Concentrations Of CuO NPs Research Articles

Enhanced properties of PBAT/TPS biopolymer blend with CuO nanoparticles for promising active packaging

Blending poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with thermoplastic starch (TPS) has been extensively investigated for cost reduction and better biodegradability. However, film blend showed poor thermal, mechanical and barrier properties. The feasibility of incorporating copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) at concentrations ranging from 0.05% to 2% to reinforce PBAT/TPS (70:30) films was studied. Melt flow index of the blend increased from 3.52 to 7.24 g/10 min as the CuONPs concentration increased, resulting in a decrease in torque during the blown-film extrusion. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction indicated that CuONPs were located in the TPS phase without modification of the crystalline structure. CuONP addition improved the thermal stability of PBAT/TPS by shifting the degradation temperature at T10% to a higher zone. During heat sealing, high conductivity of Cu promoted interfacial interactions across the film surfaces, resulting in stronger sealing. At 2% CuONPs, tensile strength increased by 29.1%, while Young’s modulus increased by 9.3% compared to PBAT/TPS. The hydrophilicity of TPS significantly reduced oxygen permeability of pristine PBAT by 28.7%, while low CuONP concentrations promoted the gas diffusion rate. Higher CuONP concentrations created more tortuous paths, increasing the oxygen barrier of the bionanocomposites to PBAT/TPS levels. Inclusion of CuONPs also improved the water vapor barrier property of PBAT/TPS films. The bionanocomposite film showed effective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (99.7% reduction). These findings suggest that the PBAT/TPS-CuO bionanocomposite film can be feasibly produced and used in food packaging to preserve the food quality and extend the shelf-life of product.

Bacteria assisted green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and their potential applications as antimicrobial agents and plant growth stimulants.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) have piqued the interest of agricultural researchers due to their potential application as fungicides, insecticides, and fertilizers. The Serratia sp. ZTB29 strain, which has the NCBI accession number MK773873, was a novel isolate used in this investigation that produced CuO-NPs. This strain can survive concentrations of copper as high as 22.5mM and can also remove copper by synthesizing pure CuO-NPs. UV-VIS spectroscopy, DLS, Zeta potential, FTIR, TEM, and XRD techniques were used to investigate the pure form of CuO-NPs. The synthesized CuO-NPs were crystalline in nature (average size of 22nm) with a monoclinic phase according to the XRD pattern. CuO-NPs were found to be polydisperse, spherical, and agglomeration-free. According to TEM and DLS inspection, they ranged in size from 20 to 40nm, with a typical particle size of 28nm. CuO-NPs were extremely stable, as demonstrated by their zeta potential of -15.4mV. The ester (C=O), carboxyl (C=O), amine (NH), thiol (S-H), hydroxyl (OH), alkyne (C-H), and aromatic amine (C-N) groups from bacterial secretion were primarily responsible for reduction and stabilization of CuO-NPs revealed in an FTIR analysis. CuO-NPs at concentrations of 50μgmL-1 and 200μgmL-1 displayed antibacterial and antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas sp. and pathogenic fungus Alternaria sp., respectively. The results of this investigation support the claims that CuO-NPs can be used as an efficient antimicrobial agent and nano-fertilizer, since, compared to the control and higher concentrations of CuO-NPs (100mgL-1) considerably improved the growth characteristics of maize plants.

Concurrent Tissue Engineering for Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats Utilizing Dual Actions of Green Synthesized CuO NPs Prepared from Two Plants Grown in Egypt.

Diabetes mellitus is among the disrupting factors of orchestrated events in wound healing. This necessitates the urge for tailored medications, which are continually offered by nano-sized materials. Herein, we present greenly synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), obtained from either Punica granatum L. (PG) or Pisidium guajava L. (GV) extract, to function as potent bactericidal and fungicidal materials that promote regeneration and healing of the targeted diabetic wounded tissues. PG or GV plant extracts were compared as source of reducing agents for CuO NPs synthesis process. The yield and photocatalytic degradation potential were compared. NPs obtained from the superior extract, PG, were characterized using particles size, zeta potential, XRD, TEM, SEM, and EDX. The antimicrobial effects were evaluated on multidrug-resistant human pathogens and then the percentage biofilm inhibitory concentration was determined. The cytotoxicity and wound scratch study were conducted on a normal human skin cell line. In-vivo wound healing activity in diabetic rats was assessed along with histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of CD45 and α-SMA. The greenly synthesized CuO NPs are spherical in shape having a diameter of 233nm. CuO NPs (250µg/mL) acted as promising biocontrol agent against a variety of multidrug-resistant human pathogens. They significantly exhibited 29.460±0.811% healing of the scratched wound compared to only 2.001±0.155% for the control. Wound healing experiments revealed the safety of a low CuO NPs concentration in a diabetic animal model as well as on human normal skin fibroblast cell line. The treated group with a dose of 2mg/cm2 showed superior results with a WC50 value of 7.2 days, and 92% wound contraction after 13-days. Immunohistochemical investigation of the same group demonstrated well-established fibrous tissue (5.7±3.7/HPF), and an amplified granulation tissue of recently developed blood vessels (70±1.5/HPF). Green synthesized CuO NPs could overcome drug resistance and promote wound healing process effectively.

Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using the Bombax ceiba plant: Biodiesel production and nano-additive to investigate diesel engine performance-emission characteristics

In this study, Bombax ceiba plant components, such as flowers and seeds, are successfully exploited as green sources in order to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and generate biodiesel. B. ceiba flower extract is used as a fuel-cum-reducing source for the CuO NPs synthesis through the solution combustion method. The CuO NPs were characterized through BET, FTIR, TEM, XRD, and FESEM. Particularly, the produced CuO NPs are utilized as reusable heterogeneous catalysts in the synthesis of biodiesel using a feedstock of B. ceiba oil. The maximum 95.6% biodiesel/Bombax ceiba methyl ester (BCME) is achieved at 3.5 wt% CuO NPs concentration, 60 °C temperature, an 11:1 methanol to oil (M/O) molar ratio, and a 50-min reaction time. The CuO NPs demonstrated good reusability through a negligible loss of biodiesel yield. The BCME production is consistent with a pseudo-first order reaction, with a 43.74 kJ/mol of activation energy (Ea) and 1.7 × 105 min−1 of frequency factor (A). The synthesized biodiesel is characterized through FTIR, and the fuel characteristics were estimated consistent with the ASTM 6751 standards. The metrics of green chemistry were also estimated. Further, the CuO NPs obtained through the green method are used as additives in diesel engines to study the performance and emission characteristics of the BCME diesel blend (BCME20). The CuO NPs were dispersed into the BCME-20 at varying concentrations of 50 ppm and 100 ppm. The results revealed that the brake thermal efficiency of BCME20CuO100 fuel is 2.5% higher than that of BCME20, and the reduction in BSFC is 8.3%. The engine emissions, such as HC (36.35%) and CO (43.90%) were considerably lowered when compared to BCME-20. The NOx emission of BCME20CuO100 is 5.94% lower than BCME20 and higher than diesel fuel. Further, the smoke emissions obtained for diesel, BCME20, BCME20CuO50, and BCME20CuO100 are 31%, 28%, 23%, and 18%, respectively.

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) doping on the surface of CuO-NPs reduces the toxic effects of NPs on Lactuca sativa

CuO Nanoparticles (CuO NPs) retard the plant growth but at appropriate concentration boosts shoot growth and therefore may function as nano-carrier or nano-fertilizer. To overcome the toxic effects, NPs can be capped with plant growth regulators. In this work, CuO-NPs (30 nm) were synthesized as the carrier and capped with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to generate CuO-IAA NPs (30.4 nm) as toxicity mitigant molecules. Seedlings of dicots, Lactuca sativa L. (Lettuce) were exposed to 5, 10 mg Kg−1/ of NPs in the soil to analyze shoot length, fresh and dry weight of shoots, phytochemicals, and antioxidant response. Toxicity to shoot length was recorded at higher concentrations of CuO-NPs, however, a reduction in toxicity was observed for CuO-IAA nanocomposite. Concentration-dependent decrease in the biomass of plants was also observed at higher concentrations of CuO-NPs (10 mg/kg). The antioxidative phytochemicals (phenolics and flavonoids) and antioxidative response increased in plants when exposed to CuO-NPs. However, the presence of CuO-IAA NPs combats the toxic response and a significant decrease in non-enzymatic antioxidants and total antioxidative response and total reducing power potential was observed. The results demonstrate that CuO-NPs can be used as a carrier of hormones for the enhancement of plant biomass and IAA on the surface of NPs reduces the toxic effects on NPs.

Biological effect of copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized by Saccharomyces boulardii against of multidrug resistant bacteria isolated from diabetic foot infections

Objective: In this study, copper oxide nanoparticles are produced using the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii in order to assess their biological activity. The biological method of producing nanoparticles is gaining popularity due to its benefits over chemical and physical ways of synthesis in terms of affordability and environmental friendliness. Methods: To biosynthesize CuO NPs, copper sulfate was introduced at a concentration to S. boulardii’s cell-free supernatant. Results: The color change of the reaction mixture from light to dark after 150 rpm incubation, as well as the color change and antibacterial behavior, were indicators of S. bularedii’s biosynthesis of CuO NPs. The characterization completed by UV-visible spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and X-ray diffraction (AFM). The CuO NP absorption spectra in the reaction mixture’s UV-visible spectroscopy were (537.93 nm). The XRD showed that CuO NPs’ crystal size was (14.65 nm). The SEM was provided; the shape was uniform and spherical, and the average size (16.03 nm). EDS was used to analyze the presence of elemental CuO NPs. The CuO NPs’ three-dimensional structure was seen by the AFM, and their average diameter was (41.11 nm). The FTIR spectrum reveals a variety of functional groups that are present at various locations. Gram positive and gram negative bacteria that were isolated from diabetic foot infections were multidrug resistant (MDR), and biosynthesized CuO NPs demonstrated antibacterial action against these bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis). In the form of biofilm using a microtiter plate and treated by nanoparticles, all of the examined bacterial isolates demonstrated their capacity to form biofilm. The harmful bacteria when treated with CuO NPs this capacity was inhibited and eradicated. The concentrations of CuO NPs (1 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml, 0.25 mg/ml, and 0.12 mg/ml) revealed their antioxidant activity in vitro by scavenging DPPH free radicals; the mixture of DPPH and biogenic CuO NPs at this concentration had the highest inhibition titer (72.44%).

Evaluation of Toxicity Induced by Engineered CuO Nanoparticles in Freshwater Fish, Labeo rohita

With the fast development of industries relevant to nanotechnology, the inappropriate disposal of nanoproducts may initiate a new source of pollution in aquatic ecosystems, thus posing a possible danger to aquatic life. This study evaluated the eco-toxicological effects of waterborne copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) having a 32.84nm size and rod shape on a freshwater fish, Labeo rohita. 96-h LC50 of CuO-NPs was 353.98mg/L. Two sub-lethal concentrations equivalent to 1/3rd and 1/5th LC50/96h (70.79 and 117.99 mg/L) of CuO-NPs were selected for 15, 30, and 45-day exposure tests. Bioaccumulation for the 1/3rd 96h LC50 was significantly higher compared to 1/5th of 96-h LC50 of CuO-NPs. There was a sharp decrease in the CAT activity and this decline ultimately increased the TBARS contents. The highest percentage of damaged nuclei and genetic damage index in fish erythrocytes was recorded at the highest concentration and after 45 days of treatment. The adverse effects of CuO-NPs were examined to be dose and duration dependent with increasing extent during all studied time intervals. Summarizing, exposure to sublethal concentrations of CuO-NPs is sufficient to cause alterations in ecotoxicological endpoints such as metal overload, oxidative stress and genotoxicity after chronic exposure.

Preparation of simple biodegradable, nontoxic, and antimicrobial PHB/PU/CuO bionanocomposites for safely use as bioplastic material packaging

AbstractPlastic waste in Egypt is causing a problem. An innovative solution to reduce this pollution is inevitable. Microalgae were considered a new resource for developing biobased bioplastics. This study aims to prepare a simple biodegradable film able to use in packaging and from polyurethane (PU) nanocomposite with Poly 3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in the presence of various concentrations of CuO-NPs. The Poly 3-hydroxybutyrate compounds were extracted from the dominant microalgal species in High rate algal pond Microcystis sp. Algal extracts have antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Films prepared from PHB, and PU showed no cytotoxic impact on human tumor cell lines in terms of cell viability. The mechanical properties of the films were studied, and it was found that the final contact angle values were improved from 77° to 87° as CuO-NPs loading raised from 2 to 4%, respectively. XRD displays no difference in the intensity of CuO-NPs peaks by increasing CuO-NPs loading in the PHB/PU matrix. FTIR spectra of all blends were recorded in the range of 400 to 4000 cm−1. Tensile properties were improved with the addition of 40 wt.% PHB.

Transcriptome analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms of Phragmites australis tolerance to CuO-nanoparticles and/or flood stress induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

The molecular mechanism of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) for the purification of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) contaminated wastewater remains unclear. In this study, transcriptome analysis was used to explore the effect of AMF inoculation on the gene expression profile of Phragmites australis roots under different concentrations of CuO-NPs and/or flood stress. 551, 429 and 2281 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were specially regulated by AMF under combined stresses of CuO-NPs and flood, single CuO-NPs stress and single flood stress, respectively. Based on the results of DEG function annotation and enrichment analyses, AMF inoculation under CuO-NPs and/or flood stress up-regulated the expression of a number of genes involved in antioxidant defense systems, cell wall biosynthesis and transporter protein, which may contribute to plant tolerance. The expression of 30 transcription factors (TFs) was up-regulated by AMF inoculation under combined stresses of CuO-NPs and flood, and 44 and 44 TFs were up-regulated under single CuO-NPs or flood condition, respectively, which may contribute to the alleviating effect of symbiosis on CuO-NPs and/or flood stress. These results provided a theoretical basis for enhancing the ecological restoration function of wetland plants for metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) by mycorrhizal technology in the future.

The comprehensive effect of copper oxide nanoparticles on the physiology of the diatom microalga Thalassiosira weissflogii.

The high rate of production and use of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) results in its accumulation in the environment. However, the effect of large quantities of CuO NPs on aquatic ecosystems is not fully known. In aquatic ecosystems, phytoplankton is the primary producer of organic matter and the basis of all the trophic interactions; accordingly, the potential effect of CuO NPs on the microalgae community is of great concern. This study established the main patterns of changes in morphological, structural, functional, fluorescent and cytometric parameters in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii after adding CuO NPs to the medium at concentrations of 250-2500μgL-1. As shown, the investigated pollutant has cytotoxic, genotoxic and mechanical effect on the microalga covering almost all the aspects of cell functioning. A two-fold decrease in the culture abundance relative to the control is observed at the toxicant content of 550μgL-1 in the medium. At CuO NPs content above 750μgL-1, a pronounced inhibition of the alga growth is recorded, as well as a decrease in the efficiency of its photosynthetic apparatus, a disturbance of membrane integrity, an increase in cell volume, a rise in abundance of dead/inactive cells in the culture, enlargement and deformation of nuclei, an increase in reactive oxygen species production, and depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane. Our results show that high CuO NPs concentrations in water can cause serious disruptions in phytoplankton functioning and in equilibrium of aquatic ecosystems in general.

One Pot Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for Efficient Antibacterial Activity.

The unique semiconductor and optical properties of copper oxides have attracted researchers for decades. However, using fruit waste materials such as peels to synthesize the nanoparticles of copper oxide (CuO NPs) has been rarely described in literature reviews. The main purpose of this part of the research was to report on the CuO NPs with the help of apple peel extract under microwave irradiation. Metal salts and extracts were irradiated at 540 W for 5 min in a microwave in a 1:2 ratio. The crystallinity of the NPs was confirmed by the XRD patterns and the crystallite size of the NPs was found to be 41.6 nm. Elemental mapping of NPs showed homogeneous distributions of Cu and O. The NPs were found to contain Cu and O by EDX and XPS analysis. In a test involving two human pathogenic microbes, NPs showed antibacterial activity and the results revealed that the zone of inhibition grew significantly with respect to the concentration of CuO NPs. In a biofilm, more specifically, NPs at 25.0 µg/mL reduced mean thickness and biomass values of S. aureus and E. coli biofilms by >85.0 and 65.0%, respectively, with respect to untreated controls. In addition, environmentally benign materials offer a number of benefits for pharmaceuticals and other biomedical applications as they are eco-friendly and compatible.

Phytogenic Fabrication of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for Antibacterial and Antioxidant Screening: Physico-Chemical Study

Bergenia ciliata (B. ciliate) leaf extract was used as a capping and stabilizing agent to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). The selection of B. ciliate is purely based on its rich phytochemical composition and less utilization in green chemistry. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the CuO NPs were found to be highly crystalline, while the irregular morphology and other structural properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the average particle size was found to be 50.05 nm. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy was used to determine the percentage composition and purity, whereas Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was utilized to examine the surface functional groups. CuO NPs were tested for their antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the activity was found to increase with an increasing concentration of CuO NPs in the wells. The dose-dependent antioxidant potential is slightly higher than ascorbic acid.

Resistance of <i>Rhodococcus ruber</i> biofilms to CuO nanoparticles depending on exopolymer matrix composition

Background. The widespread use of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) increases their release into the environment, which leads to accumulation in trophic chains. Bacterial biofilms are more resistant to physico-chemical factors compared to planktonic cells due to an exopolymer matrix (EPM) consisting of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Rhodococcus actinobacteria are promising for environmental biotechnology due to biodegradation of petroleum products, pesticides and other organic pollutants, as well as bioaccumulation of heavy metals. The aim. To investigate effects of CuO NPs on the viability of Rhodococcus ruber IEGM 231 cells in biofilms and the dynamics of EPM components. Methods. R. ruber biofilms were grown on microscopy cover glass with CuO NPs and EPM components were studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) by differentiating staining with LIVE/DEAD to determine the number of living and dead cells, Nile Red for lipids, FITC for proteins and Calcofluor White for betapolysaccharides. Results. It was found that R. ruber biofilms grown in a mineral medium with1.0 vol.% n-hexadecane are more resistant to CuO NPs compared to biofilms growing in a rich culture medium (meat-peptone broth). This was due to more intensive EPM formation, which plays a major role in protecting cells from the bactericidal action of nanometals. A weak stimulating effect of a low (0.001 g/l) concentration of CuO NPs on biofilm formation was registered. Dynamics and localization of main EPM components were monitored during prolonged (24–72 h) biofilm cultivation with CuO NPs. When exposed to high (0.01–0.1 g/l) concentrations of CuO NPs, a consistently high lipid content and an increase in concentrations of polysaccharides and proteins were revealed. Conclusion. Understanding the complex interaction mechanisms of nanometals and biofilms will contribute to the development of effective biocatalysts based on immobilized bacterial cells. Also, the obtained data can be used to combat unwanted biofilms with the help of metal nanoparticles.

Facile synthesis and optimization of CuONPs using Illicium verum & Polianthes tuberosa and their anticancer activity

• The Copper oxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using extract of Star anise and Polianthes Tuberosa. • The plant material used was successfully acted as reducing agent, stabilizing and capping agents. • Synthesized Copper oxide nanoparticles were characterized by FT-IR, Ultraviolet–visible SEM & XRD techniques. • The size of the Copper oxide nanocrystals was 25.40 nm and 32.7 nm structure was monoclinic end-centered. • SEM analysis results sphere like shape and morphology for Copper oxide nanoparticles. • Showed significant anticancer activity against MM2 cancer cell line. Cancer has considered the second most deadly disease and causes more deaths in human beings without any age factors. Nowadays research is going on finding a potential drug to cure cancer. Especially nanoparticles are used for this process. In our research, we prepared CuONPs using an extract of Illicium verum and Polianthes tuberosa. Synthesized CuONPs have been characterized by using FT-IR, Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopic techniques, SEM, TEM& XRD techniques. The structure and size of the Copper oxide nanocrystals have been obtained from XRD analysis. The sizesof the Copper oxide nanocrystals have been found25.40 nm and 32.7 nm. XRD analysis results end-centered monoclinic structure of copper oxide nanocrystals. The sizes of CuONPs results from SEM have been 37.78 nm and 17.8 nm. The anticancer activity of CuONPs was tested against MM2 cell lines and showed significant activity. The results revealed that about 50 % of the cell viability (IC 50 ) was found to be at a 25 μg/mL concentration of CuONPs. Similarly, for CuONPs using Polianthes tuberosa , 50 % of the cell viability (IC 50 ) was found to be at a 20 μg/mL concentration of CuONPs. In the future, it could be used for further anticancer studies and drug discovery processes.

Highly Antifungal Activity of Biosynthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles against Candida albicans.

Candida albicans (ATCC SC5314) was exposed to biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) to determine their inhibitory capacity. Nanoparticles were polydisperse of small size (5.8 ± 3.5 nm) with irregular shape. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against C. albicans was 35.5 µg/mL. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of C. albicans was verified when exposed to different concentrations of CuONPs. Ultrastructural analysis of C. albicans revealed a high concentration of CuONPs in the cytoplasm and outside the cell; also, nanoparticles were detected within the cell wall. Cytotoxic analyses using fibroblasts (L929), macrophages (RAW 264.7), and breast (MCF-12) cell lines show good results of cell viability when exposed at the MIC. Additionally, a hemocompatibility analysis was carried out and was found to be below 5%, considered the threshold for biocompatibility. Therefore, it is concluded that the biosynthesized CuONPs have a high potential for developing a topical antifungal treatment.

Pulmonary Toxicity and Proteomic Analysis in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluids and Lungs of Rats Exposed to Copper Oxide Nanoparticles.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were intratracheally instilled into lungs at concentrations of 0, 0.15, and 1.5 mg/kg bodyweight to 7-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and oxidative stress were evaluated, followed by proteomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lungs of rats. The CuO NPs-exposed groups revealed dose-dependent increases in total cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lactate dyhydrogenase, and total protein levels in BALF. Inflammatory cytokines, including macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α, were increased in the CuO NPs-treated groups. The expression levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase-1, and peroxiredoxin-2 were downregulated, whereas that of superoxide dismutase-2 was upregulated in the CuO NPs-exposed groups. Five heat shock proteins were downregulated in rats exposed to high concentrations of CuO NPs. In proteomic analysis, 17 proteins were upregulated or downregulated, and 6 proteins were validated via Western blot analysis. Significant upregulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase and fidgetin-like 1 and downregulation of annexin II, HSP 47 and proteasome α1 occurred in the CuO NPs exposed groups. Taken together, this study provides additional insight into pulmonary cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity as well as oxidative stress in rats exposed to CuO NPs. Proteomic analysis revealed potential toxicological biomarkers of CuO NPs, which also reveals the toxicity mechanisms of CuO NPs.

Efficacy of Biological Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Controlling Damping-Off Disease and Growth Dynamics of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Plants

One of the most prevalent diseases affecting sugar beet crops globally is damping-off disease, which is caused by fungi or soil-borne bacteria. The objective of the current study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of various concentrations of CuO-NPs against Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Pectobacterium carotovorum in a lab setting and how they influenced vegetative growth, physiological traits, antioxidant enzymes, disease incidence percentage, and mineral nutrients of sugar beet plants in a greenhouse experiment. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris cv. Oscar poly) seeds were soaked in different concentrations (50, 100, and 150 µg L−1) of the tested NPs for two hours pre-sowing. According to in vitro studies, as compared to aqueous copper sulphate and control, CuO-NPs at 25, 35, and 100 µg mL−1 had the greatest inhibitory effect (100%) on the mycelial growth of M. phaseolina, F. oxysporum, and P. carotovorum, respectively. Results from the greenhouse experiment showed that the 150 µg mL−1 concentration produced the greatest reduction in disease incidence %, with efficacy values of 24.53, 13.25, and 23.59% for F. oxysporum, M. phaseolina, and P. carotovorum, respectively. In addition, as compared to untreated control plants, the same concentration of CuO-NPs significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the vegetative development, physiological characteristics, antioxidant enzymes, and mineral nutrients of sugar beet plants. Therefore, the antimicrobial activity demonstrated by the biosynthesized CuO NPs indicates that they can resist plant pathogenic microorganisms of sugar beet plants.

Biosynthesis of Eudrilus eugeniae vermi wash based enzyme decorated copper oxide nanoparticles towards seed germination of green gram

The present investigation explore the biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) by simple Co-precipitation method using Eudrilus eugeniae vermi wash and its applications to the seed germination of green gram (Vigna radiata). UV–Visible Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirm the formation of CuO and its interaction with the functional group of enzymes present in the vermin wash. X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy; Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis reveals the crystalline structure morphology, and elements of the CuO NPs. In order to evaluate the bio-potential properties of CuO NPs, a seed germination studies were carried out with green gram (V. radiata) with different concentrations of CuO NPs, and the result reveals that CuO NPs show a positive influence on the germination of green gram.

Root cell wall remodeling mediates copper oxide nanoparticles phytotoxicity on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Root cell wall (RCW) remodeling induced by copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and its consequences for root growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were investigated in this study. The results showed that a low concentration of CuO NPs (5 mg L−1) stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, led to the degradation of pectin by H2O2, and promoted root elongation by 22.1% by triggering RCW loosening. However, under treatment with a high concentration of CuO NPs (450 mg L−1), the unordered distribution of pectin homogalacturonan enhanced cell wall adhesion. Also, the increased xyloglucan and the decreased xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) activities caused cell wall stiffening, making it difficult for lettuce roots to extend. Meanwhile, the contents of hemicellulose and low-methylated pectin were increased remarkably due to the downregulation of the encoding genes XTH15, XTH17, XTH31 and the upregulation of PME3, which provided abundant binding sites of RCW with CuO NPs. In addition, the accelerated development of the apoplastic barrier and root lignification blocked the absorption of CuO NPs, and the endodermal cell walls were doubled in thickness, greatly enhancing their retention capacity to CuO NPs. Taken together, the above findings suggest that CuO NPs have concentration-dependent effects on lettuce roots, which are associated with plant tolerance and mediated by RCW remodeling.

The Effect of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.) Spermatozoa Motility after Incubation with Contaminants.

The study aimed to analyse the effect of copper nanoparticles of similar particle size of Cu and CuO and copper ions (CuSO4) on the motility parameters of rainbow trout spermatozoa after long-term exposure and compare its harmful effect. Nanoproducts of Cu and CuO (Cu NPs, CuO NPs) of primary particle size around 50 nm and ionic solution of CuSO4 were used for the study. Suspension of concentrations 0, 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 mg Cu·L−1 of Cu NPs, CuO NPs, and CuSO4 was dissolved in an artificial seminal plasma. Milt was mixed with the prepared solution and stored in a fridge, at 6 °C, for 96 h. At the defined incubation time, spermatozoa were activated for movement, and six motility parameters were evaluated using an automated system (CASA). Increasing concentrations of Cu NPs, CuO NPs, and CuSO4 in an incubation medium in parallel decreased the percentage of motile sperm (MOT). The effect of Cu NPs and ionic copper on MOT was more deleterious than that of CuO NPs. Copper products slightly increased the velocity (VCL) compared to the control, particularly up to 24 h of storage. Linearity (LIN) was improved by three tested products, particularly CuO NPs. Generally, the motility duration was prolonged when the sperm was incubated with copper products compared to the control. Nanoproducts made from different compounds of the same elements of similar particle size have a different effect on cells. Cu NPs were more harmful than CuO NPs. The effect of Cu NPs was similar to an ionic form of CuSO4. When incubated, the copper nanoproducts and ionic form exert a slightly positive effect on spermatozoa velocity, linearity, and motility duration, particularly up to 24 h of storage.