Biochemical Oxygen Demand Concentrations Research Articles

Analysis of Leachate of Soil Water Pollution Using Geo-electrical Methods in Final Processing Place (TPA) Regional Sarbagita

A research about analysis of leachate of soil water pollution using geo-electrical methods in final processing place (TPA) regional sarbagita has been conducted. The measurements were made on 4 tracks by using a Naniura NDR 300HF resistivity meter. The results show on track 1 and track 2 indicate there is a leachate with a resistivity value ranging from 2.67 to 5.74 ?m and 3.15 to 9.19 ?m respectively, on track 3 indicate that the distribution of leachate has decreased compared to paths 1 and 2, on the 3 leachate path there are only certain points with resistivity values ranging from 6.57 to 9.66 ?m. Measurement results on track 4 the resistivity is greater than 10 ?m, this indicates that on track 4 there is no leachate pollution. The results of the analysis of well water samples which are located right on tracks indicating the content of BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), COD (chemical oxygen demand), Cyanide (CN), Lead (Pb), E. coli and coliform which exceeded the quality standard limits.

Minimal adverse impact of discharging polluted effluents to rivers with selective locations

The disposal of sewage from human activities remains a challenge in developing countries due to relatively high treatment costs. Untreated or poorly treated sewage is therefore commonly discharged to streams, lakes, and coastal oceanic waters. The location of discharges of polluted effluents to rivers can be managed to reduce adverse environmental impacts. This study presents a relative-preference method for siting sewage discharge locations on a river considering biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) impacts. River water quality is simulated for different levels of BOD concentration using the QUAL-2 K water-quality model. Results of these simulations are compared to each other with a relative-preference function that selects polluted-effluent discharge locations to lessen the degradation of riverine water quality. The selection of the discharge locations takes into account input from regulatory agencies and other pertinent environmental organizations to achieve the least damage to receiving waters. The relative-preference method is applied to the Karoon river between Gotvand dam and Shooshtar city, Iran. The results show the best locations for discharging the new polluted effluent are at the upstream and downstream portions of the considered river reach. Locations at kilometer 35 and its vicinity had the lowest values of the relative preference function making them the most unsuitable points for discharging the sewage effluent.

Impact of the wastewater-mixing zone on attenuation of pharmaceuticals in natural waters: Implications for an impact zone inclusive environmental risk assessment

The direct discharge of untreated wastewater has been identified as an important source of environmental contamination by active pharmaceutical ingredients and other ‘down-the-drain’ chemicals in developing countries. It necessitates the development of an environmental risk assessment approach for the resulting impact zone. This study was designed to investigate the impact of low level of dilution (<10) on the natural attenuation processes of distribution and degradation within the impact zone. Dilution of the untreated wastewater resulted in increased desorption and corresponding environmental concentrations. The presence/absence of the microbial population in the batches affected the degree of sorption depending on the compound charge (i.e. positive or negative), highlighting an experimental technical bias. The degradation half-lives of acebutolol and diclofenac increased with increasing dilution and resulted in higher environmental persistence. The modelling of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) allowed an estimate of the temporal end boundary of the impact zone to be predicted as 24h. Therefore, it was concluded that most of the investigated compounds would persist beyond the end of the impact zone as defined by the return to environmental BOD concentrations. It is proposed that, within environmental risk assessment protocols, the impact zone should be considered as a semi-natural wastewater treatment area in such a way to allow the estimate of environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals beyond its end.

Analysis of water quality in the watershed Brazilian semiarid

Water is a renewable natural resource, important for maintenance of life on the entire planet. Even with this significance is a feature that has been degraded and reduced the quality to use. In the Brazilian semi-arid region water scarcity by influencing the quality of life of the population, directly affecting the socio-economic and development means. In this context, the present research was conducted aiming to evaluate the water quality in the watershed Brazilian semiarid. The survey was conducted in three watersheds (Capibaribe river, Ipojuca river and Igarassu river) in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Water Quality Index (WQI) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) annual averages of the year 2006 to 2015. In Capibaribe river watershed the largest concentrations of BOD occurred in 213, 2014 and 2015, with average was 4.95 mg/L. By increasing the BOD value there is a reduction of WQI. The Igarassu river, it was verified that from 2006 to 2014 the hydrographic basin has water quality classified as good. The BOD in the waters of the Ipojuca river has little influence on the water quality index.There is a degradation on the quality of water of basins due mainly to anthropic pollution.

Responses of stream water quality concentrations to vegetative cover variation in Muar River watershed

ABSTRACTAnalysis of the historical land-cover of Muar River watershed has shown that forest and agriculture are the dominant land-covers over the last three decades. This information was used to evaluate the relationship between the vegetative landscape variation to stream water quality concentrations which was to provide an insight for management of water quality under humid tropical climate. Three out of the six water quality variables simulated using the hydrological simulation program FORTRAN (HSPF) model are sensitive to change in vegetative land-covers which include; biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), and orthophosphate (PO4) concentrations. However, total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations remain insensitive. Further analysis shows that patch density (PD) has a little impact on BOD, NO3-N, and PO4 concentrations compared to edge density (ED), largest patch index (LPI), and landscape shape index (LSI) under varied landscape conditions. However, large ED, LPI, and LSI indices in both forest and agriculture will result to increase in BOD, NO3-N, and PO4 concentrations. Therefore, adequate knowledge of the responses of the water quality concentrations to landscape pattern and its dynamics can serve as an alternative solution to stream water quality deterioration in an abundant rainfall region.

Investigation of Water Quality and Fish Status of Karimganj Haor Area in Kishoreganj

The study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical parameters and anionic constituents in water of the haor area of Karimganj during the period from October to December 2016. The water samples were collected from 3 different sampling stationsas St-1 (Bailabeel), St-2 (Ummabeel) and St-3 (Alkharabeel) for analyzing the temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), alkalinity, hardness, fluoride (F-), chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), nitrite (NO2 -) , nitrate (NO3 -), and sulphate (SO4 2-) in water. The study also assessed the fish status of the Karimganjhaor area. The result of the study showed that the mean temperature (26.2 °C) of water was within the standard limit. The mean EC and TDS contents were 555 μS/cm and 526 mg/l, respectively which was satisfactory level for aquatic organisms. The mean DO (6.7 mg/l) content was favorable but BOD (2.7 mg/l) content indicated some extent of organic waste pollution. The mean pH and alkalinity were 7.30 and 338 mg/l, respectively indicated alkaline condition in haor water, and whereas hardness was 122 mg/l revealed that the water was suitable for fish production. The mean concentration of F-, Cl-, Br-, NO2 - , NO3 -, and SO4 2- were 0.35, 130.3, 0.16, 3.38, 34.84 and 85.60 mg/l, respectively depicted that the water were poorly improvised with these anionic constituents.J. Environ. Sci. &amp; Natural Resources, 10(2): 19-27 2017

ASSESSMENT OF HYDRO-ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION USING NUMERICAL MODELING IN DIBAWAH LAKE, WESTERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA

This study investigates the hydro-environmental condition of Dibawah Lake, Province of WesternSumatra, Indonesia, using a finite element model called the Surface-water Modeling System (SMS). The aimis to present the parameters distribution in the existing condition and a year later. Field measurements arecarried out to supply data for the domain input, boundary conditions, and model validation. The fieldmeasurements are lake-bed elevation, water level, current flow, and contaminant quantity measurements. Thecontaminant measurements are carried out to collect biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), sulfide, and totalsuspended sediment (TSS). The existing flow model is validated by current flow and water elevation field data.The validation shows a decent agreement. The result of water quality modeling, using the water quality moduleof SMS called RMA4, shows that after a year the BOD content is still in an acceptable proportion, which isless than 2 mg/liter. However, it is found that the sulfide content exceeds the limit defined by the governmentregulation, at over 0.002 mg/liter. In the sedimentation model generated by the module in SMS called SED2D,the maximum bed change obtained is around 15 cm, located at the inlet of two rivers connected to the lake.The proposed mitigation of the current research findings is to control the use of fertilizer around the lakewatershed area with the aim of lowering the sulfide content and to maintain the lake bed elevation by routinedredging, particularly in the river inlets.

NUMERICAL MODEL OF SEDIMENTATION AND WATER QUALITY IN KERINCI LAKE

A study of Kerinci Lake in the Province of Jambi, Sumatera Island of Indonesia, is conducted to formulate future actions to conserve the area. The purpose of the study is to investigate the distribution of four parameters [total suspended sediment (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), and phosphate]. The study includes field measurements and a numerical model, resulting in a time series of spatial distributions of the hydro-environmental parameters mentioned. The numerical model is driven by discharges from six rivers and generated using a Surface-water Modeling System (called SMS). SMS consists of modules RMA2 for flow modeling, RMA4 for contaminant transport modeling, and SED2D for sedimentation modeling. The result of RMA2 shows an acceptable agreement with the water level and current velocity field measurement data. The model is then developed into a sedimentation and water quality model using SED2D and RMA4, resulting in a yearly change of the investigated parameters. The results show that Tebing Tinggi River outlet has the biggest yearly bed change of around 0.3 m, caused by the high TSS value in the river. The water quality model shows that the BOD, DO, and phosphate concentrations of Merao River outlet are as expected as it has significantly bigger discharges than the other rivers. It is recommended that local authorities provide wastewater treatment facilities, particularly in Merao River, to maintain the sustainability of Kerinci Lake.

Effect of operating parameters on the performance of wastewater treatment plant (Case study: The south of Tehran wastewater treatment)

Despite the fact that there are wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) currently operational across Iran and great advances have been made in this area, there are still problems in the design, construction, and operation of WWTPs with large nonlinear systems, varying flow rates, and pollution charges. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of operating parameters including the return activated sludge (RAS) ratio, internal recycle (IR) ratio and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in an activated sludge system for the Modules 5&6 of the Southern Tehran WWTP. This study designed and simulated a plant based on the activated sludge model No.1 (ASM1) to determine the factors affecting wastewater treatment systems; then, the kinetic parameters were measured. The kinetic parameters such as the yield coefficient (Y), decay coefficient (Kd), maximum specific growth rate (K), and saturation constant (Ks) were in the range of 0.303-0.331g/g, 0.030-0.033d-1, 1.65-1.93d-1 and 37.6-44.92mg/l, respectively. The RAS ratios, IR ratios, and DO concentration varied from 0.2 to 2, 1 to 3.5, and 0.27 to 3.54 mg/l, respectively. The amount of RAS had the greatest impact on the effluent. The amounts of IR and DO concentration had no significant effect on the concentration of the five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS) in the effluent. After the RAS, the amount of IR had the most direct effect on reducing the effluent total nitrogen (TN) concentration. As a result, the overall removal efficiency increased up to 75% when the IR rate was 200% of the influent flow rate, the RAS rate was 90% of the influent flow rate, and the DO concentration in the first aeration unit was 2 mg/l considering the aeration cost. Therefore, proper operating parameters can provide the best quality of effluent that meets environmental standards.

A review and recent developments on strategies to improve the photocatalytic elimination of organic dye pollutants by BiOX (X=Cl, Br, I, F) nanostructures

The main environmental problems associated with water body pollution are typically those caused by the discharge of untreated effluents released by various industries. Wastewater from the textile dye industry is itself a large contributor and contains a huge number of complex components, a wide spectrum of organic pollutants with high concentration of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)/chemical oxygen demand (COD) and other toxic elements. One of several potential techniques to degrade such reactive dyes before being discharged to water bodies is photocatalysis, and bismuth-based photocatalysts are rapidly gaining popularity in this direction. Bismuth oxyhalides, BiOX (X=Cl, Br, I, F), as a group of ternary compound semiconductors (V-VI-VII), have been explored extensively for their photocatalytic activity due to their unique crystal lattice with special layered structure in pure as well as modified form. With suitable band gap and band edge positions, which are a required condition for efficient water breakup and high photon absorption, BiOCl scores over other oxyhalides. Photocatalytic activity depends on many factors such as synthesis method, morphology, size, illumination type, dye choice among others. This paper gives a critical review on bismuth oxyhalides as a family on various aspects of modifications such as doping (with unique and interesting metals as well), morphology and synthesis parameters, polymer and carbon assisted composites in order to further enhance the photocatalytic efficiency in UV/visible region of solar spectrum.

Alcaligenaceae and Chromatiaceae as reliable bioindicators present in palm oil mill effluent final discharge treated by different biotreatment processes

This study was undertaken to confirm the reliability of the proposed potential bioindicators, Alcaligenaceae and Chromatiaceae to specifically indicate contamination in river water by palm oil mill effluent (POME) final discharge. The use of bioindicators could assist in determining the specific cause of contamination in water bodies. Alcaligenaceae and Chromatiaceae were shown by a previous study to be present in river water contaminated with the final discharge from the treatment of POME. In the present study, the compositions of the bacterial communities in the POME final discharge obtained from four different palm oil mills which used different biotreatments of POME were elucidated using high-throughput MiSeq. The four POME final discharges studied showed different species richness and evenness among them. However, the bacterial community compositions in the different final discharges exhibited almost similar patterns in that the phylum Proteobacteria was dominant in all the samples. The proposed bioindicators, the Alcaligenaceae and Chromatiaceae families, were found to be present in all the four final discharges despite the different characteristics of the mills and the different biotreatment processes used by them. These bioindicators were also strongly and positively correlated with the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) concentration. This makes them reliable bacterial indicators to detect the presence of POME final discharge in river water.

Evaluation of the ultrasound effect on treated municipal wastewater

ABSTRACTIn this research, ultrasound (US; 26 kHz) application was evaluated as tertiary treatment of treated municipal wastewater coming from conventional activated sludge (AS) and constructed wetland (CW) systems. The degree of disinfection was evaluated through the total (TC) and faecal (FC) coliforms and by somatic coliphages (SCs) determinations. The experiments were carried out without temperature control at times of 200, 400 and 600 s and with temperature control (298.1 K) at 600, 1200 and 1800 s. Changes in the concentrations of C, N and P were also studied. The results shown that treatment without temperature control allowed 100% inactivation for TC, FC and SC at 600 s, while maximum with temperature was achieved at 1800 s. Temperature was an important factor influencing pathogens inactivation. In both cases, microorganism concentrations complied with different international guidelines for the reuse of treated wastewater. At 1800 s sonication concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus were reduced 39.5, 39.4, 50.0 and 37.3% TN in the AS-treated water and 24.0, 49.8, 20.2 and 7.7% in the CW-treated water, respectively. In both cases, the formation of and radicals is most likely related to the observed pollutants removal. While energy consumption of ultrasound was higher than other advanced treatments such as electrocoagulation, its implementation allows the simultaneous removal of pathogens and organic pollutants without the generation of toxic by-products. In conclusion, ultrasound can be implemented as tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater for the removal of biological and organic pollution, according to reuse guidelines in terms of pathogens presence.

Incorporation of the simplified equilibrium temperature approach in a hydrodynamic and water quality model – CE-QUAL-W2

Abstract Water temperature is an important indicator for biodiversity and ecosystem sustainability. In this study, a simplified equilibrium temperature model was incorporated into the CE-QUAL-W2 (W2) model. This model is easy to implement, needing fewer meteorological variables and no parameter calibration. The model performance was evaluated using observed data from four stations on the Lower Minnesota River. Results show that the simplified equilibrium temperature model performed as well as the original equilibrium temperature model and the term-by-term process model for water temperature predictions with the values of the coefficient of determination (R2), Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), and Percent Error (PE) in the accepted range (R2 = 0.974, NSE = 0.972, PE = 1.377%). The impact of the water temperature on carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD) concentrations under three different water temperature models was evaluated, and results show that the monthly averaged CBOD concentrations of the simplified equilibrium temperature model were almost the same as that of the term-by-term approach. For all the four calibration stations, the simplified equilibrium temperature approach performs better than the other two models for dissolved oxygen simulation (R2 = 0.791, NSE = 0.65, PE = 7.596%), which indicates that the simplified equilibrium temperature model can be a potential tool to simulate water temperature for water quality modelling.

Pyrolysis production of fruit peel biochar for potential use in treatment of palm oil mill effluent

Fruit peel, an abundant waste, represents a potential bio-resource to be converted into useful materials instead of being dumped in landfill sites. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a harmful waste that should also be treated before it can safely be released to the environment. In this study, pyrolysis of banana and orange peels was performed under different temperatures to produce biochar that was then examined as adsorbent in POME treatment. The pyrolysis generated 30.7–47.7 wt% yield of a dark biochar over a temperature ranging between 400 and 500 °C. The biochar contained no sulphur and possessed a hard texture, low volatile content (≤34 wt%), and high amounts of fixed carbon (≥72 wt%), showing durability in terms of high resistance to chemical reactions such as oxidation. The biochar showed a surface area of 105 m2/g and a porous structure containing mesopores, indicating its potential to provide many adsorption sites for use as an adsorbent. The use of the biochar as adsorbent to treat the POME showed a removal efficiency of up to 57% in reducing the concentration of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand COD, total suspended solid (TSS) and oil and grease (O&G) of POME to an acceptable level below the discharge standard. Our results indicate that pyrolysis shows promise as a technique to transform banana and orange peel into value-added biochar for use as adsorbent to treat POME. The recovery of biochar from fruit waste also shows advantage over traditional landfill approaches in disposing this waste.

An evaluation of solutions to moment method of biochemical oxygen demand kinetics

This paper evaluated selected solutions of moment method in respect to Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) kinetics with the aim of ascertain error free solution. Domestic-institutional wastewaters were collected two-weekly for three months from waste-stabilization ponds in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. BOD concentrations (BOD c ) were determined daily for 8 days using standard method. The BOD c were used to determine parameters in BOD kinetics (ultimate BOD concentration and BOD removal rate) using Microsoft Excel Solver, non-linear regression (exponential) and least squares methods (three graphs). Accuracies of these solutions were evaluated using relative error, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), and model of selection criterion (MSC). The study revealed that ultimate BOD c was in the range of 1368.7 to 860.6 mg/L and BOD c removal rate was between -0.139 and -0.470 /d. The averages of MSC were 4.18; 0.01; 1.49, 1.28 and 1.61 for Microsoft Excel Solver, non-linear and three least square methods (graphs 1, 2 and 3) respectively. The result revealed that Microsoft Excel Solver provided an improved solution of moment method, and a good description of BOD c removal trend based on MSC and AIC than the other solutions. The study concluded that Microsoft Excel Solver solution to the method is a valuable solution at higher confidence level based on lower values of AIC and high values of MSC. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v37i1.1

Assessment of the Impact of Petroleum Depot Effluents on a Nearby River Quality

The possible effects of the petroleum depot effluents on the river water quality were examined. Twelve-monthly water sampling (June, 2015 to May, 2016) were taken from upstream and downstream of the river. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), total solid (TS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total alkalinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness, phosphate, sulphate, nitrate, chloride and heavy metals were determined using standard methods. The pH, temperature, TDS, TSS, TS, BOD, total alkalinity and chloride concentrations exceeded the guidelines values of WHO, SON and EPA during the dry season and within the permissible limits during the rainy season. The EC, total hardness, sulphate and nitrate were within the range of standards while phosphate and turbidity exceeded the permissible standard values throughout the sampling period. Pearson correlation coefficient of ions showed that there was a significant correlation at the 0.01 probability level. Therefore, the metals and anions are from a common source. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric results showed that concentration of Cd and Ni exceeded standard values, 0.005 and 0.1 mg/L respectively during the dry season while Pb and Cr exceeded the permissible limits, 0.01 and 0.05 mg/L during the rainy season. Copper was within the permissible limit 0.5 mg/L while Zn exceeded the permissible limit 0.05 mg/L throughout sampling periods. The levels of Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, and Cr in the river are particularly high enough to cause public concerns.

Synergistic phytoremediation of wastewater by two aquatic plants (Typha angustifolia and Eichhornia crassipes) and potential as biomass fuel.

The ability of a mixture of Typha angustifolia and Eichhornia crassipes to remove organics, nutrients, and heavy metals from wastewater from a Thailand fresh market was studied. Changes in physicochemical properties of the wastewater including pH, temperature, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total P, TOC, conductivity, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, NO3--N, NH3-N, and metal (Pb, Cd, and Zn) concentrations were monitored. In the aquatic plant (AP) treatment, 100% survival of both species was observed. Dry biomass production and growth rate of T. angustifolia were approximately 3.3× and 2.7× of those for E. crassipes, respectively. The extensive root system of the plants improved water quality as determined by a marked decrease in turbidity in the AP treatment after 7days. BOD content served as a useful indicator of water quality; BOD declined by 91% over 21days. Both T. angustifolia and E. crassipes accumulated similar quantities of metals in both roots and shoots. Accumulation of metals was as follows: Zn > Cd > Pb. A study of calorific value and biomass composition revealed that T. angustifolia and E. crassipes possessed similar carbon content (~ 35%), hydrogen content (~ 6%), and gross calorific value. E. crassipes contained up to 16.9% ash and 65.4% moisture. Both species are considered invasive in Thailand; however, they may nonetheless provide practical benefits: In addition to their combined abilities to treat wastewater, T. angustifolia holds potential as an alternative energy source due to its high biomass production.

Hypoxic conditions in stormwater retention ponds: potential for hydrogen sulfide emission

ABSTRACTImproper design and maintenance of stormwater ponds (SWPs) may lead to hypoxic conditions, poor water quality and the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive understanding of hypoxic conditions of SWPs, with a focus on the potential for H2S production and emission. This study was conducted at two retention SWPs in Ottawa, Canada; a problematic pond with the propensity for H2S emission and a reference pond that did not demonstrate H2S emission. The investigation illustrated a significant impact of low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, hypoxic conditions, on the concentration of total sulfides in the water column. Both ponds were shown to periodically experience hypoxic conditions at depth, especially during summer periods with less precipitation and across longer periods of winter, ice-covered conditions. The problem pond, however, was shown to experience lower DO and longer hypoxic conditions than the reference pond in both non-ice-covered and ice-covered conditions due to greater depth and a longer hydraulic retention time. Hypoxic conditions were initiated at the deepest locations in the problem pond and subsequently were spread across the entirety of the pond under winter, ice-covered conditions. Algal biomass (Chlorophyll-a) and soluble biochemical oxygen demand concentrations were shown to not likely be significant factors in the development of hypoxia in the H2S-generating pond. Algal blooms of colonial Chrysophyceae, Synura, a known mixotroph, were observed during ice-covered conditions in the problem pond possibly due to stress-coping mechanisms of algae.

Swine wastewater treatment using an anaerobic baffled (ARB) and a UASB reactor system

The purpose of this study was to assess the swine wastewater treatment system, consisting of the anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR), followed by the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor at full scale. The system was monitored by analyzing samples collected in the influent and effluent of ABR and UASB. The following parameters were analyzed: temperature, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Averages of total removal of COD and BOD were 96.7 and 98.4%, respectively. The mean concentrations of COD, BOD, TSS, and VSS at the final effluent were 611, 124, 138, and 134 mg L-1, respectively. The mean volumetric organic loadings (VOL) at the ABR and UASB were 10.29 and 0.99 kg COD m-1d-1. Therefore, the ABR-UASB system was found to be a promising alternative for the swine wastewater treatment.

Evaluation of antibacterial activity and toxic metal removal of chemically synthesized magnetic iron oxide titanium coated nanoparticles and application in bacterial treatment

ABSTRACTCo-precipitation method was used for preparation of two types of iron oxide nanoparticles coated by titanium dioxide according to divalent salts used. The average size of iron oxide nanoparticles coated by titanium dioxide measured by particle size analyzer, ranged approximately between 20 nm and 100 nm with mean particle size of 60 nm. Characterization of the prepared nanoparticles was done by X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscope indicating the sole existence of inverse cubic spinel phase of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Further, the antibacterial activity of two prepared iron oxide nanoparticles was evaluated against four pathogenic bacteria where both preparations showed promising antibacterial activities against Gram positive and Gram negative strains which offers a potential application in pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. The antibacterial activity showed high reduction percent after 30 min by 150 μg mL−1 of nanoparticles prepared. Also, high reduction percent was achieved for removal of iron and manganese ions from polluted water and good effect on decreasing chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand concentrations with decreased percent of total nitrogen concentration.