Content Of Grains Research Articles

Inoculation with Glomus mosseae: An Efficient Biological Management Strategy for Arsenic Mitigation in Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Under Arsenic-Contaminated Soil

ABSTRACT A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on mitigation of arsenic (As) in As-contaminated soils with wheat (variety – HD 2967) as the test crop. Soil inbulk was collected from Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bihar,India farm with physicochemicalproperties to conduct a pot experiment using three doses of As (5, 10, 20 mg L−1) and application of Glomus mossaea inoculation (no inoculated, 5 g/pot, and 10 g/pot). Result indicated that the treatment spiked with As 5 ppm and Glomus mossaea @1 g kg−1 showedthe lowest available As (21.80 µg kg−1 soil) and lowest total As (2.533 mg kg−1soil) as compared to all othertreatments. The As content in different parts of plants are found in the orderof roots > shoots> leaves > grain parts in wheat crop. As uptake in grain was found to be positively correlated with available (r = 0.883, p < .001) and total As content in soil (r = 0.869, p < .001) as well. The application of AM fungi @10.0 g kg−1 soil significantly (p < .005) reduced the As content in grain under all the applied treatments. As content ingrain was found to be negatively correlated with total glomalin content of soil(r = –0.430, p < .005), colonization by AM fungi (r = –0.261) and available phosphorus (P) content of soil (r = –0.864, p < .001). The study noticeably indicated that the mycorrhizal inoculation can reduce the As content in the various parts of the wheat in As-contaminated soils.

Effect of Scheduling Irrigation Water and Adding Organic Matter and Bio-Fertilizer on the Concentration of some Nutrients in Wheat Plant (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field experiment was applied during the agricultural season 2021-2022 in one of the farms located in Al-Muthanna Governorate. In order to study the effect of scheduling irrigation water and adding organic matter and bio-bacterial fertilizer on the concentration of some nutrients in the wheat plant (Triticum aestivum L.), the experiment was carried out by distributing split plates using a randomized complete block design R.C.B.D. With three replications, the experiment included three factors, as the coefficients of irrigation periods for the first factor were set in the main panels at two levels (50 and 75%) of the field capacity, and the factors of organic and biological fertilization in the secondary panels, the organic fertilizer treatments included the use of three The levels are (0 and 40 and 80 tons ha-1), while the biofertilization treatments were at two levels, namely (adding the bacterial vaccine and not adding it). The results indicated that the treatment of adding organic fertilizer at the third level, O2, was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments, and the highest values were recorded in nitrogen and phosphorous and potassium concentration in the vegetative total, achieving an increase of (12.05% and 81.08 % 23.74%) sequentially, and the phosphorous concentration in the grains (86.11%), while there was no significant increase for the treatments of adding organic matter in affecting the nitrogen and potassium content of the grains. Also, the biofertilization treatments showed a significant effect in some of these, and the highest values were recorded in both the nitrogen and phosphorous concentration in the vegetative total, with an increase of (5.51% and 13.68%), and the nitrogen and phosphorous concentration in the grains (29.86% and 17.11%) sequentially but regarding as for the potassium concentration in vegetative total and grains, it was not significantly affected by the treatments of adding the bacterial vaccine to it. While the irrigation periods showed a significant effect only on the adjective phosphorous concentration in the grains

Genetic analysis of grain biochemical parameters and yield in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.

Pearl millet is a potential crop to combat micronutrient deficiency through genetic biofortification of micronutrients in addition to protein, carbohydrates and oil. There is very limited information available regarding gene action for micronutrient content and other biochemical properties like carbohydrate, protein, oil and tannin content in pearl millet. ANOVA revealed significant differences between families and generations for all biochemical traits except protein content. Generation mean analysis through a six-parameter model exposed a prevalence of all kinds of genetic effects that govern Fe and Zn concentrations in grain in crosses 15611R × 42182-HP and 15695R × 15787R, respectively. Furthermore, fixable and heritable genetic variance like additive and additive × additive were found substantial for Fe content in most of the families. Zinc, tannin content and grain yield per plant were governed by heritable but non-fixable intra-allelic interactions in most of the crosses. Likewise, carbohydrate content showed significant additive gene action in crosses except cross 6055B × 15611R. The cross 6055B × 15611R provided the opportunity for developing a biofortified variety with a low tannin level as it exhibited negative heterosis for tannin content and positive heterosis for iron, zinc and carbohydrates content.

Effects of soil amendments and foliar selenium applications on soil cadmium immobilization and wheat accumulation

Wheat cadmium (Cd) contaminationis one of the environmental and agricultural concerns worldwide. Here, the effects of foliar selenium (Se) and soil amendments (lime, biofuel ash and sodium sulfide (DSO), iron mine tailing and alkali lignin (MX)) applications on the soil Cd fractions and wheat Cd accumulations were studied by incubation, greenhouse pot, and field plot experiments. The results showed that in soil incubation experiment, lime and MX applications significantly increased soil pH and DSO applications significantly decreased soil pH, while all the three amendments can significantly reduce the available Cd fractions by 16-21%. Foliar spraying can significantly increase the growth and yield of the high-Cd-accumulating-cultivar (Puxing5). In the greenhouse experiment, lime and MX applications considerably decreased grain Cd concentrations by 53-56% and 41-52% for Puxing5 and by 9-38% and 23-28% for Zhoumai30, respectively. In the field experiment, the Cd concentrations were significantly reduced by 67-69% and 69-74% in Puxing5 grain by lime and MX applications, respectively. DSO applications also significantly reduced Cd concentrations in grains by 56-59% for Puxing5 and by 22-27% for Zhoumai30 in the greenhouse experiment, but in contrast, increased Cd concentrations in field experiment by 20-23%. Our results implicate that the incubation and greenhouse experiments are necessary to be verified in the field and the foliar Se application is recommended when considered both the financial costs and production safety.

Soybean Diseases and Their Effect on Yield Elements in Southern Regions of Uzbekistan

Fusarium (Fusarium L) disease of soybean in the cultivation of soybean grain causes a loss of 30-60% of grain yield and serious damage to the level of protein and fat content of grain. With this in mind, this paper discusses the development, prevalence, yield and 1000-grain weight of soybean fungal diseases and the effectiveness of seed treatments in disease control.

Response of Direct Seeded Rice to Iron and Zinc Fertilization Strategies under Middle Gujarat Conditions

Direct seeded rice (DSR) cultivation has received considerable attention due to its economic and labor-saving benefits. However, inadequate nutrient availability, particularly micronutrients, remains a significant constraint in achieving optimal crop growth and yield in direct seeded rice system. This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact of iron and zinc fertilization on yield, productivity and nutritional quality of direct seeded rice. This experiment was conducted at Experimental Farm, Regional Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, during kharif season of the year 2022 with twelve treatments of iron and zinc fertilization strategies viz. nutripriming, foliar application and soil drenching which were replicated thrice in randomized block design (RBD). In the treatments of nutripriming, seed were soaked in 0.5% solutions of iron sulphate and zinc sulphate individually and also in combination for 12 hrs. In other treatments, solutions of 0.5% concentration of iron sulphate and zinc sulphate were applied through foliar application at 30 and 50 DAS and soil drenching. Soil drenching was done by adding nutrient solutions (0.5% of iron sulphate and zinc sulphate each) directly on the rice sown lines of the plots. Findings demonstrate that targeted application of micronutrients (Fe and Zn) significantly enhanced the DSR performance in form of growth parameters, yield attributes, yield and nutrient content of grain and straw. Among all the treatments, (T5) nutripriming of direct seeded rice with 0.5% iron sulphate plus 0.5% zinc sulphate for 12 hours before sowing along with recommended dose of fertilizers has been found best in terms of plant height, panicles per m2, yield and Fe and Zn content in seed and straw of rice.

DETERMINATION OF WATER CONTENT IN GRAINS WITH MICROWAVE OVEN

The determination of water content is essential for the maintenance of grain quality, and an evaluation of alternative methods for quantification allows to increase the efficiency of the process and bring benefits to the productive sector. The study aimed to analyze the efficiency of using microwave ovens to determine the water content in grains. The study was carried out in a completely randomized design in a 5 x 6 factorial scheme, with five species (peanut, sunflower, corn, soybean and wheat) and six microwave drying periods (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 min), with four replications. Data were subjected to descriptive analysis to characterize the samples, and regression analysis to analyze differences between methods as a function of drying time. The determination of water content in peanut, sunflower, corn, soybean and wheat grains in microwave is technically feasible, showing correlation with the determination in an oven by the standard method. The drying time in the microwave influences the water removal capacity of the grains. For peanut, sunflower, corn, soybean and wheat grains, the microwave drying time of 3 min showed greater similarity with the determination by the standard method.

Marker-assisted breeding of hybrid lines of &lt;i&gt;Triticum dicoccon&lt;/i&gt; (Schrank) Schuebl. × &lt;i&gt;Triticum aethiopicum&lt;/i&gt; Jakubz. with purple grain

Background. Cereals whose grain contains antioxidants salutary for human health are promising for functional nutrition. Anthocyanins inducing purple grain color are antioxidants, and it is crucial to make efforts towards increasing their content in grain. The objective of this work was to assess the content of anthocyanins in emmer grain and the productivity of breeding lines with purple grain. Materials and methods. The study included the F9 lines developed by two-step hybridization between purple-colored Ethiopian wheat (Triticum aethiopicum Jakubz. var. arraseita) and emmer (Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schuebl.), and those isolated in F2 using marker-based selection for homozygous dominant alleles of two genes. The parent forms of the hybrids were a naked-grain emmer cultivar ‘Gremme’, an awnless emmer accession (k-25516) from the VIR collection, and an accession from the collection of IPK Gatersleben (Ethiopian wheat line TRI 15744), the donor of the purple color. The content of anthocyanins in whole-grain flour was measured in 12 lines, a structural analysis of plants was carried out, and their quantitative characteristics were assessed. Results. The highest anthocyanin content (82.5 µg per 1 g) was observed in line No. 10 of the 27-3 hybrid. The largest share of threshed naked grains (86.9 ± 7.3 %) was recorded for line No. 6 of the 31-19 hybrid. Line No. 11 of the 27-12 hybrid had the highest test weight (802 ± 13 g/L). Line No. 9 of the 27-1 hybrid showed the best index of grain productivity (389 ± 25 g/m2). Conclusion. Marker-assisted selection made it possible to identify homozygous dominant alleles of the two complementary interacting genes, Pp3 and Pp-B1, which cause the purple color of the grain pericarp. Breeding lines with purple-colored grain demonstrated different levels of the total anthocyanin content, test weight, and grain yield. The lines with high indices of these traits are valuable for breeding practice.

Prediction of the cadmium content in grains of low-accumulating wheat cultivars and soil cadmium threshold for safe production

Wheat cultivars with low cadmium (Cd) accumulation (WCCA-Cd) are widely used on Cd-contaminated farmland and can effectively reduce the grains Cd content to achieve the clean production in agriculture. However, there is a lack of soil Cd content thresholds specifically for the WCCA-Cd. To achieve safer production of wheat grains, a prediction model for WCCA-Cd was developed based on total Cd content in wheat grains (Grain-Cd) and soil factors using 379 soil‒wheat datasets from 10 field experiments in this research. The adaptability of the prediction model was tested using 312 pairs of data. Descriptive statistics (N = 379) showed that soil pH ranged from 4.28 to 8.76, the total Cd content in soil (Soil-Cd) ranged from 0.09 to 10.25 mg kg−1, and Grain-Cd ranged from 0.002 to 1.35 mg kg−1. Correlation analysis showed that Grain-Cd had a highly significant negative correlation with soil organic matter (SOM), soil pH, and soil conductivity (EC) and a highly significant positive correlation with Soil-Cd and Cd content in the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid extraction state (DTPA-Cd) (P < 0.001). The bioconcentration factor (BCF) decreased with increaseing soil pH. Both random forest and stepwise regression equations indicated that the most important factors affecting Cd bioeffectiveness were Soil-Cd and soil pH, explaining 80% of the variation in Grain-Cd. The prediction model indicated a soil Cd threshold (0.23–1.25 mg kg−1) for the safe production of WCCA-Cd at soil pH (4–9), which has a wider range of applicability compared with the Chinese Soil Safety Standards. Therefore, these results can quantify the grain Cd content of WCCA-Cd and guide the safe and clean production of WCCA-Cd on different Cd contaminated farmlands.

Effect of enriched composts and establishment methods on crop growth and nutrient concentration of rice (Oryza sativa) in trans-Gangetic plains of India

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2018 and 2019 at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to study the effect of crop-establishment methods and enriched organic nutrient sources on growth and productivity of ‘Pusa Basmati 1509’ rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment was laid out in splitplot design with 3 replications. The treatments comprised 2 main plot treatments, viz. aerobic rice (AR) and conventional transplanted (CT) rice, and 5 subplot treatments, viz. control (no fertilizer), 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)–100% mineral fertilization), 50% P through P enriched compost + 50% P through diammonium phosphate (DAP), 50% N through N-enriched compost + 50% N through urea and DAP and 100% organic (through N-enriched compost and P-enriched compost). The transplanted rice gave significantly higher grain yield (4.3 and 4.5 t/ha), straw yield (7.2 and 7.5 t/ha), plant height (97.8 and 99.1 cm), number of tillers (369.4 and 375.1), macro (1.4 and 1.3%-N, 0.14 and 0.15% -P, 0.27 and 0.28% K) and micro-nutrient concentration (70.5 and 76.8 ppm-Fe 22.2 and 22.9 ppm-Mn 24.1 and 24.7 ppm-Zn 10.1 and 10.5 ppm-Cu) in grain compared to aerobic rice. Enriched N compost having 50% N through N-enriched compost + 50% N through urea and DAP resulted in significantly higher grain yield (4.85 and 5.13 t/ha) than the other treatments except enriched P compost including 50% P through P-enriched compost + 50% P through DAP and these 2 treatments were at par in both the years. The 100% RDF resulted in more grain yield than 100% organic treatment, though differences were nonsignificant in both the years. Treatment of 50% N through N-enriched compost + 50% N through urea and DAP also resulted in taller plants, more tillers/m2 , higher macro and micro-nutrient concentration in grain than the other treatments. Hence, conventional transplanting of rice along with integrated application of enriched compost and inorganic fertilizer may be recommended to farmers for getting higher growth, productivity and better nutritional security.

Effect of Zinc and Wheat Variety on Grain Content of (Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) Grown in Calcareous Soil

The seeds of eight cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were divided into two size groups (the first had its seeds trapped in a sieve with holes diameter of 3.41 mm mesh, and the second seeds had trapped in 2.36 mm mesh). Seeds of the eight varieties were planted in plastic pots under greenhouse conditions, and five treatments for zinc (0, 0,3, 0,9, 2,7, 8,1 mg Zn kg−1 soil) and two seed sizes were added to study the combined effect of zinc and wheat variety on Grain content of Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn. The results showed that the addition of zinc led to an increase in the zinc content of grains and a decrease in their content of cupper and manganese at high levels of zinc application While there was no clear effect on iron content.

Обоснование норм применения минеральных удобрений при выращивании пшеницы озимой в условиях Западного Предкавказья

The influence of rates of mineral fertilizers on the yield and grain quality of soft winter wheat on leached chernozem in the conditions of the Western Ciscaucasia is considered. The effect of foliar fertilization with a polycomponent fertilizer Aqualis of a type 18 : 18 : 18 + 3MgO + ME on winter wheat crops in the fourth rotation of grain-grass-rowed crop rotation was studied. An agrochemical analysis of leached chernozem was carried out according to the vegetation phases of soft winter wheat: spring tillering, budding and flowering. According to the research results, the average yield of winter wheat in the control variant was 5.08 t/ha, at the application of a single rate of a complete mineral fertilizer (N40P30K20), the yield was 6.0 t/ha. The increase to the control amounted to 0.92 t/ha (18.1%). The application of double (N80P60K40) and triple rates of the mineral fertilizer (N120P90K60) increased the yield to 6.75 and 6.85 t/ha, respectively. The increase relative to the control is 1.67 t/ha (32.9%) and 1.77 t/ha (34.8%), respectively. The protein content in grains in the control variant was 10.9%, the protein yield was 553.72 kg/ha. The application of single (N40P30K20), double (N80P60K40), and triple rates (N120P90K60) of the complete mineral fertilizer increased the protein content in grains and amounted up to 11.6, 12.2, and 12.2%, protein yield – 696.0, 823.5, and 835.7 kg/ha, respectively. The gluten content in the control was 20.1%; the maximum gluten content was found in the variant when applied the water-soluble polycomponent fertilizer Aqualis at the application of a triple rate of the complete mineral fertilizer (N120P90K60) – 23.8%, which is 3.7% more than in the control variant. Foliar fertilizing with water-soluble polycomponent fertilizer Aqualis at the application of single (N40P30K20), double N80P60K40), and triple (N120P90K60) rates of the complete mineral fertilizer provided a significant in-crease in winter wheat yield, which amounted to 1.60, 2.67, and 2.82 t/ha. This is higher than the control by 31.5, 52.6, and 55.5%. The protein content in grains and protein yield when applying Aqualis at the application of the complete mineral fertilizer ranged from 12.4–12.8% and 976.5–1011.2 kg/ha, respectively.

Characteristics of winter spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.) breeding lines in the eastern forest-steppe of Ukraine

Purpose and Objectives. The aim of our work was to characterize winter spelt lines selected from spelt/bread wheat hybrid combinations by major economically valuable parameters.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. Winter spelt (T. spelta) lines derived from crossing NSS 1/02 T. spelta var. duhamelianum line (Serbia) with Oktava T. aestivum variety (Ukraine) at the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine of the Plant Production Institute named after V.Y. Yuriev (PPI) of NAAS of Ukraine were studied. Plants were grown on the experimental farm Elite of the PPI NAAS of Ukraine (Kharkivska Oblast) in 2019-2022. The accessions were sown in plots of 10 m2 of preliminary and competitive trials in four replications within the optimal timeframe. Plants were analyzed for morphological parameters, performance constituents and grain quality. For structural analysis, plants were taken from an area of 0.25 m2 and 20 spikes were analyzed in detail. Studying the spelt lines, we took the following accessions as the check varieties: Yevropa winter spelt variety; Podolianka and Bunchuk winter bread wheat varieties (national standards), Harmonika and Doskonala bred at the PPI NAAS.&#x0D; Results and Discussion. The spelt lines were characterized by high winter hardiness, high resistance to powdery mildew and tan rot pathogens (8-9 points), and medium resistance to Septoria (5-6.4 points). They started spring growth more slowly than winter bread wheat. They came into ear simultaneously with Yevropa spelt and Podolianka bread wheat. Plants of the spelt lines were as tall as or slightly shorter than Yevropa plants (check variety). Our observations showed that spelt stems were quite strong and resistant to lodging, despite their length. The tillering coefficient of the spelt lines ranged 1.69 to 1.80, with the mean exceeding Yevropa’s value (1.31), but was lower in comparison with the winter bread wheat varieties. Spikes of the spelt lines were white, loose and awnless. In terms of the spike length and the number of spikelets in the main spike, the spelt lines were inferior to both Yevropa and bread wheat varieties. Spelt kernels were elongated, plump and resembled Doskonala and Podolianka kernels. As to the kernel weight from the main spike, the spelt lines were slightly inferior to Yevropa, Harmonika and Doskonala, but not inferior to Bunchuk and Podolianka (national standards). The thousand kernel weight was high, ranging 47.31 g to 50.44 g. In terms of yield, the spelt lines outperformed the check bread wheat varieties on average by 0.50 t/ha. 1140-16 T. spelta line was most productive, yielding by 0.82 t/ha more than Yevropa and by 0.40 t/ha more than the check winter bread wheat varieties, which was possible due to easy threshing of the accessions. As to quality indicators (protein content in grain, gluten content in flour), the spelt lines were similar to Yevropa and bested the bread wheat varieties, but their sedimentation index was worse than that in the bread wheat varieties.&#x0D; Conclusions. The “NSS 1/02 T. spelta var. duhamelianum line (Serbia) / Oktava T. aestivum variety (Ukraine)” turned out to be a promising combination for breeding improvement of winter spelt in terms of yield, winter hardiness and grain quality in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

Effects of Land Preparation and Iron-coated Rice Seeds on Yield, Growth Parameters, and Soil Properties in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of land preparation methods and iron-coated (Fe-coated) rice seeds on the growth, yield, and Fe uptake of rice in alluvial soils in the Mekong Delta region. The experiment was conducted in the 2020 summer-autumn cropping season under the triple rice cultivation system in Chau Thanh district, An Giang province. The field experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with six treatments and four replications. The treatments were: (T1) puddled + water seeding + Fe-coated seeds; (T2) non-puddled + dry seeding + Fe-coated seeds; (T3) zero-tillage + non-puddled + dry seeding + Fe-coated seeds; (T4) puddled + water seeding + sprouted + non-Fe-coated seeds; (T5) puddled + wet seeding + sprouted + non-Fe-coated seeds; and (T6) puddled + transplanting + sprouted + non-Fe-coated seeds. The results showed that changes in the land preparation, planting method, and Fe-coated seeds did not significantly affect the number of tillers, plant height, yield components, soil chemical properties, grain yield, or Fe uptake of the rice plants and grains. However, the T3 and T6 treatments tended to have higher grains yields (5.86-5.90 tons ha-1), and higher total Fe content in grains (93.0-94.3 mg kg-1) and rice plants (83.1-84.0 mg kg-1). The findings from this study confirmed that the new planting method using zero-tillage + non-puddled + dry seeding + Fe-coated seeds can maintain the germination rate, growth, and grain yield of rice.

Effects of Threshing Devices, Maize Varieties and Moisture Content of Grains on the Percentage of Maize Grains Broken in Harvesting

Maize is one of the most important economic crops in the world. The integrity of maize grains directly affects the economic value of the maize as a main commodity that depends on the percentage of grains broken (POGB) in mechanized harvesting. Decreasing grain processing breakage is key to achieving mechanical harvesting with high quality. It is difficult to ensure a low POGB, because it depends on different maize varieties, their moisture contents, threshing devices and harvester working speeds. In this paper, the effects of these factors on the POGB are investigated when the working speed of the harvester is 1.0 m·s−1, 1.5 m·s−1 and 2.0 m·s−1, respectively. The different threshing forms, including tangential-axial-flow (TAF), axial-flow with nail-tooth (AFN), axial-flow with rasp bar in big space (AFRBBS) and axial-flow with rasp bar in small space (AFRBSS), are summarized. The POGB of TAF was 5.4% and it was the lowest of four threshing devices when the working speed of the harvester was 1.0 m·s−1, which was suitable to thresh maize at a low working speed. Maize Demeiya No. 1 (DMYN1), XianDa205 (XD205), Demeiya No. 3 (DMYN3) and Hayu189 (HY189) were harvested at different harvester working speeds, and the POGB of maize DMYN1 was the lowest among the four maize varieties. The POGB increased with increases in the working speed of the harvester and the moisture content of the maize grains. The POGB reached a minimum value of 3.5% when maize XD205 with the lowest moisture content was harvested. The results can provide a reference for choosing the maize variety, its moisture content, the threshing device and the working speed of the harvester for decreasing grain processing breakage.

Silicon inhibits the upward transport of Cd in the first internode of different rice varieties in a Cd stressed farm land

Silicon spraying on leaves can reduce the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in rice grain. However, it has been found that not all rice varieties decrease in Cd content after silicon (Si) application. A field study was conducted to check the performance of Si on the accumulation and transport of Cd in four rice varieties. TY390 and YXY2, having 51.5%− 60.6% Cd content of grain was inhibited by foliar Si, were classified as CRS varieties; BXY9978 and YXYLS, having Cd content of grain is nonresponsive with Si, were classified as CNS varieties. The Cd contents were mainly accumulated in stem, especially in the first stem node. While foliar Si reported no changes in the Cd content of first node in four different rice varieties. Comparing the correlation between Si and Cd contents in the above part of the first internode of CRS and CNS, as well as the relative expression of Cd transport genes in the first internode suggested that first internode was the key site to effect Cd transport through Si application, and OsZIP7 is a key Cd transporter protein responsive to Si, leading to different response of Cd transport and accmulation between the CRS and the CNS varieties of rice.

Breeding cereal rye (Secale cereale) for quality traits

AbstractCereal rye (Secale cereale) is a multi‐purpose crop, harvested for grain (for food, feed, and other products) as well as used as a forage or cover crop. The functionality of rye across these spheres is due to its abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and unique phytochemical composition. In this review, we focus on the current state and prospects of breeding rye for quality traits, where we define quality traits as grain, feed, or forage quality. Rye grain for human consumption has numerous healthful compounds, notably high dietary fiber content in grain and unique flavors that contribute to the signature properties of rye baked products and distilled spirits. As a forage, rye is useful in marginal environments and has high quality, including high crude protein, and is thus valuable for livestock production. While yield remains a major focus of breeding efforts, due to recent improvements in rye genomic and phenotypic resources, there are now opportunities for increased attention on breeding high‐quality ryes for multiple end uses. Through genetic improvement of quality traits, cereal rye has the potential to expand and serve multiple markets as a climate‐resilient crop.

Agronomic and ionomics indicators of high-yield, mineral-dense, and low-Cd grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars

The accumulation of toxic and essential nutrient elements in wheat grain influences wheat yield, grain nutritional quality, and human health. Here, we assessed the potential for breeding wheat cultivars to combine high yield with low cadmium and high iron and/or zinc concentrations in grains, and we screened appropriate cultivars. A pot experiment was conducted to explore differences in grain cadmium, iron, and zinc concentrations among 68 wheat cultivars, as well as their relationships with other nutrient elements and agronomic characters. The results showed 2.04-, 1.71-, and 1.64-fold differences in grain cadmium, iron, and zinc concentrations, respectively, among the 68 cultivars. Grain cadmium concentration was positively correlated with grain zinc, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, and manganese concentrations. Grain copper concentration was positively correlated with grain zinc and iron concentrations, but not with grain cadmium concentration. Therefore, copper has a potential role in regulating grain iron and zinc accumulation without influencing cadmium concentration in wheat grain. There were no significant relationships between grain cadmium concentration and four important wheat agronomic characters (i.e., grain yield, straw yield, thousand kernel weight, and plant height), indicating that the breeding of low-cadmium-accumulating cultivars with dwarfism and high yield characteristics is possible. On cluster analysis, four cultivars (Ningmai11, Xumai35, Baomai6, and Aikang58) exhibited low-cadmium and high-yield characteristics. Among them, Aikang58 contained moderate iron and zinc concentrations, while Ningmai11 had relatively high iron but low zinc concentrations in the grain. These results imply that it is feasible to breed high-yield dwarf wheat with low cadmium and moderate iron and zinc concentrations in the grain.

Effect of NAM-1 genes on the protein content in grain and productivity indices in common wheat lines with foreign genetic material introgressions in the conditions of Belarus.

Modern varieties of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) bred mainly for high productivity are often of low grain quality. The identification of NAM-1 alleles associated with high grain protein content in wheat relatives has enhanced the significance of distant hybridization for the nutritional value of T. aestivum L. grain. In this work we aimed to study the allelic polymorphism of the NAM-A1 and NAM-B1 genes in wheat introgression lines and their parental forms and evaluate the effects of various NAM-1 variants on the grain protein content and productivity traits in the field conditions of Belarus. We studied parental varieties of spring common wheat, the accessions of tetraploid and hexaploid species of the genus Triticum and 22 introgression lines obtained using them (2017-2021 vegetation periods). Full-length NAM-A1 nucleotide sequences of T. dicoccoides k-5199, T. dicoccum k-45926, T. kiharae, and T. spelta k-1731 accessions were established and registered with the international molecular database GenBank. Six combinations of NAM-A1/B1 alleles were identified in the accessions studied and their frequency of occurrence varied from 40 to 3 %. The cumulative contribution of NAM-A1 and NAM-B1 genes to the variability of economically important wheat traits ranged from 8-10 % (grain weight per plant and thousand kernel weight) to up to 72 % (grain protein content). For most of the traits studied, the proportion of variability determined by weather conditions was small (1.57-18.48 %). It was shown that, regardless of weather conditions, the presence of a functional NAM-B1 allele ensures a high level of grain protein content; at the same time, it does not significantly decrease thousand kernel weight. The genotypes combining the NAM- A1d haplotype and a functional NAM-B1 allele demonstrated high levels of productivity and grain protein content. The results obtained demonstrate the effective introgression of a functional NAM-В1 allele of related species increasing the nutritional value of common wheat.

Analysis of the error of influencing factors on the result of measuring the moisture content of grain and grain products

The potential to utilize an ultrahigh-frequency method to regulate the humidity of grain and the products of their industrial processing, allowing one to use this method to regulate technological processes in the production environments of grain-processing industries by controlling the material under examination in free space and converting the measured parameters of the electromagnetic wave passed through the material into an electrical signal. The developed functional scheme of the experimental setup based on the ultrahigh-frequency method of dependence of attenuation and phase shift of electromagnetic wave on the volumetric density of wheat grain at different mass fraction of humidity is discussed, it is shown that with increasing volumetric density at a constant value of the mass fraction of moisture decreases the error of grain moisture measurement with increasing volumetric density, where the main component of the total error of the ultrahigh frequency method (amplitude and phase) is associated with the influence of interfering factors and depends mainly on the variable thickness and density of the controlled material. In order to reduce the components of measurement error brought on by various non-informative (interfering factors) parameters on the outcome of measuring the mass moisture ratio of grain and grain products, the method of moisture measurement in both discrete and inline manufacturing is investigated.