Concentrations Of Benzyladenine Research Articles

In vitro Propagation of Curcuma caesia Roxb. via Bud Culture Technique and ISSR Profiling of the Plantlets for Genetic Homogeneity

An in vitro propagation protocol has been developed for Curcuma caesia Roxb., an endangered medicinal plant by Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions and Central Forest Department of India. The plant bears poorly germinated seeds and produces two-storage organs: rhizomes and multiple root tubers. Only rhizomes have medicinal-economic values. They serve as propagules too, which results in a shortage of planting material. Therefore, a complete one-year production cycle of C. caesia has been standardized through in vitro propagation including explants establishment (one month), subculture cycles (seven months), rooting (one month) followed by primary hardening (one month) and secondary hardening (two months). Dormant shoot buds on rhizome served as explants for culture initiation on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin (KIN) in combination with citric acid (CA), adenine sulfate (AdS) and indole- 3-acetic acid (IAA). Maximum bud break (70%) was obtained on MS with 8 mg L-1 BA, 8 mg L-1 KIN, 100 mg L-1 CA, 200 mg L-1 AdS and 2 mg L-1 IAA (standard medium). Shoot production potential continued on this medium during the subsequent seven-month-long subculture cycle. The in vitro raised shoots rooted best on ½-strength MS containing 1 mg L-1 indole-3-butyric acid. Plantlet survival rate was >95% after acclimatization. The genetic homogeneity of plantlets with the mother plant was analyzed using Inter Simple Sequence Repeats which generated a monomorphic banding pattern to confirm the uniformity of in vitro raised plantlets of C. caesia.

Effect of growth regulators on the morphological traits of three potato cultivars in vitro

The experiments were conducted to study the effect of sub cultures (3 sub-cultures) of in vitro propagated plants of three cultivars of potato (Arnova, Riviera and Provento) and their interaction with Indole Acetic acid (IAA) at 0.0 , 1.0 mg L-1 and Benzyl Adenine ( BA) at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L-1 concentrations on morphological traits of vegetative (plant height, number of shoots, leaves , nodes and length of shoots) and roots (number of roots and their lengths) system. The cultures were incubated under temperature of 25 ± 2°C and illumination for 16 h day-1. The plants were transferred to the greenhouse and data were taken on the number of minitubers, their diameter and weight after 90 days. The results showed the effectiveness of IAA at 1 mg L-1 increasing in plant height (16.06 and 14.83 cm for Rivera and Provento cultivars, respectively), and in number of leaves and nodes (18.08 leaf plant-1 for Rivera and 16.92 nod plant -1 for Provento), and the number of roots and their length. (11.25 root plant-1 and 11.25 cm for Rivera and Arnova cultivar, respectively). The results also showed the effectiveness of the combination of IAA (1 mg L-1 ) + BA (0.5 mg L-1 ) increasing the number and length of shoots (6.50 shoot plant-1 and 4.83 cm for Provento and Rivera cultivar). A decrease in the number of roots was also observed with increasing concentrations of BA which added to the medium with or without of IAA. Results also recorded the highest average of diameter and weight of minitubers was 8.63 cm and 3.64 g for the mother plants of the Riviera and Provento cultivars, respectively, while the mother plants and in vitro propagated plants of three cultivars did not differ in the average number of minitubers.

Effect of Growth Regulators on Seedlings Growth of Apricot (prunus Armeniaca L.)

This study was conducted during the growing season of 2021 and 2022 in horticulture station located at Akre city center Duhok Iraqi Kurdistan region, the study was aimed to investigate the effect of growth regulators on seedling growth of apricot and determined the best concentration of Gibberellin, Benzyl adenine and Kinetin to improve vegetative growth of seedling of apricot . so it consisted of three concentration of GA3 (0, 250 and 500 mg.L-1), BA (0,150 and 300 mg.L-1), KIN (0,150 and 300 mg.L-1) on some vegetative growth characteristics of apricot seedlings (Prunus armeniaca L.).The best results include the following. apricot seedlings sprayed with different concentrations of GA3 significantly affected and gave the seedling height, number of leaves, dry weight, single leaf area and total chlorophyll. Also, seedling sprayed with different BA concentration effected significantly and gave the highest seedling diameter, number of leaves, single leaf area, and dry weight. Whereas seedling spray with different KIN concentrations significantly affected on seedling diameter and total chlorophyll. Generally, interaction between GA3 and KIN and interaction between GA3 and BA and the interaction between BA and KIN was effected significantly on most growth parameters. The best result was in the treatment (GA3 500 mg.L-1 + BA 300 mg.L-1 + KIN 150 mg.L-1) which significantly affected on all growth parameters (seedling height, seedling diameter, single leaf area, total chlorophyll, number of leaves and dry weight)

Genetic Evaluation of In Vitro Micropropagated and Regenerated Plants of Cannabis sativa L. Using SSR Molecular Markers.

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to evaluate the genetic stability of the acclimatized micropropagated and regenerated plants of a high cannabidiol (H-CBD) and a high cannabigerol (H-CBG) variety of Cannabis sativa L. Shoot regeneration and proliferation were achieved by culturing calli in Murashige and Skoog basal medium (MS) supplemented with several concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) or thidiazuron (TDZ). Calli derived mostly from stem explants, rather than leaves, cultured on MS supplemented with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or combination of kinetin (KIN) with 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 2,4-D. Rooting of the regenerated plantlets accomplished on half-strength MS medium supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Previous studies performed have developed an efficient in vitro micropropagation protocol for mass production. Both in vitro methodologies can be employed in genetic breeding via molecular techniques. The genetic stability of micropropagated and regenerated plants was accomplished using twelve SSR primer pairs that produced reproducible and clear bands, ranging from 90 to 330 bp in size, and resulted in amplification of one or two alleles, corresponding to homozygous or heterozygous individuals. The SSR amplification products were monomorphic across all the micropropagated and regenerated plants and comparable to mother plants. The monomorphic banding pattern confirmed the genetic homogeneity of the in vitro cultured acclimatized and mother plants as no somaclonal variation was detected in clones for these specific SSRs. Our results evidently suggest that the developed culture protocols for in vitro multiplication is appropriate and applicable for clonal mass propagation of the C. sativa varieties and demonstrate the reliability of this in vitro propagation system.

In vitro direct organogenesis of the Cretan dittany (Origanum dictamnus L.), an important threatened Greek endemic species

Dittany of Crete (Origanum dictamnus L.) is a threatened medicinal-aromatic plant of Lamiaceae family which is a local endemic to the Island of Crete, Greece. Its high culinary use and increasing demand in the pharma, perfumery, cosmetic and food industry along with its overexploitation from its natural habitat has threatened this species and has necessitated its large-scale production for industrial exploitations using advanced technologies. Micropropagation is considered a good tool for ex situ conservation of endangered species with reduced populations in the wild, low germination rates and low seed production. In this study, moderate germination percentages (40-41.38%) were exhibited for seeds after 40 days of culture at 21-23 oC in MS medium regardless of photoperiod regime (16h light/ 8h dark, 24h darkness), without significance difference. In the proliferation and rooting stage, three basal culture media (MS, WPM, Gamborg B5) were tested in combination with two concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) (1.1, 2.2 μM) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.125, 0.25 μM), all supplemented with 0.3 μM gibberellic acid (GA3), 20 g L-1 sucrose and 6 g L-1 Plant Agar (pH: 5.8). The results showed that the MS medium + 2.2 μM BA + 0.25 μM IBA was the most effective treatment for micropropagation of shoot nodal explants in a single stage within a 30-day culture period, exhibiting 85% shoot formation, 1.8 new shoots/ explant 2.8 cm long with a 3.2 proliferation rate, 100% rooting, 16.5 roots/ rooted explant 2.1 cm long. Rooted plants obtained in vitro from MS medium enriched with 2.2 μM BA + 0.25 μM IBA gave 100% ex vitro survival rate on a peat: perlite (1:1 v/v) substrate mixture after 2 months in the greenhouse mist. In this study, an efficient in vitro propagation system of O. dictamnus is described for the first time through optimization of direct organogenesis stages (seed germination, proliferation, rooting, ex vitro acclimatization), as a means to facilitate domestication procedure, ex-situ conservation and future sustainable exploitation strategies, thus promoting wider usability of this local endemic with significant commercial potential.

Effects of Benzyl adenine (BA) and Gibberellic acid (GA3) on physiological and biochemical attributes of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) spikes

The uniform sized corms (3.5-4.0 cm dia) of Gladiolus grandiflorus L. were dipped in various concentrations of BA (50,75, 100 and 125 mg/l) and GA3 (50 , 75 , 100 and 125 mg/l) for 24 hrs. The Membrane stability index (MSI), Relative water content (RWC), total soluble sugars and total protein content of florets increased with the increased concentrations of BA and GA3. The post harvest quality parameters also improved with BA and GA3 treatments as compared to control but GA3 had more significant effect than BA. The treatment with 125 mg/l GA3 significantly hastened the opening of basal floret, increased the floret size, number of florets open at one time, per cent of opening of florets, water absorbed and led to maximum reduction in pH that ultimately led to improvement in vase life. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(2): 297-304, 2022 (June)

Variable Responses of Two Banana Varieties during in vitro Multiplication

Banana is the choicest crop for the micropropagation industries due to the recurrent requirement of large volume of plants in the domestic market. However, all the banana varieties cannot be cultured in media with the same composition to get the optimum shoots in multiplication cycleswith desirable shoot qualities. Banana varieties like Robusta grow optimally in Murashige and Skoog medium containing 3-5 mg/L BA (6- benzyl adenine). Under the same condition, the growth of Nendran is found to be poor with a low number of rootable shoots. The poor multiplication ratio causes a higher cost for the micropropagated plantlets of var. Nendran. Hence the current study was carried out to optimize the shoot multiplication of the two varieties of banana (Nendran and Robusta) in MS medium supplemented with various combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators. The multiplying shoots were cultured in MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BA, combinations of BA, NAA (- naphthalene acetic acid) and combinations of KN (kinetin) and NAA. Combinations of BA and NAA (0.5 mg/L BA+0.1 mg/L NAA or 0.5mg/L BA+0.5 mg/L NAA) was found to result in responses ideal for commercial production of var. Nendran. For the var. Robusta, 2 mg/L BA was ideal for shoot multiplication and 1 mg/L BA+0.5 mg/L NAA could be optimal for use at elongation stage to get maximum desirable shoots for rooting. The study could optimize a suitable plant growth regulator regime for the commercial production of banana var. Nendran and could impact cost reduction of plantlets. Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 32(1): 89-101, 2022 (June)

A highly efficient plant regeneration of Begonia rex Putz. by direct organogenesis of leaf explants

ABSTRACT An in vitro culture system for achieving high-efficiency regeneration of Begonia rex Putz. was optimised. Leaf explants of B. rex were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in combination with or without various concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) to assess callus and direct bud induction. The highest mean number of direct bud organogenesis (23.20) per leaf explant was observed on MS medium supplemented with 1.00 mg L−1 NAA + 1.00 mg L−1 BA. Compared with direct regeneration, the rate of indirect bud organogenesis was very low and varied from 0.33 ± 0.33 to 2.25 ± 0.64 in PGR-free (free of plant growth regulators) medium and MS supplemented with 1.50 mg L−1 BA. Single shoots were excised and transferred to proliferation of bud medium. The highest bud proliferation (12.00 ± 1.15 bud per single shoot) was observed in medium supplemented with 0.50 mg L−1 BA. The developed shoots were rooted on PGR-free MS medium with 100% efficiency. Finally, the rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatised into plastic pots that contained pre-autoclaved perlite and peat moss (1:1).

Micropropagation and In Vitro Inflorescence of Pentas lanceolata

In this study, different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) on in vitro shoot and inflorescence inductions of P. lanceolata were investigated. The in vivo and in vitro floral characteristics of this plant were also compared. Nodal explants of P. lanceolata were cultured vertically with the cut ends inserted into semi-solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg L–1 BA. The results showed that the explants formed the highest numbers of shoots even when cultured in MS basal medium without any addition of BA, while the shoots formed in the explants cultured in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg L–1 BA were the longest. No inflorescence was found in the shoots cultured in MS medium supplemented with 8 mg L–1 BA, while the highest percentage of inflorescence induction was found in the shoots cultured in the medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L–1 BA. The apperances of in vivo and in vitro flowers of P. lanceolata were the same in many aspects except that the number of flower/inflorescence formed was different. In addition, water accumulation was observed only inside the in vitro flowers. Water deposit in the long tubular structure of P. lanceolata flower could cause anther injury, suggesting that flowers developed in vitro may not always produce pollen.

In Vitro Regeneration of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L). O. Kuntze) By Somatic Embryogenesis from Immature Cotyledon Tissues

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the world's most popular beverage plant, as well as an important plantation crop with high commercial value. It has been maintained for centuries through conventional vegetative propagation. Tea clonal propagation in vitro has the advantage of producing a large number of elite plants. If an efficient in vitro regeneration technology is available, this technique could be exploited for selection of tea plants for desired trait. The selected plants could be later on multiplied through in vitro or ex vitro techniques. The study aimed to induced somatic embryogenesis from immature embryo explants to genetic variaton. Different concentrations of phenylboronic acid with benzyladenine and phenylboronic acid with kinetin were tested in MS medium with 30 g/L sucrose and 8 g/L agar. MS medium without any plant growth regulators was used as control group. Considering the embryo survival rate, 1.5 mg/ L-1 phenylboronic acid + 1 mg/ L-1 kinetin produced highest result as 87.3% while lowest was in control group as 36.7%. The highest plant regeneration rate was found in 1,5 mg/ L-1 phenylboronic acid + 1 mg/ L-1 kinetin and 1.5 mg/ L-1 phenylboronic acid + 1 mg/ L-1 benzyladenine medium respectively as 58.3% and 55.6%. Kinetin treatment with increasing phenylboronic acid concentrations gave the best results in terms of somatic embryo survival rate. Also, kinetin treatment produced better results when compared to benzyladenine concentrations.

EMBENTUKAN EMBRIO SOMATIK DARI EKSPLAN DAUN RAMIN, SPESIES TANAMAN LANGKA

Ramin (Gonystylus bancanus (Miq.) Kurz) is one of the most valuable timbers in Indonesia and the most over-exploited woody species, on the other hand,the success in propagation techniques are still limited. This species has been listed in Appendix II of CITES since 2004as the number of trees and populations continuouslydecline. Tissue culture has been explored for mass propagation, however, this technique still facesthechallenge, mainly in shoot elongation regenerated from single node explants. The purpose of these experiments is to selectthe best auxin (2,4-D, picloram,dan dicamba) and the best concentration of Benzyl Adenine(BA) treatment on somaticembryo formation. A series of experiments of somatic embryogenesis from leaf explant for ramin were conducted at Tissue Culture Laboratory, Center for Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement Yogyakarta. Modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 0,1 mg/Lthiamine; 0,5 mg/l nicotinic acid; 0,5 mg/Lpyridoxine; 2.0 mg/Lglycineand 100 mg/Lmyo-inositolwere used as growth medium. In thisstudy, three different auxins were used as treatments: 2,4-D(2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid), picloram,and dicamba appliedat6.0 mg/L. The observation was made on the texture of callus formed and the performance of the somatic embryos obtained. The results showed thatthe texture of callus obtained is compact formed callus and green in color. The best treatment to induce globular somatic embryos is using 6.0 mg/Lpicloram within eight months. Thebest treatment to induce globular and torpedo somatic embryos is BA 3.0 mg/L treatment

Effects of different BA and IBA concentrations on proliferation and rooting of ‘GARNEM’ rootstock in vitro propagation

In this study, the regeneration shoot tip and nodal explants grown in vitro conditions of ‘Garnem’ hybrid rootstock were investigated, the effect of different phytohormone and concentrations on obtaining adventitious shoots from different explants was investigated, so an efficient protocol was developed for in vitro regeneration of ‘Garnem’ hybrid rootstock These outputs of the study can be a reference resource for future in vitro and biotechnological studies on the rootstock in question. The differences of PGR in MS medium culture containing node explants infinite (0.5-2.0 mg / l) BA (benzyladenine) were investigated. Upon the research, it was observed that the number of shoots andproliferationwere achieved in explants of nodal cuttings that were taken to culture in MS medium containing 2.0 mg / l BA. It has been determined that the most effective culture medium for the elongation of shoot length is MS medium containing 0.5 mg / l BA, 30 g / l sucrose and 5.5 g / l agar. Shoots growing in length were transferred to a new culture with ½ MS medium 0.5-2.0 mg / l IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) to be rooted. While rooting at a rate of 42.8% was achieved in ½ MS medium containing 2 mg / l IBA, 47.2% of rooted plantlets were acclimatized to ex- vitro conditions. Rooted plantlets obtained under in vitro conditions were transferred to plastic containers with 3 different environments in order to get accustomed to external conditions. At the end of the 8th week, the vitality rates of the plantlets were determined. While the viability rate of the plantlets transferred to the medium containing peat: perlite at the ratio of 1: 1 was found to be 47.2%, the viability rate of the plantlets in the environment containing only perlite was found to be 32.8%, and the viability rate of the plantlets in the environment containing only peat was found as 23.6%

In vitro study on the effect of cytokines and auxins addition to growth medium on the micropropagation and rooting of Paulownia species (Paulownia hybrid and Paulownia tomentosa)

This study represents an efficient preliminary protocol forin vitromass production of two Paulownia species (Paulownia hybridandPaulownia tomentosa) seedlings by using seed explant. Different concentrations of benzyladenine (BA) or Kinetin (Kin) (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 mg/L) were tested during multiplication stage. The number of shoots/explants was significantly increased with increasing either BA or Kin concentration; however, the shoot length significantly decreased. Data show that media fortified by BA (10 mg/L) combined with indole butyric acid (IBA) at 1.0 or 1.5 mg/L recorded the highest number of shoots/explant (9.13 and 9.25, respectively). After six weeks during the multiplication stage, data cleared that media fortified by benzyladenine (10 mg/L) combined with IBA at 0.5 mg/L recorded the highest shoot length (3.23 cm). The inclusion of indole butyric acid (IBA) or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 1.0–1.5 mg/L to the medium significantly increased the number of roots/plantlets and the highest root length. The results indicated that IBA supplementation was more effective than NAA forin vitrorooting of both Paulownia species. The best treatment for multiplication was 10 mg/L and 8.0–10 mg/L BA forP. hybridandP. tomentosa, respectively. Peat moss and sand (1:1, v/v) or peat moss and sand (1:2, v/v) were investigated as soil mixture during the adaptation stage. The results referred that Paulownia species plantlets were successfully survived (100 %) in soil mixture contained peat moss: sand (1:2, v/v). This mixture recorded the highest values of plantlet height and number of leaves/plantlets.

Effect of Spraying With Benzyl Adenine and Licorice Root Extract on Some Vegetative Growth Characteristics and Chemical Content of Strawberry (Fragaria Ananassa Duch) CV. Rubygem

This study was conducted inside the plastic house of the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station of the Agriculture College - University of Kirkuk/Iraq, during the growing season 2020/2021. To study the effect of spraying the growth regulator of benzyl adenine in three concentrations (0, 30, 60) mg.L−1 and licorice root extract in three concentrations (0, 3000, 6000) mg.L−1 on some growth characteristics and chemical content of strawberry plants of Rubygem type. The obtained results were summarized that spraying with a concentration of 60 mg.L−1 of the growth regulator benzyl adenine BA led to a significant superiority in most growth characteristics and chemical content of strawberry plants (leaf area, leaves number, leaves area, dry matter in plant, leaf content of chlorophyll and nitrogen total) where reached (95.81 cm2, 15.78 leaf. plant−1, 1513.93 cm2, 38.68 %, 28.66 %, 3.24 %) respectively. While spraying with concentrations (30 and 60 mg.L−1)of benzyl adenine was significantly superior to the control treatment in the phosphorous and carbohydrates content of leaves. Spraying with a concentration of 6000 mg.L−1 of licorice extract significantly increased in most of the study traits (dry matter in plant, leaf content of chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorous and carbohydrates total) where reached (39.06 %, 25.69 mg.g−1, 3.09 %, 0.334 %, 3.38 %) respectively. Spraying with a concentration of 3000 mg.L−1 of licorice was significantly superior in the characteristics of leaf area and Leaves area, which reached (85.08, 1303.18) cm2 respectively.

The influence of growth regulators and explant position on the growth and development of Mandevilla sanderi (Hemsl.) Woodson in vitro

Mandevilla is a valuable ornamental pot vine. However, due to a low propagation rate, it is difficult to keep up with the demand. Micropropagation would allow to produce lots of plants for the market. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the growth regulators addition to the media and explants orientation on multiplication of Mandevilla sanderi, an exotic, ornamental pot plant. The shoot tips were placed vertically or horizontally on the Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with benzyladenine (BA) or isopentenyladenine (2iP), at concentrations of 1, 2.5 or 5 mg·dm–3 singly or in combination with thidiazuron (TDZ) at concentrations of 0.01, 0.025 or 0.05 mg·dm–3. Maximum multiplication rate was noted on the media supplemented with 2.5 mg·dm–3 2iP + 0.025 mg·dm–3 TDZ or 5 mg·dm–3 2iP, when explants were placed horizontally. All the treatments resulted in callus formation. Medium supplemented with the highest concentration of BA combined with TDZ was the most active in callus growth.

English

Jatropha is a drought-tolerant plant producing seed oil for the biodiesel. Limitation to the development of jatropha is unavailability of high-yielding varieties and efficient in vitro regeneration system which is required for micropropagation. In this study, in vitro regeneration system from jatropha juvenile cotyledon was established. Firstly, concentrations of hormones in the MS medium were optimized and it was found that 1.5 mgL-1 benzyl adenine (BA) + 0.05 mgL-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) + 0.5 mgL-1 thidiazuron (TDZ) turned out to be the best for shoot induction (3.82 ± 0.18 shoots/explant). Secondly, shoot induction medium was fortified with different concentrations of glutamine and adenine sulfate. It was found that 25 mgL-1 each of glutamine and adenine sulfate was the most effective, resulting to 9.09 ± 0.37 shoots/explant and 93.0% regeneration frequency. Regenerated shoots were cultured on medium containing 0.5 mgL-1 BA and different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3), 0.5 mgL-1 GA3 with 0.5 mgL-1 BA  were found to be the best for shoot elongation (2.13 ± 0.18 cm). The highest frequency of root (40%) was observed on the medium with 0.5 mgL-1 IBA. The established procedures will be useful for the mass propagation and genetic transformation of elite jatropha genotypes.   Key words: Adenine sulfate (Ads), benzyl adenine (BA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), in vitro regeneration, glutamine (Gln).

Standardization of surface sterilization protocols for culture establishment in banana cv. Karpurachakkarakeli(AAB) male flower budsin vitro

Plant tissue culture is a proven technique for producing banana seeds in large quantities, uniformly and in a short time to support good quality banana seeds. The banana flower meristem can be a potential explant. The banana flower meristem offers the opportunity to regenerate plants with agronomic characteristics. This study aimed to regenerate banana flowers in vitro with different sucrose and BA (Benzyladenine) concentrations after standardized surface sterilization protocols. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), two factorial designwith surface sterilents and gelling agents. The results showed that the treatmentT15 (Sodium hypochlorite (1%) + HgCl2 (0.1%)) in G1 (0.25% gelrite) recorded the lowest fungal and bacterial contamination (0.00, 0.00) & (0.73, 0.53) respectively, in in vitro cultures of male flower buds of banana cultivar KarpuraChakkarakeli (AAB). While, the combination of BA (4 mgL-1) and sucrose (30 mgL-1) concentration had directly induced organogenesis in banana male flower explants.

Characterization of Green Pigment from Sauropus androgynus Shoot Cultures

The dark green leaves of Sauropus androgynus (Euphorbiaceae) have various nutritive values and are commonly used for human consumption as food, medicine, and natural dye substance in South-east Asia. Shoot cultures of this plant were established by adding various concentrations of kinetin (Kn) and benzyl adenine (BA) using nodal explants. The best results were recorded when Kn 0.1 mg/L was used with BA 1 mg/L (BA1Kn0.1). Spectrophotometric analysis showed two peaks of green pigment in shoot cultures, A pigment (λmax = 663.6 - 663.8 nm, absorbance 0.1111) and B pigment (λmax= 611.3 - 613.9 nm, absorbance 0.0390). Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis showed two green spots (Rf Y = 0.31 and Rf Z = 0.25) of shoot cultures on medium supplemented with BA1Kn0.1 for 10 days. Pigment profiles of shoot culltures were similar to their corresponding mother plants. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used as a preliminary technique to evaluate the genetic similarity of the shoot cultures and their corresponding mother plants. It showed four similar DNA banding patterns to their leaves, ranging from 271-765 bp.

Regeneration of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. using in vitro nodes: an alternative method for efficient multiplication of shoots

In vivo nodes of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. induced healthy multiple shoots with branching in our earlier studies and thus in the present study, potency of in vitro nodes to regenerate shoots was evaluated. In vitro nodes were excised from eight-week-old shoots and placed in Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium fortified with sucrose (3%) and different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin (Kn). After eight weeks, optimum of 5.42 ± 0.36 shoots with 100% response were regenerated in medium supplemented with BA (10 µM) and Kn (5 µM). These healthy shoots were placed in full, half and quarter strengths of liquid MS medium fortified with sucrose (1%) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, 1-25 µM) for rooting. Among all the strengths of MS medium, full strength MS medium having 8 µM NAA formed maximum of 3.42 ± 0.55 roots (91.67% response) within four weeks. The protocol is in continuation with earlier study and it was confirmed that a single in vivo nodal explant can regenerate around 385 healthy elongated shoots within 4 months, which will help in mass-propagation of the species.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Benziladenin (BA) pada Pertumbuhan Spatifilum (Spathyphyllum wallisii)

Spatifilum (Spathiphyllum wallisii) is a popular ornamental plant that can be used as indoor decoration, so its appearance should be attractive. Apart from flowering, an interesting criteria for the appearance of the spatula is to have many tillers so that it looks lush. One of the efforts to obtain this appearance is the provision of a growth regulator capable of accelerating shoot growth, namely Benzyladenine (BA). The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of BA which produced the best effect on spatifylum growth. This research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Horticulture Building, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung from July 2019 to January 2020. This research was arranged in a structured single factor treatment design consisting of six BA concentration treatments, namely 0 ppm, 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm, and 50 ppm with six repetitions. Data analysis used standard deviation which is presented in the form of a histogram by taking the average value of each treatment. The results showed that the administration of benzyladenine with concentrations 10-50 ppm tended to increase spatifylum growth in the variable leaf area, leaf greenness, tiller emergence, number of tillers, flower emergence time, and number of flowers, but had no effect on the addition of plant height and number of leaves. Giving benzyladenine with a concentration of 20 ppm was quite efficient in optimizing the vegetatif growth of spatilum, which was shown by the increase in plant height, increased number of leaves, time to emergence of tillers, and number of tillers. On the other hand, the effect of benziladenine on the generative phase requires a higher concentration, namely at a concentration of 50 ppm, the time for which the flower buds appear is the fastest and the number of flowers is the most. Keywords: Benzyladenine, Concentration, and Spatifillum.