Ammonia Concentration Research Articles

Ammonia and temperature sensing applications using fluorometric and colorimetric microparticles and polymeric films doped with BODIPY-emitters.

Fourfunctionalized BODIPY derivatives(BDP1 to BDP4) were synthesizedand their optical properties investigatedboth in solution and when incorporated into a solid matrix. Recognizing the versatility of BODIPY derivatives and the increasing interest in developing new luminescent organic dyes embedded in polymers, the BODIPY derivatives were dispersed into two types of polymeric matrices: Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU), both as films and microparticles. This resulted in eight new BODIPY-doped polymer films and eight types of BODIPY-doped polymeric microparticles for use in aqueous solutions. The integration of the BODIPY dyes into the polymeric matrices combines the unique properties of the polymer films, such as porosity, flexibility, and elasticity, with the excellent photophysical characteristics of the BODIPYs. Importantly, the dispersion minimized issues such as aggregation-caused quenching commonly observed in solid-state luminescent materials. The thermometric responses of all polymer films were evaluated by studying their solid-state emission spectra in the 25-200°C temperature range. The reversibility of these temperature-induced changes was also assessed, revealing excellent recovery of luminescence. These promising results suggest these materials could have applications as fluorescent thermometric sensors. Furthermore, we explored the potential of the brominated (BDP3) and chalcogenated (BDP4) BODIPY derivatives as ammonia sensors. The two derivatives produced yellow fluorescent products upon interaction with the analyte. Kinetic studies using solid-state emission spectra of BDP4@TPU and BDP4@PMMA showed significant differences in reaction rates (minutes for BDP4@TPU and hours in the case of BDP4@PMMA) attributable to the higher permeability of TPU when compared with PMMA. Detection and quantification of ammonia concentration were conducted by means of simple photographic analysis, measuring the "R" (red) and "G" (green) components of RGB color parameters. Theresults from the photographic method correlated well with the results from fluorimetric spectroscopy studies. The photographic analysis is straightforward, portable, and does not require expensive equipment. Finally, we successfully applied polymeric microparticles doped with BODIPYs to detect ammonia in water, demonstrating their effectiveness without the need for organic solvents. This highlights their potential for environmental monitoring and other applications requiring sensitive and selective detection methods.

Insights into the Acute Stress of Glutaraldehyde Disinfectant on Short-Term Wet Anaerobic Digestion System of Pig Manure: Dose Response, Performance Variation, and Microbial Community Structure

The outbreak of epidemics such as African swine fever has intensified the use of disinfectants in pig farms, resulting in an increasing residual concentration of disinfectants in environmental media; however, the high-frequency excessive use of disinfectants that damage pig farm manure anaerobic fermentation systems and their mechanisms has not attracted enough attention. Especially, the complex effects of residual disinfectants on anaerobic fermentation systems for pig manure remain poorly understood, thus impeding the application of disinfectants in practical anaerobic fermentation systems. Herein, we explored the effects of glutaraldehyde disinfectant on methane production, effluent physicochemical indices, and microbial communities in a fully automated methanogenic potential test system (AMPTSII). The results show that adding glutaraldehyde led to remarkable alterations in methane production, chemical oxygen demand (COD), volatile solids (VS), and polysaccharide and phosphorus concentrations. During the anaerobic process, the production of methane displayed a notable decrease of 5.0–98% in all glutaraldehyde treatments, and the trend was especially apparent for treatments containing high levels of glutaraldehyde. Comparisons of the effluent quality showed that in the presence of 0.002–0.04% glutaraldehyde, the COD and total phosphorus (TP) increased by 12–310% and 15–27%, respectively. Moreover, the addition of 0.01–0.08% glutaraldehyde decreased the ammonium (NH4+-N) concentration and VS degradation rate by 7.7–15% and 4.9–26.2%. Furthermore, microbiological analysis showed that the glutaraldehyde treatments had adverse effects on the microbial community. Notably, certain functional bacteria were restrained, as highlighted by the decreases in relative abundance and microbial diversity by 1.3–17% and 0.06–21%, respectively. This study provides a theoretical basis for the rational use of disinfectants in anaerobic fermentation systems.

Revealing the Dual Role of Ammonia in the Hydroxide Co-precipitation Synthesis of Cobalt-free Nickel-rich LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2 (NMA955) Cathode Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries.

Nickel-rich cobalt-free LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2 (NMA955) is considered a promising cathode material to address the scarcity and soaring cost of cobalt. Particle size and elemental composition significantly impact the electrochemical performance of NMA955 cathodes. However, differences in precipitation rates among metal ions coveys a challenge in obtaining cathode materials with the desired particle size and composition via hydroxide co-precipitation synthesis. Utilizing complexing agents like ammonia offers an effective strategy to tackle these issues. Here, we investigate the optimal ammonia concentration to achieve moderate particle size and precise material composition. Although ammonia only forms complex coordination with transition metals, its concentration also affects the final product's precipitation and composition, including aluminum. This study shows that ammonia serves a dual function in NMA synthesis via hydroxide co-precipitation, i.e., regulating particle size and adjusting elemental composition. It was found that an ammonia concentration of 1.2 M achieved optimal particle size and composition, resulting in superior electrochemical performance. NMA955 synthesized in 1.2 M ammonia demonstrated a high specific capacity of 188.12 mAh g-1 at 0.1C, retained 71.16% of its capacity after 200 cycles at 0.2C, and delivered 110.30 mAh g-1 at 5C. These results suggest tuning ammonia concentration is crucial for producing high-performance cathode materials.

N-Carbamoyl Glutamate Prevents Ammonia Intoxication in Piglets with Reduced Liver Function

Ammonia as the end product of protein catabolism has a depressing effect on neurons. Ammonia neutralization in mammals occurs in the ornithine cycle, the activity of which is regulated mainly at the level of synthesis of N-Carbamoyl phosphate. The Krebs cycle is coupled with the ornithine cycle through a common substrate—arginine succinate. Therefore, the effects of ammonia neutralization and the processes of amino acid and energy metabolism are largely interrelated. This study is aimed at evaluating the efficacy of an N-carbamoyl glutamate additive in terms of optimizing metabolic processes and improving ammonia neutralization in suckling piglets. The experiment was conducted on two groups of piglets (n=15) formed at the age of 24 hours. Piglets in the experimental group were fed with an aqueous solution of the drug at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight once daily. The duration of feeding the supplement was 30 days; the average daily gain in body weight was determined at weaning at the age of 30 days. An analysis of the blood biochemical composition was carried out on the 30th day from the onset of the experiment. At the end of feeding the supplement in the experimental group, a decrease in the content of ammonia (p<0.05) and urea in blood plasma, an increase in the concentration of arginine (p<0.05) and triacylglycerols (p<0.05) in comparison with the control group was revealed. The N-carbamoyl glutamate additive under study stimulates the endogenous production of the arginine essential amino acid, neutralizes ammonia formed in metabolic processes, and optimizes the amount of metabolic energy spent on binding ammonia in the urea cycle.

Sludge from Arapaima Gigas Culture as an Alternative Culture Medium for Lipid Production in Nannochloropsis Sp

Objective: The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of sludge generated during the culture of Arapaima gigas as an alternative medium for Nannochloropsis sp. Theoretical Framework: Microalgae are photosynthetic micro-organisms with the ability to transform organic waste or effluents into valuable biomass. They are currently of great interest for their use in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Nannochloropsis sp. is a valuable microalga due to its excellent lipid profile. Method: The sludge used was collected from A. gigas culture ponds at the CITE Acuícola Pesquero Ahuashiyacu (Tarapoto-Peru). An aqueous extract of sludge (EAL) was obtained from the sample by a thermal procedure, which was dosed into the cultures at concentrations of 100, 150 and 200 mL/L. The experimental units followed the traditional batch culture arrangement under laboratory conditions. Guillard F/2 medium was used as control treatment. The characterisation of metals in the medium was performed by coupled plasma induction (ICP) and the determination of ammonium and nitrite by colorimetric tests. In addition, population density, productivity and total lipid content were estimated. Results and Discussion: Chemical analyses revealed high concentrations of calcium, sodium, magnesium, iron, potassium, phosphorus, ammonium and nitrite (655, 648, 283, 67, 32, 17, 1.5, and 10 ppm, respectively). Likewise, the best growth (3590.00 ± 91.24 x 104 cells/mL) and productivity (0.69 ± 0.01 g/L) was obtained with 200 mL/L of EAL, presenting significant statistical differences (p < 0.05) with respect to the other treatments. In contrast, the highest lipid production (29.67 ± 1.53 %) was observed in the control treatment, far exceeding the EAL cultures; however, no significant statistical difference was observed between EAL treatments. Research Implications: These results demonstrate the feasibility of using EAL as an alternative medium for the production of Nannochloropsis sp. with a positive environmental and economic impact on the production of A. gigas. Originality/Value: The use of sludge generated in fish culture, in particular A. Gigas, has not been reported previously. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of using this sludge in the culture of the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. which also has a high potential for use in fish larviculture.

Sustainable management of drinking water quality in the locality of Massouro, Chad

This study evaluates the quality of drinking groundwater in the city of Moussoro using geochemical, bacterial, and multivariate statistical methods. Access to safe drinking water is a major concern for the population in these regions, as the distribution of this resource is unequal across continents and is often affected by human activities, making it vulnerable. The analysis revealed two categories of water: potable and non-potable. The presence of pollutant indicators, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and total coliforms, was observed in most samples. This presence indicates water contamination and requiring monitoring and treatment before it is consumed by the population. Overall, most of the physicochemical parameters comply with the World Health Organisation guidelines for drinking water. However, the concentration of ammonium (NH4+) was high. Pollution elements such as ammonium (NH4+) and E. coli, indicate that human activities also contribute to water mineralisation. The study could ensure sustainable access to safe drinking water, thereby enhancing the overall quality of life in Moussoro.

RESEARCH OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ORGANIC MATTER REMOVALFROM WATER USING SYNTHETIC ZEOLITE

The paper investigated the effectiveness of using synthetic zeolite as an adsorbent for the removal of organic matter from water. Characterization of zeolite was performed using advanced testing methods: XRD, FTIR, BET and SEM/EDS. Raw water was analyzed for physicochemical characteristics before treatment (turbidity, color, pH,conductivity, content of organic matter, ammonia, nitrate and nitrite nitrogen, iron, manganese and chloride) and after treatment with an adsorbent (content of organic matter). Research on the efficiency of adsorption was carried out under the conditions of water temperature 25°C, individual doses of zeolite of 1, 2 and 4 g/L, mixing 200 rpm and adsorption time 60 minutes. The obtained results showed that by applying synthetic zeolite in a dose of 1 g/L, it is possible to achieve the removal of organic matter of 71.2%, while increasement of that dose up to four times has an insignificant effect on the adsorption efficiency. KEYWORDS:synthetic zeolite; organic matter removal

Empirical Modal Decomposition Combined with Deep Learning for Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Detection of Mixture Gas Concentrations.

In photoacoustic spectroscopy based multicomponent gas analysis, the overlap of the absorption spectra among different gases can affect the measurement accuracy of gas concentrations. We report a multicomponent gas analysis method based on empirical modal decomposition (EMD), convolutional neural networks (CNN), and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks that can extract the exact concentrations of mixed gases from the overlapping wavelength-modulated spectroscopy with second harmonic (WMS-2f) detection. The WMS-2f signals of 25 different concentration combinations of acetylene-ammonia mixtures are detected using a single distributed feedback laser (DFB) at 1531.5 nm. The acetylene concentrations range from 2.5 to 7.5 ppm and the ammonia concentrations from 12.5 to 37.5 ppm. The data set is enhanced by cyclic shifting and adding Gaussian noise. The classification accuracy of the test set reaches 99.89% after tuning. The mean absolute errors of the five additional sets of data measured under different conditions are 0.092 ppm for acetylene and 1.902 ppm for ammonia, within the above concentration ranges.

Arrested development and increased incidence of sandprawn embryonic aberrations along an intertidal human recreation gradient.

Anthropogenic pressures are increasing in coastal ecosystems globally, yet identifying robust indicators of change and managing coastal resources can be complicated by phenotypic plasticity and differential life-history responses of key organisms. We illustrate this using biogeochemical and sandprawn (Kraussillichirus kraussi) response metrics along a human recreation gradient (trampling, sandprawn harvesting) in a South African lagoonal ecosystem. Benthic compaction, oxygen depletion and high porewater ammonia concentrations were associated with greatest recreation intensity. Sandprawn abundance was similar across the recreation gradient and body condition was counter-intuitively greater in areas with maximum recreation, but with higher frequencies of embryonic aberrations and arrested development. These findings suggest different vulnerabilities of life-history stages of sandprawns to recreation, with embryonic stages being highly susceptible. We suggest that embryonic aberrations and developmental changes in endobenthic crustaceans may be sensitive bioindicators of recreation-induced changes in sedimentary systems.

Assessing Crisis Management Tools for Sustainability of Industrial Safety

This study presents a comprehensive risk assessment of ammonia leaks, focusing on the quantitative modelling of hazardous area ranges, concentration dynamics, and thermal radiation effects under varying leakage scenarios using the ALOHA 5.4.7 software. The analysis involves two key scenarios: an ammonia gas leak and a pool fire, each modelled under distinct atmospheric conditions. For the gas leak scenario, ammonia concentrations were mapped across ERPG-defined hazard zones, ranging from low-level irritation zones (ERPG-1) to life-threatening exposure levels (ERPG-3), with maximum concentrations reaching 1500 ppm within a 110 m radius. The second scenario examined the impact of thermal radiation from a pool fire, identifying critical radiation zones where exposure to heat fluxes exceeding 10 kW.m−2 could cause fatal outcomes within 12 m. Despite ALOHA’s strengths in modelling acute exposure risks and providing valuable input for emergency response planning, the study identifies several limitations, particularly regarding the long-term environmental and health impacts of chemical releases and the effects of varying meteorological conditions. These findings suggest that integrating ALOHA with advanced real-time monitoring and AI-based prediction systems could significantly improve its capacity to manage dynamic, rapidly evolving industrial hazards.

Electrochemical Synthesis of Nitrite and Nitrate via Cathodic Oxygen Activation in Liquefied Ammonia.

The electrochemical oxidation of ammonia (NH3) enables decentralized small-scale synthesis of nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) under ambient conditions by directly utilizing renewable energy. Yet, their electrosynthesis has been restricted to aqueous media and low ammonia concentrations. For the first time, we demonstrate here a strategy enabling the direct electrooxidation of liquefied NH3 to NO3- and NO2- by using molecular oxygen, achieving combined Faraday efficiencies above 40%.

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification framework for decentralized systems: Long-term study utilizing rope-type biofilm media under field conditions

This research introduces a novel approach to achieve simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) under dynamic load conditions using a cost-effective rope-type biofilm technology. The approach represents a significant advancement in wastewater treatment, particularly beneficial for remote and decentralized communities. The biofilm-based SND process was developed using a pilot-scale flow-through reactor by implementing upstream carbon management with constant-timer-based aeration control versus dynamic-sensor-based aeration control strategies. The findings indicate that adding an upstream anaerobic pretreatment process to handle excess carbon plays a substantial role in achieving a sustainable SND process under a dynamic load environment using simple aeration on-off control. The most optimal nitrification performance of 0.32 g NH3-N/m2/d (89 % removal) was achieved under a 1-hour ON/30-minute OFF aeration. The process sustained an average bulk liquid DO of 5.16 mg/L and 3.80 mg/L during the aeration ON and OFF periods, respectively, facilitating a 0.13 g N/m2/d (41 %) total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal, notably, implementing advanced aeration strategies driven by DO, NH3, and NO3 sensors enhanced TIN removal efficiency to 72 %. The nitrification performance remained comparable (89 % removal), resulting in 3 and 10 mg N/L effluent ammonia and TIN concentration, respectively. Additionally, utilizing two multivariate approaches accounting for 82 % and 64 % of the variance, this study discerned patterns in monitored variables and performance. Additionally, the analysis underscored the difference of bulk liquid DO levels in the biofilm versus suspended systems inhibiting the SND process. Distinct bacterial communities were established in biofilms under aerobic, anaerobic, and SND conditions, with the SND reactor showing a hierarchy of functional group and enzymes, enriched sequentially from heterotrophs to denitrifiers, nitrifiers, and anammox bacteria. These innovations underline the potential of tailored control strategies to enhance a passive biofilm-based SND process efficiency under dynamic conditions, providing scalable solutions for diverse target water quality demands in remote communities and decentralized systems.

Biofilm characterization and dynamic simulation of advanced rope media reactor for the treatment of primary effluent.

Biofilm modeling is inherently complex, often requiring multiple assumptions and simplifications. In biofilm modeling, default or literature-based values in biofilm systems are usually used to estimate biofilm parameters, including boundary layer, biofilm density, thickness, attachment, and detachment rates. This study aimed to characterize and model the biofilm of a specific rope-type fixed media system, removing carbon and total inorganic nitrogen, coupled with sensitivity analysis. Among the five model parameters, the sensitivity analysis of this study showed that boundary layer thickness is the most influential parameter for predicting effluent ammonia and nitrate concentrations, and biofilm density is most sensitive with respect to effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD). The least sensitive parameter is the detachment rate. Based on the calculated mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE), the calibrated BioCord fixed-film reactor (BFFR) model accurately predicted effluent ammonium and dissolved oxygen (DO) in the continuously aerated bench-scale reactor (R1) and failed to predict well in the intermittently aerated bench-scale reactor (R2). RMSE values calculated for NH3-N and DO in R1 are 0.95 and 0.53 mg/L, respectively. In the BioCord pilot plant's case, ammonium-N predicted by the model fit the measured values well, while it overpredicted DO concentrations. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Fixed biofilm BioCord reactors were studied for primary effluent treatment. A methodology was developed to characterize biofilms. Boundary layer thickness is the most influential parameter for predicting effluent ammonia and nitrate concentrations. Biofilm density is the most sensitive parameter with respect to effluent COD. The calibrated BFFR model can predict effluent ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate-nitrogen.

Stable nutrient removal from wastewater with fluctuating seawater content ensured by an adaptable aerobic granular sludge microbiome

Seawater intrusion in coastal regions can alter the wastewater composition, threatening the microbial communities in wastewater treatment processes. An aerobic granular sludge (AGS) system was challenged by fluctuations in wastewater salinity levels promoted by seawater intrusion events for 286 days, divided into two stages. During stage I, the seawater content in wastewater increased stepwise, and over stage II the seawater content in wastewater oscillated throughout the day. Most of the time, the AGS effectively removed COD during the anaerobic phase, regardless of the wastewater salt content. Ammonium removal was slightly unstable (ca. 75 ± 19 %) during stage I, with nitrite release in the effluent. Over stage II, the ammonium content in the wastewater was fully removed. The nitrite content in the effluent decreased, and nitrate became the main nitrogen form released. Phosphate removal was quite unstable at the beginning, improving over time with complete removal achieved during stage II (ca. 98.4 ± 1.1 %). Taxa involved in nitrogen and phosphorous removal were identified in the AGS microbiome at both stages but with superior abundance in the latter stage. A diverse core microbiome, mainly composed of extracellular polymeric substances-producing bacteria (Thauera, Flavobacterium, Paracoccus) and denitrifying bacteria (Thiotrix, Azoarcus, Aequorivita) was identified in stage II. The AGS system efficiently managed daily oscillating seawater levels in wastewater, corroborated by the effective removal performance that seemed to be sustained by an adaptable AGS microbiome.

Ammonia removal and nitrogen preferences evaluation of indigenous Malaysian microalga Halamphora sp. on white shrimp Penaeus vannamei wastewater

Ammonia is ubiquitous in aquaculture systems and its removal is important for maintaining water quality and the health of the cultured animals. Microalgae are effective at removing ammonia from water, but the effectiveness of different microalgae species may vary. In this study, indigenous Malaysian microalgae isolated from shrimp ponds were screened for their ability in removing ammonia from synthetic culture media. The most efficient microalga’s nitrogen preferences and its growth and nitrogen removal in the early and late stages of shrimp culture wastewater were explored. It was found that four microalgae species namely Halamphora sp. BpSpD2, Chaetoceros sp. BpSpD3, Chlorella sp. BpSpG3 and Desertifilum sp. BpSpC1 were able to eradicate ammonia after 14 days of cultivation. Further investigation showed that Halamphora sp. BpSpD2 was able to remove 100 % ammonia within 5 days of culture. The nitrogen preferences of Halamphora sp. BpSpD2 indicated a preference for ammonia over nitrate as evidenced by the higher growth and removal efficiency of the treatments. Nitrogen removal efficiency of over 70 % was observed in treating 4 to 12 mg L-1 of TAN and nitrate. When tested in shrimp-cultured wastewater, Halamphora sp. showed a higher growth and 100% ammonia removal efficiency in the late stage of shrimp-culture wastewater. It also effectively removed 59% to 80% of nitrogen throughout both the early and late stages of shrimp culture wastewater. The results suggested that the microalga Halamphora sp. BpSpD2 has a significant potential to treat the effluent of an aquaculture system containing high concentrations of ammonia and nitrate.

Total replacing soybean meal with extruded urea in supplements on the intake, ruminal, and metabolic parameters of beef cattle during the rainy and wet-dry transition seasons.

The objective was to evaluate supplement intake, ruminal parameters, and blood parameters of beef cattle supplemented with different protein sources (soybean meal or extruded urea- starea) during the rainy and wet-dry transition seasons. Four ruminally cannulae crossbred cattle were distributed in a completely randomized design in four paddocks Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, with two paddocks per treatment, with three 30-d periods each season (rainy and wet-dry). The treatments were: (1) Concentrated supplement containing extruded urea (Starea) and (2) Concentrated supplement containing soybean meal. During the rainy season, the animals received 0.45% of BW in supplement per day. In the wet-dry transition period, the animals received 0.70% of BW of supplement per day. Animals fed soybean meal had greater supplement intake. The treatment with extruded urea supplement had rumen pH higher in the wet period. There was an interaction of treatment × hour for ammonia N for both seasons, where during the wet season, soybean meal at 6h sampling had greater ammonia N compared with the other treatment, and during the wet-dry transition, soybean meal at 6h and extruded urea supplement at 0h had greater ammonia concentration. The total VFA was not affected by treatment independent of the season. The acetate: propionate ratio was lower with soybean meal supplement during the wet season. The total replacement is not recommended of true protein by non-protein nitrogen sources in supplements for beef cattle kept in Marandu-grass pastures during the rainy and wet-dry transition seasons.

Improved Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste under Ammonia stress by Side-Stream Hydrogen Domestication

High ammonia concentration inhibits archaea's activity, causing the accumulation of H2 and acetate, which suppresses methane production in anaerobic digestion (AD). The study aimed to enhance microbial hydrogen metabolism through a side-stream hydrogen domestication (SHD) strategy, which involves applying hydrogen stimulation to a portion of the sludge separately. SHD maintained a stable methane yield of 407.5 mL/g VS at a high total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration of 3.1 g/L. In contrast, the control group gradually decreased and stopped methane production at a TAN concentration of 2.3 g/L. Further analysis using enzyme activity assays, flow cytometry, and metagenomics explored the mechanisms underlying ammonia tolerance of SHD-treated group. SHD reshaped the microbial community, enriching homoacetogens and Methanosaeta-dominated methanogenic archaea. Key metabolic pathways including homoacetogenesis, butyrate degradation, propionate degradation, and methane production were enhanced. The activity of related enzymes also increased. Gene abundance in energy-generating pathways, such as glycolysis, was enhanced, ensuring adequate ATP production. Additionally, the high gene abundance of ion transport systems contributed to regulating proton imbalance and supplementing intracellular K+. This study provides important insights and practical guidance for developing novel techniques in the field of anaerobic digestion.

Substantiation of safety and quality indicators of natural mineral and spring waters in Ukraine for the preparation of food for infants

The object of the research is regulatory support for the use of natural mineral waters and spring waters for the preparation of food for infants. Along with drinking water, natural mineral water is used for the preparation of food for infants, which is more protected from contamination. Currently, there are no approved safety parameters for natural mineral waters and spring waters in Ukraine, as well as requirements for markings on packaging or labeling that relate to the suitability of these waters for feeding infants. In this work, based on the results of the analysis of the current legal documents of European countries (Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany) on the use of natural mineral waters in the preparation of food for infants, the indicators of the safety and quality of natural mineral and spring waters in Ukraine in the preparation of food are substantiated food for infants. Because of the specific physiological needs of children at an early age, water for cooking is an important factor in their normal psychophysical development. Water for preparing infant food must meet stricter criteria for total mineralization (suggested: ≤500 mg/l), the content of certain macro-components, nitrites (suggested: ≤0.1 mg/l), nitrates (suggested: ≤10 mg/l), ammonium (suggested: ≤0.1 mg/l), fluorides (suggested: ≤0.7 mg/l), sanitary and microbiological indicators (suggested normalization of the indicator of the total microbial number in the finished product). The peculiarities of the technology of industrial packaging of natural mineral waters and spring waters for the preparation of infant food are outlined. These waters are packaged only non-carbonated, without the addition of any preservatives or disinfectants. Packaging of these waters should take place near water points, which should be reliably protected from biological and chemical contamination. The obtained results can be used for the development and approval of a normative legal act in Ukraine on the regulation of the use of natural mineral waters and spring waters for the preparation of infant food.

Distribution of Air pollutant Concentration and Ammonium conversion rate in Livestock Areas: Focusing on Boryeong

Objectives:The association between the generation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ammonia is well-established, highlighting the importance of managing ammonia as a primary means to reduce particulate matter. However, domestic research on ammonia emissions, particularly in livestock areas, which are major sources of ammonia, is insufficient. This study aims to contribute to pollutant management on a national scale by conducting air pollutant measurements and analyses in livestock areas. Methods:Real-time analysis and monitoring of air and weather conditions were carried out in Boryeong, Chungcheongnam-do, from 2021 to 2022. Statistical analysis was then employed to investigate the correlation between observed air pollutants (ammonia, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, ozone and particle matters) and PM2.5. Results and Discussion:As a result of the analysis, the concentration of air pollutants in Boryeong showed a seasonal tendancy to decrease in summer and increase after that. Most substances such as NO2, SO2, and PM10 were observed within the standard values. In the case of ammonia, domestic air environment standards are not in place, but the annual average was found to be 61.5 ± 55.3 ppb, higher than in other research results. This discrepancy is attributed to the influence of nearby livestock houses. It was also observed that PM2.5 exceeded the annual standard value of 15 μg/m3 in spring (30.1 μg/m3), summer (18.3 μg/m3), autumn (25.3 μg/m3) and winter (31.7 μg/m3), respectively. During this period, ammonium (NH4+, 32.8%), nitrate (NO3-, 35.9%), and sulfate (SO42-, 19.7%) comprised the majority of particulate pollutants in PM2.5. The ammonia-ammonium conversion rate (NHR) was 0.08 annual average, and it was found that gas/ion phase changes were affected by seasonal weather conditions (temperature and relative humidity). As a result of analyzing the NHR according to the PM2.5 concentration, it was found that the higher the PM2.5 concentration, the higher the NHR. Furthermore, although the measurement area of this study exhibited high ammonia concentration, the NHR was low. This suggests that the contribution rate of ammonia to PM2.5 was relatively low compared to the other studies.Conclusion:As a result, there is a need for measures to reduce the high concentrations of ammonia in livestock areas. Simultaneously, considering the diverse mechanisms involved in particulate matter formation, it is suggested that management of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides including ammonia should be implemented.

Effects of Pichia manshurica yeast supplementation on ruminal fermentation, nutrient degradability, and greenhouse gas emissions in aflatoxin B1 contaminated diets

Yeast feed additives present a natural approach for mitigating ruminal greenhouse gases (GHG) in an environmentally sustainable manner. This study aimed to isolate yeast strains from ruminal fluids capable of reducing GHG from Aflatoxin (AFB1) contaminated diets. Two isolates of Pichia manchuria (FFNLYFC1 and FFNLYFC2) were isolated and identified from the ruminal contents of dairy Zaraibi goats. An in vitro gas production assay was conducted to evaluate the impact of the yeast supplementations on a basal diet contaminated with AFB1 or not. The treatments were control (-AFB1; basal diet without supplements), control with AFB1 contamination (+ AFB1; basal diet containing 20 ppb AFB1), and yeast-supplemented diets (basal diet supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and three treatments of P. manchuria [FFNLYFC1, FFNLYFC2, and their mixture at 1:1 ratio (Mix)]. High biological components were detected in abundance of both FFNLYFC1, FFNLYFC2 filtrates (e.g., diisooctyl phthalate). The Mix and FFNLYFC2 of P. manchuria reduced (P < 0.05) methane by 23.5 and 20.8%, respectively, while only Mix inhibited carbon dioxide by 44% compared to the + AFB1 diet. All yeast diets improved (P < 0.05) ammonia concentration, total protozoal and Entodinium spp. counts compared to + AFB1 diet. The Mix exhibited higher (P < 0.05) values of ruminal degraded cellulose, total short-chain fatty acids, acetate and propionate compared to the individual isolates diets. The results suggest synergistic interactions among P. manshurica isolates, leading to enhanced ruminal fermentation and reduced GHG emissions while alleviating the adverse effects of AFB1. Therefore, we recommended the Mix of P. Manchuria as a novel feed additive to ruminant diets.