaped, MG-3 possessing an earthy characteristic odour and MG-4 produce purple color pigment. The isolates were confirmed as Streptomyces sp. based on morphological, cultural, biochemical and physiological observations, as well as identification using the 16S rRNA gene sequence, it showed 98% similarity with Streptomyces parvus for MG-3 and Streptomyces californicus for MG-4. Bioactive compounds were extracted from Streptomyces using different solvents such as ethyl acetate, methanol, chloroform, hexane and antibacterial activities were assayed against test pathogens, ethyl acetate extract showed maximum zone of inhibition when compared with other solvents. The Minimum inhibitory concentration of ethyl acetate extract was found ranged between 1.96-3.9 μg/ml. The invitro antioxidant capacity of the crude extract was estimated by DPPH, ferric reducing power assay, H202 radical scavenging assay, phosphomolybdenum assay and total antioxidant activities. The characterization of crude extracts was analyzed by FTIR and GC-MS. From the results, it is clear that the ethyl acetate crude extract of S.parvus MG-3 and S.californicus MG-4 possesses high antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and suggested that the isolated strains could be a potential for the nature resource of pharmaceutical.

Antimicrobial Effects of Ethanol, Methanol and Ethyl Acetate Teucrium polium and Citrullus colocynthis extract on Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen in a wide range of infections, from urinary tract infections to bacteremia. Intrinsic resistance to antimicrobial agents in this bacterium worsens the condition of the treatment of infections caused by it. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate Teucrium polium Extract and Citrullus colocynthis on a p. aeruginosa isolated from Zabol hospital. P. aeruginosa specimens were collected from Zabol city. Plant extracts were prepared using a rotary machine and the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum trace concentration were determined by microdilution method. The lowest inhibitory concentration of methanolic extract of C. colocynthis against p. aeruginosa was 1.25 mg / ml while the lowest inhibitory concentration of ethyl acetate extract of C. colocynthis was 0.62 mg / ml, two strains were inhibited in this concentration and the highest inhibitory concentration was 5 mg, 6 strains of bacteria in this concentration has been restrained. The results of this study showed that watermelon extract of T. polium Extract and C. colocynthis have a significant antibacterial effect. Extract from this plant can be used to deal with specific pathogenic bacteria.
 

Bronchodilator activity of ethyl acetate extract of Nigella sativa

This study aims to investigate the mechanism(s) included in the bronchodilation effect exerted by Nigella sativa. Ethyl acetate extract (NS.EA) was prepared using a maceration method. Adult albino rats were recruited for thoracotomy and removal of the trachea. After cutting into pieces, the tissue was set in organ bath. The influence of cumulative concentrations of ethyl acetate extract was examined on contractile responses of isolated trachea to acetylcholine using different blockers such as Nifedipine (Ca2+channel blocker), Tetraethylammonium (Ca2+-activated K+ channel blocker), 4-aminopyridine (voltage-dependent K+ channel blocker), Glibenclamide (ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker), BaCl2 (inward rectifier K+ channel blocker), methylene blue (soluble gaunylate cyclase inhibitor) and indomethacin (non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor). Significant inhibition of bronchodilation was observed when tracheal rings were pretreated with indomethacin and BaCl2 with (P<0.001), and with methylene blue and nifedipine with (P<0.05). The IC50s were (5.635, 6.9, 7.86 and 4.987 mg/ml) respectively. Conversely, 4-AP, GLIB and TEA showed no significant changes in the bronchodilation induced by the extract. Therefore, The Emax value for indomethacin significantly reduced from 101.34 to 73.28%, BaCl2 from 53.62 to 30.31%, methylene blue from 55.78 to 38.94% and nifedipine from 101.34 to 80.88%. On the other hand, the Emax for 4-AP and GLIB were non-significantly reduced from 53.62 to 40.14 and 40.13% respectively; and TEA more or less unchanged to 54.34%. In general, ethyl acetate extract of N. sativa induces bronchodilation through four mechanisms (activation of Kir channel, non-selective cyclooxygenase and to lesser extent the soluble guanylate cyclase, and blockade of Ca2+ channel).

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN TENGGULUN (Protium javanicum Burm. F.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus

This study aims to examine the antibacterial activity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol extract of tenggulun leaves (Protium javanicum Burm. F.) in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus bacteria and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of the most active extracts and identify its active compounds. A total of 1000 g of tenggulun leaf powder was macerated with methanol and 91.78 g of crude methanol extract was obtained which was further partitioned into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol extracts. Antibacterial activity test was carried out using the diffusion well method and the result showed that the ethyl acetate extract at a concentration of 20% was strongly able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria with inhibition zones of 20.08 mm, followed by n-butanol 16.66 mm, and n-hexane 13.33 mm. The minimum concentration of ethyl acetate extract was 0.2% in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus with inhibition zone diameter of 6.20 mm. Separation of the active ethyl acetate extract was conducted by silica gel column chromatography with mobile phase of n-hexane: ethyl acetate (7.5: 2.5) gave 6 combined fractions. Fractions B, G, H and I showed antibacterial activity at concentrations of 50% with a diameter of inhibition zone of 5.62 mm, 6.87 mm, 8.50 mm, and 6.75 mm respectively. The results of mass spectra analysis from the chromatogram peaks of LC-MS / MS suggested that the G and I fractions were tentatively identified as crotarin, benzophenone-2, and medroxyprogesterone acetate which may contributed to the antibacterial activity by acting synergisticly. &#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: antibacterial, tenggulun, Staphylococcus aureus, LC-MS/MS.

Herbicidal activity of kidney leaf mud plantain leaves extracts on the germination of four species

Abstract Background: Plants synthesize compounds of specialized metabolism to defend themselves against biotic and abiotic stresses. These compounds could be used as models for pesticide development. Among the species that have not yet been studied for the potential to produce active compounds is the kidney leaf mud plantain (Heteranthera reniformis). Objective: The goal was to evaluate the effect of hexanic, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of H. reniformis leaves on cress (Lepidium sativum) seed germination to determine which one have the highest biological activity; and to evaluate different concentrations of extract with the highest biological activity on lettuce (Lactuca sativa), barnyard grass (Echinochloa sp.) and giant arrowhead (Sagittaria montevidensis) germination. Methods: The seeds were placed on petri dishes containing two sheets of germitest paper, and after the application of the extract, they were sealed and placed in growth chambers with controlled temperature and photoperiod. The variables analyzed were 1st and 2nd germination count, germination speed index and length of the aerial part and roots. Results: The ethyl acetate extract provided greater phytotoxicity on cress than the other extracts. In general, the highest concentration of ethyl acetate extract was the most efficient in reducing variables for all species. Conclusions: The ethyl acetate extract of H. reniformis presents inhibitory activity on the seeds of cress, lettuce, giant arrowhead and barnyard grass, but this activity was dependent on the concentration of the extract and the species studied. H. reniformis synthesizes compounds with phytotoxic activity and purification of extracts is required to isolate, identify and characterize the action mechanism of the compounds with herbicide activity, so that in the future these can be used as models for the development of herbicides.

PENENTUAN NILAI SPF EKSTRAK ETIL ASETAT DAUN MANGGA GEDONG MENGGUNAKAN SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV - VIS

One way that is done to reduce the negative impact of sunlight is by using sunscreen. Sunscreen can protect the skin by spreading sunlight or absorbing sunlight radiation energy that is about the skin. Phenolic compounds especially flavonoid groups have the potential as a sunscreen because of the chromophore group (single conjugated double bond) capable of absorbing UV light both UV A and UV B, thus reducing the intensity of the skin. Flavonoids have three properties of photoprotektor that is UV absorption, antioxidant properties, and modulate some DNA signaling pathways. The potential of sunscreen can be expressed with Sun Protection Factor (SPF). SPF is designated as UV protection B and is not specifically intended to resist UV A and UV C. The purpose of this research is to know the value of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) of ethyl acetate extract of mango gedong leaves using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Simplicia gedong mango leaves were extracted using ethyl acetate solvent by reflux. Gedong mango leaf extract identified flavonoid compound using 10% NaOH and H2SO4 (concentrated). Determination of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) value of med gedong leaf extract using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The concentration of ethyl acetate extract of mango gedong leaves used was 120 ppm, 240 ppm and 360 ppm. The SPF (Sun Protection Factor) values were analyzed using Mansur method. The result of identification of flavonoid compound showed that the extract of ethyl acetate of mango gedong leaves positively contain flavonoids, while the result of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) extract of ethyl acetate of mango gedong leaves was 5,556; 16,675 and 22,243. The SPF (Sun Protection Factor) extract of 5,556 muddy ethyl acetate leaves including moderate protection type, 16,675 and 22,243 including ultra-protection type when tested using UV-Vis spectrophotometry by Mansur method

The extracts ofAngelica sinensisinhibit lipid oxidation in fish erythrocytes and improve growth, digestive, absorptive and antioxidant capacity in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpiovar. Jian)

The study explored the effects of ethyl ether extract, ethyl acetate extract (EAE), acetone extract, ethanol extract and aqueous extract of Angelica sinensis (EAs) and ethoxyquin (EQ) on lipid oxidation in erythrocytes and growth, digestive, absorptive and antioxidant capacity in carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). The results indicated that EAs and EQ respectively at the concentrations of 0.5 and 0.25 mg/ml suppressed lipid oxidation by decreasing the generation of ROS and restoring the activities of antioxidants in hydroxyl radical‐treated erythrocytes. Of all of the examined EAs, EAE showed the strongest protective effects against lipid oxidation in carp erythrocytes. The antioxidant effects of EQ at the concentration of 0.25 mg/ml were stronger than that of EAE at the concentration of 0.5 mg/ml in fish erythrocytes. The antioxidative activities of EAs in carp erythrocytes were positively correlated with their phenols content. Moreover, dietary EAE raised growth performance in fish. The appropriate concentration of EAE for the growth of fish was estimated to be 3.544 g/kg diet. Dietary EAE increased digestive and absorptive capacity in carp and improved antioxidant capacity in copper‐treated carp. So, EAE could be used as a potential natural antioxidant and inhibitor of copper stress in fish.

Anti-cancer activity of an ethyl-acetate extract of the fruits of Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb. through an apoptotic signaling pathway in vitro

Abstract Objective To investigate the biochemical constituents of the fruits of Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (hereafter termed T. bellerica) and estimate the anti-cancer activity of different polar extracts. Methods To rapidly screen and identify the biochemical constituents of ethyl acetate (EA) extracts of T. bellerica, ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MSn) was done. The CellTiter-Blue™ cell-viability assay was used to ascertain the anti-cancer activity of different polar extracts in 10 human cancer cell lines. Results Forty polyphenols of the EA extract of T. bellerica were characterized tentatively. The EA extract exhibited significant anti-cancer activity against ZR-75-1 cells (half-maximal inhibitory concentration = 27.33 (0.98) μg/mL) and Colo-205 cells (39.65 (2.99) μg/mL) in vitro. Treatment of ZR-75-1 cells with 20 and 60 μg/mL of the EA extract elicited dose-dependent apoptosis percentages at an early stage of 17.58 (0.74) % and at a late stage of 29.20 (1.22) %; Colo-205 cells at the same concentration of EA extract had values of 21.33 (1.03) % and 40.55 (0.34) %, respectively. Western blotting suggested that ZR-75-1 and Colo-205 cells treated with the EA extract showed a similar increasing tendency for expression of cleaved anti-poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase I. Conclusion We identified a total of 40 chemical constituents, of which 11 were first obtained from the Terminalia Linn. genus using UPLC-ESI-MSn. Meanwhile, we observe that the EA extract of T. bellerica possesses anti-cancer activity, especially against breast and colon cancers.

Effects of Angelica sinensis extracts on lipid oxidation in fish feeds and growth performance of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian).

The study was to explore the effect of the extracts of Angelica sinensis (EAs) on lipid oxidation in fish feeds compared with ethoxyquin (EQ) and the effect of dietary EAs on growth performance of carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Firstly, fish feeds were respectively added with EQ, and ethyl ether extract, ethyl acetate extract (EAE), acetone extract, ethanol extract (EE) and aqueous extract (AQE) of Angelica sinensis, except for the control. The results showed that EAs and EQ inhibited lipid oxidation in fish feeds (P < 0.05). Of all of the examined EAs, EAE showed the strongest protective effects against lipid oxidation (P < 0.05). Moreover, EAE at high concentrations showed a stronger effect on lipid oxidation compared with EQ (P < 0.05). Then, 7 experimental diets respectively supplemented with 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 g/kg of EAE were fed to the respective treatment groups for 30 d. Four replicates were performed for each treatment group; 20 carp (mean weight: 12.10 ± 0.13 g) were in each replicate. The results indicated that dietary EAE improved the growth performance in carp (P < 0.05). The appropriate concentration of EAE for carp growth was estimated to be 3.643 g/kg diet. Thus, EAE could be used as a natural antioxidant in feeds for Jian carp.