Tumor Marker Concentrations Research Articles

Role of Cellular Biomolecules in Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer.

Prevention is the primary strategy to avoid the occurrence and mortality of colorectal cancer. Generally, the concentrations of tumor markers tested during the diagnosis and believed to assist the detection of disease in the early stages of cancer. Some of the biomarkers are also important during treatment and real-time monitoring of the progress of treatment. We considered a rationale search of key references from the database of peer-reviewed research and review literatures of colorectal cancer. The topic of search was focused on the novel methods and modern techniques of Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment of colorectal cancer. The screened publications were critically analysed using a deductive content analysis and the matter was put in separate headings and sub headings. It was found that endoscopic examination, early detection, and surgery are some of the common strategies to manage colorectal cancer because late stages are difficult to treat due to the high-cost requirement and fewer chances of survival. As far as chemotherapy is concerned, systemic chemotherapy has been shown to offer the maximum benefit to patients with cancer metastasis. Among different chemotherapy measures, primary colorectal cancer prevention agents involve pharmaceuticals, phytochemicals, and dietary supplements are some of the standard options. In this review article, we have provided a comprehensive analysis of different biomarkers for the detection of colorectal cancer as well as different formulations developed for efficient treatment of the disease. The use of dietary supplements, the combinatorial approach, and nanotechnology-based strategies for colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment are some of the recent and modern methods of cancer management.

Low-cost flexible plasmonic nanobump metasurfaces for label-free sensing of serum tumor marker

The use of plasmonic metasurface for sensing has great potential on label-free detection of human tumor markers, which could benefit clinical examination. In this work, we adopt nanoimprint and plasma etching to optimize the nanofabrication for low-cost flexible plasmonic metasurface sensors with gold nanobump arrays, which enable facile surface bio-functionality, high sensitivity and simple optical measurement in the visible range. A high bulk refractive index sensitivity of 454.4 nm/RIU is achieved for the prototype plasmonic metasurface sensors at the wavelengths from 620 nm to 720 nm. The rapid quantitative tumor marker sensing of carcinoembryonic antigen in human serum samples from less than 10 ng/mL to more than 87 ng/mL is achieved, which demonstrates good agreement with the conventional chemiluminescence immunoassay system and sufficiently covers the threshold tumor marker concentration of 20 ng/mL for early cancer prediction. Our method is capable of low-cost high-throughput manufacturing for flexible lightweight plasmonic metasurface sensors, which will facilitate wide applications on portable biomedical sensing devices for future point-of-care diagnosis and mobile healthcare.

Investigating the Possibilities of SBS for Determining Concentrations of Tumor Markers in Urine

The possibility of developing a means of SBS for controlling oncological diseases in the early stages is considered. The SBS spectra of biological structures close to tumor markers are investigated experimentally in order to obtain a diagnostic option for when there are several markers in solutions of ethyl alcohol, protein citrated solution, and blood serum at the same time. Estimates of the ratio of the logarithm of methylmercaptan intensity to hippuric acid show that this technique allows us to find with high probability these elements in biological media, directly in urine and otherwise.

Application of PETCT imaging information combined with tumor markers in etiological screening of infectious and non-infectious ascites

In order to study the application value of PETCT image information combined with tumor markers in etiological screening of infectious and non-infectious ascites, ascites patients with unexplained etiological factors from the The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University were selected as the research objects, who were submitted to PET/CT scans and CT morphological scans for the semi-quantitative analysis of ascitic focus; in addition, the research objects were also submitted to chemiluminescence for the detection of concentrations of tumor markers in ascitic fluid, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha fetal protein (AFP), cancer antigen 125 (CA125), and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9). The results have shown that among the tumor markers CEA, AFP, CA125, and CA19-9, the tumor markers CEA, AFP, and CA19-9 had diagnostic reliability; in addition, compared with pure PET/CT imaging and ascites tumor marker detection, the combination of PET/CT imaging and tumor marker detection has more diagnostic value in infectious and non-infectious ascites etiology screening. Despite the deficiencies in the research process, it has provided a certain basis and ideas for subsequent research.

Expressiveness of Bone Markers in Breast Cancer with Bone Metastases

Introduction: On a global scale, the malignant growth of mammary gland is the most common type of cancer in women. In the progress of mammary carcinoma, osseous metastatic invasion has a pivotal significance because it is a frequent complication occurring at an early stage of the disease. Background: Bone metastases in breast cancer patients lead to increased mortality and decreased health-related quality of life. Therefore, early diagnostic assessment and treatment is requested. Meanwhile the progress of the disease should be monitored closely. Regarding health-related quality of life and lifetime prolongation, osseous metastases should be early diagnosed, therapied, and monitored. Up to date the gold standard is the whole-body scintigraphy. This kind of bone imaging features has high sensitivity but shows loss of specificity. Aim: This study aims to investigate the diagnostic versatility of bone markers in its resorption and formation function to detect bone metastases in patients with breast cancer. Patients, Materials, and Methods: For this purpose, the concentration of competing bone processing tumor markers in serums of 78 patients was detected and analyzed. Two groups of women with mammary carcinoma with and without osseous metastases were built to examine the presence (or absence) of statistically significant disparity of tumor marker concentration. The tumor markers employed in this study were the carboxyterminal collagen type I telopeptid (CTX), known as beta-crosslaps (β-CTx), the alkaline phosphatase (AP), and its isoenzymes (especially the bone-specific AP [B-AP]). Additionally, the tumor markers for breast cancer (CA 15-3 and CEA) were analyzed in both groups. Results: Our results provide evidence that in both groups, tumor markers such as β-CTx and B-AP were a promising tool for the detection and exclusion of bone metastases in breast cancer. This comprehensive investigation shows both β-CTx and B-AP are able to fulfill the conditions of a competent appliance to detect osseous metastases of patients with mammary carcinoma. Conclusion: Concerning the urgency of early and frequent detection, staging, and disease monitoring of mammary carcinoma with osseous metastases, this study renewed and underlined the importance of biochemical tumor markers – especially β-CTx and B-AP – and laid a clinical-based cornerstone to build up on a prospective research.

Up-conversion fluorescence biosensor for sensitive detection of CA-125 tumor markers

Sensitive and specific bioassays of tumor markers are critical for early cancer detection and treatment. In recent years, lanthanide (Ln3+) doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have attracted wide attentions in tumor markers detection. Herein, we combined NaYF4:Yb,Tm and silver nanoparticles, serving as energy donor and receptor, respectively, to form an up-conversion fluorescence based inhibitory tumor marker biosensor system. The tumor marker CA-125 molecules are labeled with silver NPs, and the energy transfer fluorescent signal can be detected between the UCNPs and the silver NP receptors. The biosensor shows good stability, high sensitivity and selectivity in the tumor marker concentration range from 5 to 100 ng/mL, as well as a detection limit of 120 pg/mL. Due to the advantage of ease of fabrication and operation, low cost and high information capacity, this technology holds great potential for the clinical applications.

Descriptive analysis of the variation in the concentrations of certain tumor markers in patients with clinical suspicion of lung cancer in our health area

Descriptive analysis of the variation in the concentrations of certain tumor markers in patients with clinical suspicion of lung cancer in our health area

Study of activated CIK armed with bispecific antibody for advanced liver cancer

Background & Aim Primary liver cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world. The 5-year relative survival rate of patients with liver cancer is very low. At present, cytokine-induced killer cell (CIK) therapy is a mature clinical treatment method in cell therapy. CIK cells have both anti-tumor activity of T lymphocytes and non-MHC restrictive killing of NK cells. Abnormal glycosylation of MUC1 (a member of mucin family) was highly expressed in 60% of primary hepatocellular carcinoma and 90% of cholangiocarcinoma, but not in normal tissues. Methods, Results & Conclusion In this study, a nanotechnology was used to conjugate bispecific antibodies of MUC1 and CD3 with CIK cells for immunotherapy of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (NTC 03146637). MUC1-positive patients with advanced primary liver cancer received bispecific antibody armed with CIK cell immunotherapy every 4 weeks for 16 weeks. Biochemical indicators, tumor size, cytokines such as interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein, and tumor markers such as alpha fetoprotein, carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199), CA125, CA724 were regularly detected. As a result, the subjects of biochemical indicators did not change significantly, no grade III adverse reactions, and the concentration of tumor markers were significantly decreased. According to RECIST 1.0, 67% of the patients had stable disease (SD) and 33% had disease progression (PD). Conclusion, bispecific antibody armed with CIK cell immunotherapy is safe and effective.

Expression levels and the prognostic value of long non-coding RNA PVT1 in serum of Han and Uygur gastric cancer patients in Xinjiang, China.

BackgroundThe expression level of a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1), was studied in serum of Han and Uygur gastric cancer (GC) patients and normal persons in Xinjiang, China, and the prognostic value of PVT1 was analyzed.MethodsWe collected serum samples from 87 GC patients (51 Han and 36 Uygur), and 95 normal persons (55 Han and 40 Uygur). Total RNA was extracted from the serum and used for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the level of PVT1.The relationships between PVT1 and clinicopathological features were analyzed using the Spearman’s relative analysis, rank sum test, and χ2 test. At the same time, selection electrochemiluminescence was used to detect the concentration of serum tumor markers, including alpha fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA72-4). The correlation between PVT1 and the tumor markers was analyzed by Spearman’s relative analysis.ResultsThe serum expression level of PVT1 was higher than that of the normal group in both Han and Uygur GC patients (P<0.05). PVT1 expression in Uygur GC serum was higher than that of Han patients (P<0.05). The high level of serum PVT1 correlated with lymph node metastasis in both Han and Uygur GC patients (P<0.05). Compared with Han GC patients, the Uygur people were more likely to develop distant metastasis (P<0.05). Uygur patients were more often diagnosed at stage III or IV (P<0.05). In addition, serum PVT1 showed a significant correlation with CA19-9 in Han GC patients (P<0.05).ConclusionsIncreased serum PVT1 level may indicate an increased tendency for lymphatic metastasis, especially in Uygur GC patients. When combined with CA19-9, the PVT1 expression level may be a better diagnostic marker in Han GC patients.

Expression levels and the prognostic value of long non-coding RNA PVT1 in serum of Han and Uygur gastric cancer patients in Xinjiang, China

Background: The expression level of a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1), was studied in serum of Han and Uygur gastric cancer (GC) patients and normal persons in Xinjiang, China, and the prognostic value of PVT1 was analyzed. Methods: We collected serum samples from 87 GC patients (51 Han and 36 Uygur), and 95 normal persons (55 Han and 40 Uygur). Total RNA was extracted from the serum and used for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the level of PVT1.The relationships between PVT1 and clinicopathological features were analyzed using the Spearman’s relative analysis, rank sum test, and χ 2 test. At the same time, selection electrochemiluminescence was used to detect the concentration of serum tumor markers, including alpha fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA72-4). The correlation between PVT1 and the tumor markers was analyzed by Spearman’s relative analysis. Results: The serum expression level of PVT1 was higher than that of the normal group in both Han and Uygur GC patients (P Conclusions: Increased serum PVT1 level may indicate an increased tendency for lymphatic metastasis, especially in Uygur GC patients. When combined with CA19-9, the PVT1 expression level may be a better diagnostic marker in Han GC patients.

Adult Gastric Bronchogenic Cyst With Elevated Tumor Marker in Containing Fluid: A Case Report and Literature Review

Introduction: Duplication cysts are rare malformations that exist in the alimentary tract, and the mucosa of gastric bronchogenic cyst lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium (PCCE) is even more rare. We reviewed related literatures to depict this unique abnormality. Case presentation: Herein we report an abdominal mass that was found incidentally in a 52-year-old female. The biochemical test of contents revealed a high concentration of tumor markers unusually. A laparoscopic surgery was undertaken to remove the lesion. The cyst was found to originate from the stomach but did not show any anatomic communication with the stomach lumen. Pathologic examination confirmed the mucosa was lined by PCCE. Conclusion: The symptoms and radiologic presentations of GDC are nonspecific. It should be distinguished with other abdominal cystic masses. Surgery is advised in respective of malignancy.

Immunological study of CA-15.3 and CEA tumor markers among post-operative breast cancer patients

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts from cells . of the breast. A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that may grow into (invade) surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the body. The burden of breast cancer is increasing in both developed and developing countries, and in many regions of the world, it is the most frequently occurring malignant disease in women; comprising 18% of all female cancers, and worldwide, breast cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer mortality. This case-control study was arranged to investigate the possible role of selected genetic and immunological parameters in a random samples of patients with breast cancer in the Al-Diwanyia province. Five ml blood samples obtained from fifty females with breast cancer in post-operative stage attending the outpatient department of psychiatry in Al-Diwaniyia teaching hospital have been recruited in the study and compared to 50 health control females without any cancer types, ages of patients and control were ranged between 18-80 years. 6ml blood samples were assessed for serum measurement CA-15.3 and CEA tumor markers by using Fully-auto chemiluminescence immunoassay – CMIA. In the association between breast cancer and selected immunological markers our results showed a significant association between serum concentration of tumor markers (CA-15.3 and CEA) and breast cancer disease (p&lt;0.05) in comparison with control group. The mean serum CA-15.3 and CEA were significantly higher in patients as compared to both control groups P value &lt;0.0001. The statistical results show no significant association between CA 15-3 and CEA in patients group (p= 0.185) , but moderate positive correlations is appeared (r = 0.2432). In the other hand the association between patients age and selected immunological markers study in our study (CA-15.3 and CEA) and the results showed to the serum concentrations of CA-15.3 and CEA not effected strongly by Age (r= 0.20 and r= 0.114 respectively ).

Development of a Microfluidic NMR Device for Rapid and Quantitative Detection of Tumor Markers

In this work, a low-field microfluidic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detection device was developed by fabricating a multi-layer microfluidic NMR probe. In combination with biological sensor technology based on immunomagnetic nanoparticles (IMNPs), the microfluidic NMR detection device was used to rapidly distinguish the concentration of target tumor markers. The experimental results show that the concentration of the target tumor markers can be differentiated with high sensitivity and specificity by the rate of the transverse relaxation time change ΔT2 even with interference from other biomarkers. A good linear relationship between ΔT2 and the concentration of the target tumor markers was also found, indicating that the microfluidic NMR device could be used for quantitative detection of tumor markers. Finally, the validity of the microfluidic NMR device for detecting target tumor markers was proved by comparison with a commercial cell counter, and the results detected by the two devices have a good consistency with a correlation coefficient of 0.996. In conclusion, the presented low-field microfluidic NMR device is a potential tool for the rapid and accurate quantitative detection of tumor markers.

Rolling circle amplification integrated with suspension bead array for ultrasensitive multiplex immunodetection of tumor markers

Multiplex detection of ultra-low abundant tumor markers is extremely important for early diagnosis and therapy evaluation. Herein, an ultrasensitive multiplex immunoassay was developed by combination of rolling circle amplification (RCA) and suspension bead array (SBA) technology. Based on a conventional sandwich-type immunoreaction on beads, the detection antibodies were conjugated with DNA primers, so RCA could be implemented to generate long-stranded DNA with abundant repeated sequences allowing for hybridization with fluorochrome-labeled oligonucleotide probes. Thus the fluorescence signal of immunocomplexes on the encoded beads can be greatly enhanced. Using the as-developed immuno-RCA suspension bead array (iRCA-SBA), simultaneous analysis of multiple tumor markers was achieved with the limits of detection of 3.1 pg/mL (∼0.1 pM) for prostate specific antigen (PSA), 9.1 pg/mL (∼50 fM) for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and 0.66 pg/mL (∼9 fM) for α-fetoprotein (AFP), which are two to three orders of magnitude lower than those obtained by the conventional SBA method. The dynamic range were 4.5, 4.7, and 5.5 orders of magnitude for PSA, CEA, and AFP, respectively. Tests on clinical serum samples demonstrate that the tumor marker concentrations measured by the newly developed iRCA-SBA assay agreed well with those obtained by the conventional SBA method. These results indicate that the iRCA-SBA assay significantly increased the detection sensitivity and dynamic range without sacrificing the reliability and accuracy of conventional SBA. Upon the integration with iRCA, SBA could find more applications in the detection of low abundance protein biomarkers for early diagnosis of cancer and other diseases.

Efficacy of Huaier granule in patients with breast cancer.

Huaier extract has been demonstrated to exhibit potent anti-tumor effects in various types of cancer cells. However, the clinical benefit of Huaier granule in breast cancer has not been reported. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Huaier granule in breast cancer patients. Our study included 284 breast cancer patients treated with or without Huaier granule between January 2005 and October 2016 at Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China. Retrospective data obtained included demographics, clinicopathological characteristics, disease-free survival (DFS), serum concentrations of tumor markers, the Karnofsky performance scale (KPS), and incidences of emotional symptoms. DFS was the main outcome measure. Of the patients included, 144 were classified into the control group and 140 into the Huaier group. Baseline characteristics were well balanced between the study arms. Median DFS was 91.43months for control group and 112.61months for Huaier group (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.57-5.61, p < 0.01). After Huaier granule treatment, the serum levels of tumor markers could be reduced to the normal range. In addition, breast cancer patients with Huaier granule treatment had higher KPS scores and less emotional symptoms. Our data demonstrated that patients orally administrated Huaier granule got longer DFS. Furthermore, Huaier granule could reduce serum tumor markers, improve the functional status, and decrease the incidences of emotional symptoms in breast cancer patients. Therefore, Huaier granule was an effective therapy for women with breast cancer.

Combination of perioperative chemotherapy and intraoperative radiotherapy for the treatment of resectable pancreatic head cancer

Introduction: A new treatment method involving neoadjuvant chemoembolization of tumor vessels 5 days prior to surgery combined with intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) followed by adjuvant chemotherapy was established for patients with resectable pancreatic cancer. The aim of the present study was to assess the safety and efficacy of this treatment scheme. Method: Records of 161 patients with resectable PDAC treated in Botkin Hospital between 2013–2017 were reviewed. In 49 cases was used perioperative chemoradiotherapy (PeriCRT). IORT was performed using Carl Zeiss Intrabeam PRS 500 system. After resection stage, a single dose of 20 Gy IORT boost was delivered using 50-kV x-rays to a depth of 1 mm from the applicator surface. Afterward a histological examination and electron microscopy of irradiated resection margin were performed. Results: All 161 patients with PDAC underwent gross total resection (R0) with lymphadenectomy D2. The estimated median survival was 338, 358, 372 and 337 days. Long-term survival was 70,2% (NACE), 75,1% (IORT), 80,7% (PeriCRT), 61,3% (control) for 3-year survival, respectively (p < 0,05, 95% Cl). All treatment methods were well tolerated by all patients, with few adverse effects and no serious complications. There was no association between outcomes, variations in tumor characteristics, marker concentrations and therapeutic response. Conclusions: Good 3-year OS for resected PDAC was achieved by using novel PeriCRT treatment method.

Interleukin-33 overexpression reflects less aggressive tumour features in large-duct type cholangiocarcinomas.

The aim of the present study was to elucidate the clinicopathological significance of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-33 expression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (iCCAs) and perihilar cholangiocarcinomas (pCCAs). IL-6 and IL-33 mRNA expression levels were examined in iCCAs (n = 55) and pCCAs (n = 32) by the use of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and a highly sensitive in-situ hybridisation protocol (RNAscope), and expression levels were correlated with clinicopathological features. According to a recently proposed classification scheme, iCCAs were separated into small-duct (n = 33) and large-duct (n = 22) types. IL-6 and IL-33 expression levels were higher in large-duct iCCAs and pCCAs than in small-duct iCCAs, and there was a positive correlation between the expression levels of these cytokines. Double in-situ hybridisation/immunostaining showed that IL-6 mRNA was expressed in actin-positive (myo)fibroblasts, whereas IL-33 mRNA was mainly produced by CD31-positive endothelial cells. With the average expression level as a cut-off point, cases were classified as IL-6high and IL-6low or IL-33high and IL-33low . In the combined cohort of large-duct iCCAs and pCCAs, IL-6high and IL-6low cholangiocarcinomas shared many features, whereas IL-33high cases had less aggressive characteristics than IL-33low cases, as shown by lower tumour marker concentrations, smaller tumour sizes, less common vascular invasion, lower pT stages, and higher lymphocyte/monocyte ratios in blood. KRAS mutations were slightly less common in IL-33high cases than in IL-33low cases (9% versus 29%; P = 0.061). The strong expression of IL-33 in tissue appeared to be an independent favourable prognostic factor. IL-33high cholangiocarcinomas may represent a unique, less aggressive carcinogenetic process of the large bile ducts.

Nephrotoxicity and long-term survival investigations for patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis using hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy with cisplatin: A retrospective cohort study

Background & purposeCytoreductive surgery (CRS) plus Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is an effective measure for peritoneal carcinomatosis. The cisplatin (CP) applied in HIPEC carries a risk of kidney injury. This study aims to investigate CP-induced nephrotoxicity post HIPEC and to explore its risk factors. MethodsFrom January 2012 to July 2013, 99 patients undergoing CRS + HIPEC were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into CP and Non-CP HIPEC groups. The RIFLE classification was used to assess the severity of acute kidney injury (AKI). Renal and hepatic function, concentrations of tumor markers, and postoperative outcomes were compared between groups. Results47 (47.5%) patients were in the CP HIPEC group, with 52 (52.5%) patients in the Non-CP HIPEC group. 11 (11.1%) patients developed AKI, with 10 of them from the CP HIPEC group. Two patients with CP-contained HIPEC developed acute renal failure. Plasma levels of both urea nitrogen and creatinine were significantly increased in the CP HIPEC group compared with the Non-CP HIPEC group (P < 0.01). However, postoperative pain (scaled score, 4.2 vs. 3.8; P = 0.279), length of hospital stay (18.1 vs. 20.2 days; P = 0.285), hospital costs ($1 3182 vs. $12 640; P = 0.465) and incidence of postoperative complication (25.5% vs. 17.3%; P = 0.337) were similar in both groups, with comparable 3-year overall survival observed (38.6% vs. 31.8%, P = 0.319). A multivariate analysis indicated that use of CP was an independent risk factor for AKI (P = 0.017, 95% CI: 1.277–4.155). ConclusionsApplication of CP during HIPEC is associated with an increased risk of nephrotoxicity, without promising long-term survival benefit.

The diagnostic value of five serum tumor markers for patients with cholangiocarcinoma

ObjectiveTo assess the clinical significance and diagnostic value of the single and combined detection of five tumor markers in patients with cholangiocarcinoma. MethodsIn total, 296 patients with biliary tract disease who were diagnosed and received treatment at Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (17113011) during April 2011 to Dec 2017 were chosen for this study. Patients were divided into a cholangiocarcinoma group and a benign biliary tract disease group. Serum was collected from the patients, and the concentrations of AFP, CEA, CA125, CA19-9, CA72-4 and total bilirubin (TBIL) were tested. BM SPSS Statistics 22.0 was used to analyze the data. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the single and combined detection of five tumor markers were generated, and the sensitivity, specificity, and area under ROC curve (AUC) were calculated. ResultsThe concentrations of serum tumor markers in the cholangiocarcinoma group were higher than those in the benign biliary tract disease group. The AUCs for the single detections of the AFP, CEA, CA125, CA19-9, CA72-4 were 0.654, 0.808, 0.772, 0.833, and 0.743, and the optimal cutoffs were 2.58 ng/mL, 2.85 ng/mL, 23.85 U/mL, 46.75 U/mL, and 2.46 U/mL respectively. The combined detection of CEA, CA125 and CA19-9 had great diagnostic value. Its AUC was 0.888, its sensitivity was 85.1%, and its specificity was 83.1%. ConclusionsThe levels of CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and CA72-4 had a different diagnostic value for cholangiocarcinoma, and combined serum CEA, CA125 and CA19-9 would have the best clinical diagnostic effect of cholangiocarcinoma.

Tumour Marker and Diagnosis of Cancer

Tumour markers in clinical oncology comprises substances that are produced by malignant cells or the substances that are produced by other cells under the influence of malignant cells and that can be determined in body fluids. Tumour markers can be found in cells, tissues or body fluids. These are biochemical substance. Tumour markers can be classified in according to their chemical structure, their tissue of origin, types of malignancies in which they are elevated. The concentration of tumor marker are related to the growth of malignant tumours in patients. Application of molecular tumor markers, which make histology more accurate and additionally help to prognosticate cancer. Early detection would significantly decrease the mortality rate of oral cancer. The utilization of tumour markers depends upon the sensitivity, specificity and upon reliability of methods that are being used for the same purpose. This review include different types of markers their application and limitation.