Concentrations In Foods Research Articles

Radiocesium Concentration in Commercially-Available Foods Produced in Japan: 2017-2019.

We investigated the concentration of radioactive cesium (r-Cs: 134Cs and 137Cs) in commercially-available foods to confirm the effectiveness of pre-shipment radioactive material inspections mainly conducted by local governments. We focused on selected production areas and foods with high probability of r-Cs detection. To this end, we evaluated 715, 685, and 683 samples using scintillation spectrometer and high-purity germanium γ-spectrometer in fiscal years 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. The results accounted for 9 samples (1.3%), 10 samples (1.5%), and 5 samples (0.7%) for each fiscal year exceeded the standard limit of radioactive material (100 Bq/kg as r-Cs concentration for general foods). Although we selected and evaluated foods with high probability of r-Cs detection, percentage of samples exceeding the standard limit in each fiscal year was very low, less than 2% to be exact. This suggests that food management system, including pre-shipment inspections, were effectively functioning. In addition, samples exceeding the standard limit were bound to edible wild plants and wild mushrooms, and log-cultivated mushrooms. The former is consider to be difficult for cultivation/feeding control, and the latter was know to be parts of foods greatly affected by radioactive materials. This suggests that the concentration of r-Cs in these items remains at relatively high levels. In contrast, r-Cs was not detected in items with controalble cultivation/feeding. Based on these observations, it is better to be inspected on more difficult-to-cotrol cultivation/feeding items, in order to achieve further streamlining and improving of inspection efficiency. Our results indicate that r-Cs concentration in commercially-available foods of easy-to cultivation/feeding control, such as general vegetables, fruits, and meat, have been well-controlled in Japan, however, difficult-to-cultivation/feeding control items need to be more paid attention to r-Cs concentrations.

Development of an SO2 indicator label applied to shrimp

Sulfiting agents are added to crustaceans products to prolong their shelf life. However, depending on the concentration, these agents can be toxic to consumers due to the presence of SO2. In this context, a colorimetric indicator label based on starch and iodine was developed to detect SO2 in shrimp, showing whether the product is safe or not for consumers. The incorporation of iodine into the starch matrix resulted in labels with a smooth and homogeneous surface, and reduced water solubility from 9.26% to around 0.12%. In both in vitro and shrimp paste test, a visual detection response was observed in the label containing 0.02% of iodine when evaluated in the presence of 100 to 160 ppm of SO2, with ΔE* values greater than 5 (can be identifiable by the human eye). Therefore, the elaborated label showed potential as an economical and simple method to detect SO2 concentration in shrimp-based foods.

Advances in electrochemical and optical sensing techniques for vitamins detection: a review.

Vitamins are essential nutrients that aid in metabolism, cell growth, and the appropriate functioning of other biomolecules. They are required for the proper functioning of various systems in human body. Both vitamin shortage and excess can pave the way for a variety of illnesses. They enter the body via food and supplements eaten, making it critical to measure the vitamin concentrations in food, medicines, and biological fluids. The concentrations of these vitamins are determined using a variety of techniques. The performance measure of the techniques like selectivity, sensitivity, and limit of detection is crucial in their utilization. Among the many techniques of determination, electrochemical sensing and optical sensing have garnered widespread interest because of their potential to improve performance. Additionally, the introduction of innovative materials has added a lot of benefits to sensing. The aim of this article is to summarize significant work toward recent improvements in electrochemical and optical methods for detecting different vitamins. Additionally, it attempts to assess the gaps in vitamin sensing in order to encourage researchers to fill such gaps that will benefit the community.

Toxicokinetics of three insecticides in the female adult solitary bee Osmia bicornis

The worldwide decline of pollinators is of growing concern and has been related to the use of insecticides. Solitary bees are potentially exposed to many insecticides through contaminated pollen and/or nectar. The kinetics of these compounds in solitary bees is, however, unknown, limiting the use of these important pollinators in pesticide regulations. Here, the toxicokinetics (TK) of chlorpyrifos (as Dursban 480 EC), cypermethrin (Sherpa 100 EC), and acetamiprid (Mospilan 20 SP) was studied for the first time in Osmia bicornis females at sublethal concentrations (near LC20s). The TK of the insecticides was analysed in bees continuously exposed to insecticide-contaminated food in the uptake phase followed by feeding with clean food in the decontamination phase. The TK models differed substantially between the insecticides. Acetamiprid followed the classic one-compartment model with gradual accumulation during the uptake phase followed by depuration during the decontamination phase. Cypermethrin accumulated rapidly in the first two days and then its concentration decreased slowly. Chlorpyrifos accumulated similarly rapidly but no substantial depuration was found until the end of the experiment. Our study demonstrates that some insecticides can harm solitary bees when exposed continuously even at trace concentrations in food because of their constant accumulation leading to time-reinforced toxicity.

Erucic acid exposure during the first year of life-Scenarios with precise food-based dietary guidelines.

Recently, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) issued a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for erucic acid, which is mainly found in rapeseed oil. Infants may be exposed to erucic acid from rapeseed oil indirectly through maternal consumption via breastmilk or the fat component in formula, and directly as a part of complementary feeding (CF). To check the safety of infant nutrition, scenarios for erucic acid exposure were calculated based on the daily food amounts of the German dietary guidelines. Information on erucic acid concentrations in foods was obtained from European studies for breastmilk, from EFSA samples for formula powder, and from a representative analysis of rapeseed oil samples in the German retail market. 6 scenarios were calculated for the early milk feeding phase (4 formula feeding, 2 breastfeeding) and 8 scenarios for the later CF phase (5 CF +formula feeding, 3 CF +breastfeeding). Out of the 14 scenarios, only 3 resulted in exposures that were definitively below the TDI (range 4.4.–6.0 mg/kg bodyweight; BW). Assuming either high consumption or high concentration led to high exceedances (range 7.5–26.2 mg/kg BW), especially in case of the new EU limits for formula or vegetable oils (33.6 and 43.2 mg/kg BW, respectively). In our scenarios, high erucic acid exposures occurred during a particularly sensitive developmental period. To definitively weigh the potential risks from erucic acid in infants against nutritional benefits of the dietary recommendations, reliable, timely data on erucic acid in breast milk and formula are needed, similar to those from rapeseed oil in Germany.

Perspective on the Formation, Analysis, and Health Effects of Neuroactive Compounds in Foods.

Foods contain neuroactive compounds, such as γ-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, kynurenic acid, and catecholamines. Neuroactive compounds synthesized by humans have various behavioral and physiological roles. It is thus significant for future studies to investigate how diet-derived neuroactive compounds can impact human health and mood. In this perspective, we provide a background for the brief formation mechanisms of neuroactive compounds in plants and microorganisms, their concentrations in foods, and their potential health effects. Liquid chromatography approaches for the analysis of neuroactive compounds are highlighted, together with the extraction procedures. The possibilities for the design of novel foods containing neuroactive compounds are also discussed.

Phthalate and novel plasticizer concentrations in food items from U.S. fast food chains: a preliminary analysis

BackgroundFast food consumption is associated with biomarkers of ortho-phthalates exposures. However, the chemical content of fast food is unknown; certain ortho-phthalates (i.e., di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) have been phased out and replaced with other plasticizers (e.g., dioctyl terephthalate (DEHT)).ObjectiveWe conducted a preliminary study to examine ortho-phthalate and replacement plasticizer concentrations in foods and food handling gloves from U.S. fast food restaurants.MethodsWe obtained hamburgers, fries, chicken nuggets, chicken burritos, cheese pizza (n = 64 food samples) and gloves (n = 3) from restaurants and analyzed them for 11 chemicals using gas chromatography mass spectrometry.ResultsWe found DEHT at the highest concentrations in both foods (n = 19; median = 2510 µg/kg; max = 12,400 µg/kg) and gloves (n = 3; range: 28–37% by weight). We detected DnBP and DEHP in 81% and 70% of food samples, respectively. Median DEHT concentrations were significantly higher in burritos than hamburgers (6000 µg/kg vs. 2200 µg/kg; p < 0.0001); DEHT was not detected in fries. Cheese pizza had the lowest levels of most chemicals.SignificanceTo our knowledge, these are the first measurements of DEHT in food. Our preliminary findings suggest that ortho-phthalates remain ubiquitous and replacement plasticizers may be abundant in fast food meals.Impact statementA selection of popular fast food items sampled in this study contain detectable levels of replacement plasticizers and concerning ortho-phthalates. In addition, food handling gloves contain replacement plasticizers, which may be a source of food contamination. These results, if confirmed, may inform individual and regulatory exposure reduction strategies.

Analysis of Cyanide Compounds in Foods by the Purge Method Using a Midget Impinger

Cyanogenic glycosides in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) seeds, which are used in so-called health foods, pose a public concern in Japan due to their potential health risks. Several pretreatment methods, such as the steam distillation and Conway microdiffusion methods, have been established for the determination of cyanogenic glycoside concentrations in foods. However, these methods are time-consuming and have extremely low throughput. Therefore, we developed a simple and rapid method, called the purge method, to analyze cyanide compounds in seed-derived food products. Under this method, the aqueous extract of cyanogenic glycosides is treated with β-glucosidase in a midget impinger, after which the liberated cyanide is purged into an absorbing solution. The concentration of cyanide in the adsorbent is then quantified using 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid-pyrazolone reagent. A single-laboratory method validation study was performed using amygdalin at a concentration of 10 ppm as cyanide ion. The validation parameter results (trueness, 83.9%; repeatability, 1.18%; intermediate precision, 4.67%) indicated that the developed method was suitable, precise and accurate. The purge method was used to analyze cyanide concentrations in commercially available food samples. Of the 10 samples tested (loquat seed powder, apricot kernel powder, and plum seed powder), three samples were found to contain cyanogenic glycosides at concentrations of >10 ppm as hydrogen cyanide, with the highest concentration detected being 861 ppm. These results clearly demonstrated the applicability of our method in determining cyanogenic glycosides in seed-derived food samples.

Toxic element levels in ingredients and commercial pet foods

Nowadays, there is a growing concern about contamination of toxic metals (TM) in pet food due to the great potential for health risks of these elements. TM concentrations in commercial pet foods (n = 100) as well as in ingredients used in their composition (n = 100) were analyzed and compared to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) maximum tolerable level (MTL), and the TM concentrations found in the different sources of carbohydrate, protein, and fat were compared. The TM concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma with optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Concentrations above the MTL for aluminum, mercury, lead, uranium, and vanadium were observed in both dog and cat foods, and the percentage of dog foods that exceeded the MTL of these TM were: 31.9%; 100%; 80.55%; 95.83%; and 75%, respectively, and in cat foods: 10.71%; 100%; 32.14%; 85.71%; 28.57%, respectively. The MTL values of these TMs and the mean values in dog foods (mg/kg dry matter basis) (MTL [mean ± standard deviation]) were: aluminum: 200 (269.17 ± 393.74); mercury: 0.27 (2.51 ± 1.31); lead: 10 (12.55 ± 4.30); uranium: 10 (76.82 ± 28.09); vanadium: 1 (1.35 ± 0.69), while in cat foods were: aluminum: 200 (135.51 ± 143.95); mercury: 0.27 (3.47 ± 4.31); lead: 10 (9.13 ± 5.42); uranium: 10 (49.83 ± 29.18); vanadium: 1 (0.81 ± 0.77). Dry foods presented higher concentrations of most TM (P < 0.05) than wet foods (P < 0.05). Among the carbohydrate sources, there were the highest levels of all TM except cobalt, mercury, and nickel in wheat bran (P < 0.05), while among the protein sources, in general, animal by-products had higher TM concentrations than plant-based ingredients. Pork fat had higher concentrations of arsenic, mercury, and antimony than fish oil and poultry fat. It was concluded that the pet foods evaluated in this study presented high concentrations of the following TM: aluminum, mercury, lead, uranium, and vanadium.

METALS AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) IN BEER: A REVIEW

The major cations in beer are potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium with the anions, chloride, sulphate, nitrate and phosphate. The minor ones include iron, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, arsenic and phosphorous. These metals are important in beer fermentation because they supply the appropriate environment for yeast growth and influence yeast metabolism. Copper and iron are involved in beer conditioning and ageing through reactions resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species which readily oxidize organic compounds present in beer, changing the quality of foaming and flavour stability of beer. Small amounts of nitrogen-containing constituents are present and phosphorous is associated with some of these. Only trace amounts of sulphur-containing compounds are present but some of these are very potent flavouring agents. Beer is also subject to PAHs contamination due to the drying and roasting of barley. PAHs have been detected in different types of beverages such as tea, coffee, distilled drinks, wine, and fruit juice. Although PAHs are usually found in low concentrations in foods and beverages, they are one of the main factors that contribute to the onset of cancer in humans. This review covers the determination of levels of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in beer. The review was designed to cover the sources of metals and PAHs in beer as well as functions of metals and methods for the determination of metals and PAHs in beer. It was also designed to give insight to the health concerns of beer consumers.

Assessment of Radioactivity Level in the Terrestrial and Marine Organisms in Yangjiang and Its Adjacent Areas (China).

In order to assess the radioactive level in the terrestrial and marine organisms in Yangjiang and the adjacent areas, 90Sr, gross beta and gamma-emitting radionuclides (238U, 226Ra, 228Th, 226Ra, 40K, 137Cs, 51Cr, 55Fe, 54Mn, 58Co, 60Co and 65Zn) were analyzed from 2011 to 2012. The annual effective doses were estimated in the high natural radioactive background areas in Yangjiang (HBRAYJ). The specific activities of 238U, 228Th, 226Ra, 40K and 137Cs in all organisms were <0.05–5.20, 0.30–14.50, 0.11–3.58, 11.1–148.0 and <0.003–0.088 Bq/kg, whilst 51Cr, 55Fe, 54Mn, 58Co, 60Co, 65Zn and 110mAg were below the minimum detectable activity. 90Sr and gross beta specific activities were 20.0–143.0 and 0.021–0.316 Bq/kg. Results show that 228Th was significantly higher than 238U and 226Ra of natural U series in organisms due to the rich-Th soils in the HBRAYJ; 228Th, 226Ra, 40K, 137Cs and 90Sr were greatly lower than the limited concentrations in Chinese foods. The internal dose mainly contributes to natural 40K, 226Ra and 228Th. It is useful to provide some basic data and assess the radiological risk from the HBRAYJ and Yangjiang nuclear power plants in future.

Rapid detection of artificial sweeteners in food using microfluidic chromatography detection system

Artificial sweeteners are often used by food manufacturers as a low-calorie alternative to sugar. However, an excessive consumption of artificial sweeteners can be harmful to human health. Consequently, their concentration in foods and beverages must be carefully controlled. The current study therefore proposes a microfluidic chromatography detection (MCD) system for the simultaneous concentration determination of two common sweeteners, namely saccharin sodium (SAC) and acesulfame potassium (Ace-K). In the proposed system, the sample is dropped on the MCD chip with a developing solution consisting of DI water, ethyl acetate, acetic acid and ethanol the chip is then placed in a UV microanalysis device. After allowing sufficient time for the developing solution to separate the SAC and Ace-K sweeteners from the interfering substances, the chip is illuminated by a 254-nm ultraviolet lamp and captured by a CMOS camera. Then wirelessly transfer the captured image to a smartphone, where the Ace-K or SAC sweetener concentration is derived using self-developed chromatography analysis app on the smartphone. Results obtained using control samples with known SAC and Ace-K concentrations show that the current MCD system provides a reliable detection performance for both sweeteners over the concentration range of 50 ~ 2000 ppm. Furthermore, the detection results of the concentrations of SAC and Ace-K in 16 commercial food samples are within 6.3% of the results obtained using traditional macroscale HPLC systems.

Evaluation of iron, copper and zinc concentrations in commercial foods formulated for healthy cats.

The aim of this study was to analyze iron, copper and zinc concentrations in commercial foods and compare among food formats (dry, canned, raw), foods marketed by age category (adult 1+ years and senior 7+ years) and foods intended for adult maintenance vs all life stages. In total, 112 commercial non-therapeutic food products marketed for healthy adult and senior cats were purchased in the USA. Foods were analyzed for their proximate composition. Trace mineral concentrations were measured using inductively coupled argon plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and described on a calculated metabolizable energy basis using standard modified Atwater values. Measured iron (median 58.4 mg/1000 kcal [range 15.7-379.0]), copper (median 5.6 mg/1000 kcal [range 0.8-13.3]) and zinc (median 47.6 mg/1000 kcal [range 7.6-128.1]) concentrations were highly variable among cat foods. When all food products - regardless of their nutritional adequacy substantiation method - were compared with the Association of American Feed Control Officials regulatory minimums, 13/112 food products had a mineral deficiency, of which a majority (n = 11/13) were raw food products. Raw foods had significantly lower trace mineral concentrations compared with dry food products and, except for copper, canned food products. Cat foods marketed for senior cats had higher iron (P = 0.019) and zinc (P <0.0001) concentrations than foods marketed for adult cats. Foods intended for adult maintenance had higher iron (P = 0.003) and zinc concentrations than foods intended for all life stages (P <0.0001). Iron, copper and zinc concentrations in commercial non-therapeutic foods for adult and senior cats are highly variable. A minority of foods - mainly raw food products - were deficient in these minerals. It is unknown if some foods with high trace mineral concentrations could have adverse effects as studies are needed to establish safe upper limits for dietary intake of trace minerals in healthy cats.

Lifetime cancer risk increase due to consumption of some foods from a High Background Radiation Area

Activity concentration (AC) in foods produced and commonly consumed in a High Background Radiation Area (HBRA) was analyzed. The AC were obtained by spectrophotometry and by the radiochemical separation method. The AC were up to 104 times higher than the AC for both UNSCEAR suggested values and non-HBRA. It was noted that the lifetime cancer risk was increased in 4 decimal places, taking the risk from the "statistically negligible range" (<10-6) to "middle range" (between 10-4 and 10-6).

Bioaccessibility and bioavailability adjusted dietary exposure of cadmium for local residents from a high-level environmental cadmium region

The critical health risks caused by cadmium (Cd) via dietary exposure are commonly assessed by detecting Cd concentrations in foods. Differently, in this study, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Cd in major local harvests were introduced to assess the dietary exposure of local residents from a high-level environmental Cd region. The results indicated that certain Cd was released into the digestive juice after in vitro digestion with a bioaccessibility of 20–63% for rice and 3–32% for leafy vegetables, and the released portion was partially absorbed by Caco-2 cells with a bioavailability of 2–21% for rice and 0.2–13% for leafy vegetables. The results obtained from the toxicokinetic model revealed that the predicted urinary Cd values from the estimated daily intake (EDI) of Cd, which accounted for bioaccessibility and bioavailability, were consistent with the actual measured values, and the EDIs were considerably lower than the acceptable daily intake. This suggests that the bioaccessibility and bioavailability adjusted dietary Cd exposure should be more precise. The key issues addressed in our study implores that a potential health risk cannot be neglected in people with high consumption of rice from high-level zone.

Dietary exposure to mycotoxins of 1- and 2-year-old children from a Dutch Total Diet Study

In 2017, a Total Diet Study was conducted in the Netherlands in which mycotoxins were analysed in foods and beverages consumed by 1- and 2-year-old children. These mycotoxins were aflatoxins,Alternaria toxins, citrinin, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Long-term exposure was calculated by combining concentrations in foods and beverages with consumed amounts of these products. Analysed foods and beverages with a concentration below the detection limit that could contain the mycotoxin, were assigned a concentration equal to half this limit value. To assess if the exposure could result in a possible health risk, the high long-term exposure (95th percentile) was compared with a health-based guidance value (HBGV) or a margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated. Exposure to aflatoxins,Alternaria toxins, ochratoxin A and T-2/HT-2 sum may pose a health concern. Foods that contributed most to the exposure of these mycotoxins were bread, biscuits, breakfast cereals, chocolates, dried fruit, follow-on formula and fruit juices.

Reported Lead Levels in Different Environmental Matrices in Colombia

Objective: The aim of this paper is to present a review of specific cases that reported lead concentrations in blood, objects, food, soil, bioindicators, air, and water in specific places in Colombia and evaluate the reported concentrations against target values. Materials and Methods: A systematic qualitative literature review of publications between 1995 and 2019 was done; using Boolean operators 1571 papers were identified, to which 3 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria were applied. A total of 57 studies met the defined criteria. The reports in these studies were geo-localized and compared with acceptable values. Results and Discussion: Results suggest that lead is present in all environmental matrices, widely distributed in the Colombian territory, and that 72 % of the cases exceeded regulation limits. The percentage of noncompliance per environmental matrix was 89 % for blood samples, 71 % in food, 63 %, in soil, 89 % for bioindicators, 60 % for air, and 55 % for water. Conclusion: These results show that lead pollution is a large-scale problem in the country, more systematic studies are needed, and control measures, policy-making and regulatory updating should be pursued.

Exposure to methylmercury and inorganic mercury in the food does not lead to trophic magnification in the sea star Asterias rubens

Methylmercury accumulated at the top of aquatic food chains constitutes a toxicological risk to humans and other top predators. Biomagnification of methylmercury takes place among vertebrates at the higher trophic levels, but this process is less elucidated in benthic invertebrates at the lower trophic levels. Therefore, we investigated the accumulation from food and elimination of methylmercury and inorganic mercury in the benthic sea star Asterias rubens (L.) - a representative of trophic level ~3 - in laboratory experiments. Sea stars fed over 49 days with contaminated mussels (Mytilus edulis) accumulate methylmercury and inorganic mercury to the highest concentrations in the digestive glands, the pyloric caeca, less in stomach, gonad, tube feet, aboral body wall and not to detectable levels in the coelomic fluid. Concerning whole body contents, steady states were reached for both methylmercury and inorganic mercury during the 7-week feeding period and the sea stars reached approximately ½ and ¼ of the concentrations in the mussel food for the two mercury forms, respectively. Half-lives for the elimination of the two mercury forms varied between 45 and 173 days in a 140-d elimination period following the feeding period; inorganic mercury was eliminated faster than methylmercury. Examination of total mercury concentrations in field-collected sea stars confirmed this lack of trophic magnification in relation to the major food items, soft parts of molluscs. We suggest that mercury is not trophically magnified in sea stars 1) because they eliminate methylmercury faster than larger fish and decapod crustaceans and 2) maybe more importantly, because inorganic mercury with its faster elimination constitutes a larger fraction of the total mercury in the food at the lower trophic levels - as opposed to methylmercury which dominates at the higher trophic levels.

Cyperus rotundus: a safe forage or hyper phytostabilizer species in copper contaminated soils

This study was carried out to evaluate Cu uptake, mobility, and accumulation in Cyperus rotundus and define the physiological strategy it employs under copper stress conditions. The experiment was performed at concentration levels from 12, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mg Cu/kg in pod soil. The metal concentrations in roots, tubers, and root organs and the translocation factor (TF), total soluble sugars (TSS), and biomass production were evaluated. The results showed that the changes in TF and Cu concentrations had good fitness (p value < 0.01; R 2 > 0.87) with the quadratic models. These models have indicated C. rotundus has limited Cu translocation from the roots to the shoots (0.009 < TF < 0.05). The results also showed that TSS significantly (p value < 0.05) increased under Cu stress and changes in both the shoot and tuber tissues had good fitness with the quadratic model (R 2 > 0.98). In summary, C. rotundus is a hyper tolerant plant with a high ability to take up Cu from the soil, accumulate it in its underground tissues and prevent Cu translocate in above ground tissues. Therefore C. rotundus can be considered as a hyper phytostabilizer with the ability to hold Cu concentration in its shoot at a lower level than the maximum allowable concentrations in animal food and so can be recommend as safe forage in the copper contaminated environment. Novelty statement This paper reported for the first that Cyperus rotundus can be hyper Phytostabilizer if tubers and roots are considered as an unharvestable part. Cyperus rotundus can be suggested as a safe palatable plant due to the following three indices: (1) the maximum Cu concentration observed in the shoots is less than the maximum authorized concentration (MAC) in animal food, (2) the Translocation Factor of Cu (TF < 0.05) is very low, and (3) the physiological strategy of “excluders sensu Baker” used for copper phytostabilizing prevent more translocation and accumulation of Cu under more sever contaminated conditions, so this species could be used for grazing and forage production in copper contaminated environments. Safety forage assessment under a metal-contaminated environment using the three main indices described above is a novel idea.

Analytical Techniques for The Evaluation of Lead Concentrations in Food for Human Consumption

Analytical Techniques for The Evaluation of Lead Concentrations in Food for Human Consumption