Sodium Citrate Concentration Research Articles

Rapid Fabrication of Ready-to-Use Gelatin Scaffolds with Prevascular Networks Using Alginate Hollow Fibers as Sacrificial Templates.

In this study, we developed a facile manufacturing method for interconnected prevascular networks using calcium chloride (CaCl2) cross-linked alginate hollow fibers as sacrificial templates. The resulting network can be used to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste for embedded cells in large-volume gelatin scaffolds during in vitro culturing. The sacrificial templates were printed by customized coaxial nozzles and embedded in scaffolds made of a mixture of gelatin, microbial transglutaminase (mTG), and sodium citrate. During the cross-linking of gelatin and mTG, the sacrificial templates started to dissolve from the scaffold-template interface due to the presence of the sodium citrate in the gelatin. The embedded sacrificial templates were completely dissolved without any postprocessing, and the designed prevascular networks successfully retained their geometries and dimensions. No residue of the template was observed at the scaffold-template interface after dissolution, which promoted cell adhesion. This manufacturing method has a high degree of freedom in templates' geometry, which was demonstrated by fabricating prevascular networks with various designs, including grid, branched, and dendritic networks. The effects of hollow fiber size and sodium citrate concentration on the dissolution time were analyzed. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were injected into the aforementioned networks and formed a confluent endothelial cell monolayer with high viability during the culture process. The results suggest great promise to rapidly build large-scale ready-to-use gelatin scaffolds with prevascular networks for the applications in tissue engineering.

The changes of moisture content, total phenolic content and pasting profile caused by parboiling process of black rice

Parboiling process of black rice could reduce cooking time and improve texture. However, parboiling process involving heat had the potency to affect moisture content, total phenolic content (TPC), and pasting profile. The aim of this research was to find the effect of parboiling process in the moisture content, TPC and pasting profile of black rice. There were three kinds of black rice. That was parboiled black rice A (3.8% concentration of sodium citrate, 5-minute steaming time, and 3.8 times freezing-thawing cycles), parboiled black rice B (5% concentration of sodium citrate, 15-minute steaming time, and 4 times freezing-thawing cycles) and normal black rice. Analysis of variance (α=5%) showed that there was a significant difference in moisture content and TPC parameter. The changes of black rice moisture content and total phenolic content caused by parboiling process A were bigger than B. Measurement of pasting profile explained that parboiled black rice A and B had lower pasting profile than normal black rice.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EMULSIFYING CAPACITY OF SNACK PASTE BASED ON FATLESS COTTAGE CHEESE

Technological parameters of the process of refined deodorized sunflower oil emulsification in a protein base – fatless cottage cheese for making a snack paste are presented. The expedience of introducing a melting salt – sodium citrate as a main emulsifier and its concentration are substantiated. It has been established, that with increasing a content of sodium citrate the emulsifying capacity of a protein base grows, and at its concentration 2.0 %, reaches the maximal value – 50 vol un of oil. At a further increase of the sodium citrate concentration the emulsifying capacity decreases probably as a result of an abrupt рН growth. It has been proved, that at adding dry skimmed milk in amount 4.0±0.5 % as an additional emulsifier in the protein base of a snack paste at 40 % of fatless cottage cheese in the recipe an increase of its emulsifying capacity by 6 vol un of oil, probably as a result of the growth of surface active substances, takes place. The temperature influence on the viscosity of the snack paste protein base has been investigated and the rational concentration of refined deodorized sunflower oil has been determined as 25±2 %. It has been established, that the temperature decrease from 50 to 30 °С and content increase of sunflower oil in the protein base from 25±2 % to 30±2 % result in the essential viscosity increase that may worsen emulsifying conditions. It has been proved, that emulsion stability that is an important parameter for a snack paste of the emulsion type with a long storage term depends on content of main protein-containing components, sunflower oil and active acidity of the protein base. The obtained results have a practical importance for determining the rational concentration of refined deodorized oil and sodium citrate that provides more necessary emulsifying capacity of the protein base and emulsion stability at storage in the technology of snack pastes, based on fatless cottage cheese

Optimization of silver nanoparticle synthesis by chemical reduction and evaluation of its antimicrobial and toxic activity

BackgroundChemical reduction has become an accessible and useful alternative to obtain silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). However, its toxicity capacity depends on multiple variables that generate differences in the ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Thus, optimazing parameters for the synthesis of AgNPs can increase its antimicrobial capacity by improving its physical-chemical properties.MethodsIn this study a Face Centered Central Composite Design (FCCCD) was carried out with four parameters: AgNO3 concentration, sodium citrate (TSC) concentration, NaBH4 concentration and the pH of the reaction with the objective of inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The response variables were the average size of AgNPs, the peak with the greatest intensity in the size distribution, the polydispersity of the nanoparticle size and the yield of the process. AgNPs obtained from the optimization were characterized physically and chemically. The antimicrobial activity of optimized AgNPs was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli AmpC resistant, and Candida albicans and compared with AgNPs before optimization. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the optimized AgNPs was evaluated by the colorimetric assay MTT (3- (4,5- Dimethylthiazol- 2- yl)- 2, 5 - Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide).ResultsIt was found that the four factors studied were significant for the response variables, and a significant model (p < 0.05) was obtained for each variable. The optimal conditions were 8 for pH and 0.01 M, 0.0 6M, 0.01 M for the concentration of TSC, AgNO3, and NaBH4, respectively. Optimized AgNPs spherical and hemispherical were obtained, and 67.66% of it had a diameter less than 10.30 nm. A minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of optimized AgNPs was found against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli AmpC resistant, and Candida albicans at 19.89, 9.94, 9.94, 2.08 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of optimized AgNPs was found on 19.11 μg/mL and 19.60 μg/mL to Vero and NiH3T3 cells, respectively.ConclusionsIt was found that the factors studied were significant for the variable responses and the optimization process used was effective to improve the antimicrobial activity of the AgNPs.

COLOR AND HARDNESS COMPARISON BETWEEN PARBOILED AND NORMAL BLACK RICE

Parboiling process had a potency to change the color and rice grain hardness of black rice. Although, this process could reduce the cooking time and improve the texture of black rice. The aim of this research was to compare the color difference and grain hardness from normal black rice and two different parboiled black rice. Cempo Ireng black rice variety as a sample was taken from local farmer in Ciampea, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. There was normal (without parboiling process) black rice and two kind of parboiled black rice used in this research. First, parboiled black rice X (0% sodium citrate concentration, 5 minute steming time, and 1 time freezing-thawing cycle), parboiled black rice Y (5% sodium citrate concentration, 15 minutes steaming time, and 4 times freezing-thawing cycles). One way Anova, Least Square Difference (LSD) and Independent sample t-test was used to determine the significant differences between mean values. There was significant difference on color parameter between normal and parboiled black rice grain. In cooked rice, there was significant difference on lightness parameter only. The grain of parboiled black rice X was harder than Y.

Biotechnological potential of a novel tannase-acyl hydrolase from Aspergillus sydowii using waste coir residue: Aqueous two-phase system and chromatographic techniques

Aspergillus is a large tannase-producing genus able to provide enzymes which hydrolyse condensed tannins in waste coir residues. In this work, a tannase-acyl hydrolase (TAH) obtained from Aspergillus sydowii (SIS 25) was extracted and purified by PEG/citrate aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), biochemically characterized and applied for detannification of green tea. A statistical design (23) was used to evaluate the influence of the variables: molar mass of PEG (1000–6000 g/mol), PEG concentration (20.0–24.0% w/w) and sodium citrate concentration (15–20% w/w) at pH 6.0. ATPS efficiency was confirmed by obtaining two major chromatographic peaks (by size exclusion chromatography on a Superdex-G75 at 215 nm) with a unique peak responsible for the hydrolysis of 44% of the phenolic compounds in green tea. This study is focused on the obtention of a microbial tannase purified by ATPS, with potential for debittering and clarifying fruit juices.

Microstructures, physical and sustained antioxidant properties of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose based microporous photophobic films

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)/sodium citrate (SC)/lipid tea polyphenol (LTP) photophobic films with different pore sizes from micron scale to nanometer scale were prepared by regulating the SC content (1–7%). The microstructures, physical and sustained antioxidant properties of these films were studied by using wide angel X-ray diffraction, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), scanning electron microscope, whiteness meter, ultraviolet spectrophotometer, texture analyzer and peroxide value test. Composite films with higher SC content showed larger pore size and whiteness. With the increasing SC content, crystallinity first increased then decreased. The addition of SC decreased the Ds (surface fractal dimension) value, smoothness of the cross-section structure, tensile strength, elongation and modulus of composite films. HPMC/SC/LTP microporous films possessed control-release property in oil system, reflected by the lowest peroxide value of peanut oil enclosed in film with 3% SC during three weeks, meaning this film showed the best sustained antioxidant property.

In2O3 nanocapsules for rapid photodegradation of crystal violet dye under sunlight

We report, a shape controlled novel synthesis of Indium oxide (In2O3) nanocapsule using biogenic reflux method. The In2O3 samples were obtained through optimization of the concentration of sodium citrate, which played a significant role to tune the size of nanocapsules. All synthesized In2O3 samples were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The morphological study reflects the effect of sodium citrate on the size of nanocapsules and confirms the formation of nanocapsules in the range of 50 nm. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of In2O3 nanocapsules based photocatalyst was carried out for the degradation of Crystal Violet (CV) dye under natural sunlight illumination. The experiment revealed that the In2O3 nanocapsule efficiently degrades 90% of CV within 180 min. This effort recommends the synthesis of In2O3 nanocapsule based photocatalyst for rapid degradation of CV under natural sunlight illumination.

Citrate Association Dramatically Reduces Diameter with Concomitant Increase in Uptake of Drug-Loaded Carbonate Apatite Particles in Breast Cancer Cells.

Inorganic nanoparticles are commonly employed as vectors for delivering drugs into cancer cells while decreasing undesired cytotoxicity in healthy tissues. Carbonate apatite is an attractive nonviral vector that releases drugs at acidic environment inside the cells following endocytosis. However, maintaining the smaller particle size is crucial for enhancing cellular uptake of drugs as well as prolonging their systemic circulation time. We aimed to modify carbonate apatite with citrate for reducing the growth kinetics of carbonate apatite particles and enhancing the cellular uptake of cyclophosphamide via endocytosis. Several concentrations of sodium citrate were used to fabricate citrate-modified carbonate apatite (CMCA) particle complexes in absence or presence of cyclophosphamide. The binding affinity of the drug towards the particles and its cellular uptake were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The nanoparticles' average size and zeta potential were determined by Malvern Zetasizer. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed to justify association of citrate with carbonate apatite. MTT assay was performed to evaluate the cell viability. CMCA exhibited 6% more binding efficiency for cyclophosphamide and promoted fast cellular uptake of cyclophosphamide with enhanced cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells, compared to unmodified carbonate apatite. Therefore, CMCA nanoparticles have a high potential for intracellular delivery of anti-cancer drugs and demand for further investigated in animal models of cancer.

Controlled Electroless Deposition of Noble Metals on Silicon Substrates Using Self-Assembled Monolayers as Molecular Resists To Generate Nanopatterned Surfaces for Electronics and Plasmonics

Electroless deposition of noble metals on silicon has applications in a wide range of fields including electronic circuitry, metal plating industry, lithography, and other fabrication techniques. In addition, studies using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as resists for electroless deposition for controlled deposition have significant potential for aiding advancement in the fields of nanoelectronics, sensing applications, and fundamental studies. Herein, we discuss the development of appropriate plating solutions for controlled deposition of metallic gold and silver on Si(111) surfaces in the presence of an organic silane monolayer acting as a resist film for directed metal deposition to produce metal-monolayer hybrid surfaces while investigating microscopic plating trends. For this, plating solutions were optimized to deposit metal on bare silicon surfaces while avoiding deposition on the SAM protected areas. Trends in the electroless deposition of gold and silver on a Si(111) surface as a function of concentration of metal ions, NH4F, citric acid, sodium citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and deposition time have been monitored under ambient conditions. The resulting surfaces were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the stability of plating solutions was investigated by UV–vis spectroscopy. For both gold and silver, we observed an increase in metal deposition when the concentration of NH4F, citric acid, and deposition time increased. The addition of PVP and the pH of the solution were also shown to have a significant effect on the metal deposition. The octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) SAM films act as effective nanoscale resists when the NH4F concentration is reduced from typical plating conditions. In particular, NH4F concentrations from 0.02 to 0.50 M and metal ions concentrations from 0.001 to 0.020 M were found to allow deposition of metal nanostructures on a bare Si surface while preserving OTS protected areas.

Electrochemical Deposition and Characterization of Ni and NiCu Coatings for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

In this study, NiCu alloy coatings were electrochemically deposited on a copper electrode (Cu/NiCu). The effects of Ni/Cu mole ratio in the electrolyte and the current density on alloy composition and morphology as well as on the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in the alkaline solution for electrodeposited NiCu were investigated. The electrocatalytic activity of the fabricated NiCu alloys for the HER in alkaline solutions at 30°C was investigated by the polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. The morphology and chemical composition of the electrodeposited NiCu were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy. It was found that a NiCu electrode with copper content of ca. 14 wt % and a large surface area show a high electrocatalytic activity for the HER. The experiments were carried out in a bath with a pH of 8.0, Ni/Cu mol ratio of 1/20 and 0.2 M sodium citrate concentration at a current density of 50 mA cm–2. The fabricated alloys stability was tested by polarization measurements after different anodic and cathodic treatments in 1 M NaOH solution. Moreover, the corrosion behavior of Cu/Ni and Cu/NiCu electrodes at an open circuit potential was also investigated and their corrosion resistances were compared.

Enhancing Photocurrent Performance Based on Photoanode Thickness and Surface Plasmon Resonance Using Ag-TiO2 Nanocomposites in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

This study investigated the different thicknesses of TiO2 photoanode films and the effect of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Ag-TiO2 nanocomposites on the current-voltage (I–V) performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The TiO2 layer was deposited using the doctor blade technique and the thickness of the TiO2 films was controlled by using a different number of Scotch tape layers. The silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were synthesised using a chemical reduction method and the concentration of sodium citrate as a reducing agent was varied from 4 to 12 mM to study the effect of citrate ion on the size of the nanoparticles. Ag-TiO2 nanopowder was prepared by adding pure anatase TiO2 powder into AgNP colloidal solution. The mixture was left to dry for 24 h to obtain Ag-TiO2 powder for paste preparation. The three-layer Scotch tape, with thickness of 14.38 µm, achieved a high efficiency of 4.14%. This results showed that three layers was the optimal thickness to improve dye loading and to reduce the charge recombination rate. As for the Ag-TiO2 nanocomposites, 10 mM of AgNP, with a mean diameter of 65.23 nm and high efficiency of 6.92%, proved that SPR can enhance the absorption capability of dye and improve the photon-to-electron generation.

Optimization of Process Paramaters of Parboiled Black Rice Using Response Surface Methodology

Black rice is well known as healthy food. Nowadays, some people try to change their diet with this rice. However, it still has a problem with long preparation time and hard texture. Parboiling is a hydrothermal process that changes rice starch from crystalline to amorphous. The parboiling process of rice consists of soaking in sodium citrate solution, high-pressure cooking, freezing-thawing and drying. The aim of this research was to find the optimum condition from three processing variables: concentration of sodium citrate (0, 2, 5 and 5%, w/v), cooking period in an autoclave (5, 10 and 15 min) and a number of freeze-thaw cycles (1, 2.5 and 4). The optimum condition was achieved with 3.8% sodium citrate concentration, 5 min cooking in an autoclave, and 3.8 freeze-thaw cycles. This optimum condition resulted in parboiled black rice with 25.84 min cooking time, 4.93 total colour difference 101.80 N hardness of cooked rice, 49.04 N chewiness of cooked rice, 5.32 kg rice grain hardness.

Three-phase partitioning system with dimethyl carbonate as organic phase for partitioning of exopolysaccharides from Phellinus baumii.

In this study, a three-phase partitioning (TPP) system with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as organic phase and sodium citrate (SC) as salt phase was used for partitioning of exopolysaccharide (EPS), namely, EPS-D, from fermentation broth of Phellinus baumii. Results showed that the maximum extraction yield (EY) of EPS-D was 71.02% under the following modified optimal conditions: DMC to fermentation broth ratio 0.5:1.0 (v/v), SC concentration 19% (w/v), temperature 30 °C, and pH 4.0. EPS-D had higher EY, carbohydrate, and uronic acid contents compared with the EPS, designated as EPS-T, obtained from the TPP system with t-butanol and ammonium sulfate. EPS-D and EPS-T had different chemical compositions and molecular weights; however, their preliminary chemical structures basically remained unchanged. Moreover, EPS-D exhibited stronger free radical-scavenging capability and total antioxidant capacity than EPS-T. Therefore, the TPP system with DMC as an alternative solvent for t-butanol has great potential for efficient partitioning of natural biomolecules.

Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid by aqueous two-phase system formed by PEG and two environmentally friendly organic acid salts - sodium citrate and sodium tartrate

Abstract Two aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS’s) formed by using PEG and sodium citrate/sodium tartrate are applied and compared for extraction of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from its stock solution. Their binodal curves and tie-lines are studied firstly. Influence of usage amount of the salt and the PEG on the partition coefficient and extraction efficiency is investigated. The highest extraction efficiency and partition coefficient achieved is 73% and 6.5, when the sodium citrate and PEG concentration is 15% and 20% respectively. It is also found that the ATPS based on sodium citrate is better than sodium tartrate for GA extraction. The present study indicates that ATPS formed by biodegradable organic acid salts could be feasible and environment-friendly technique for GA and other bioactive compounds.

Uniform and dense copper nanoparticles directly modified indium tin oxide electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensing

Low-cost and facile preparation of high-performance nanomaterials has aroused research passion to build non-enzymatic glucose sensor. In this work, uniform and dense Cu nanoparticles were immobilized on ITO electrode by one-step electrochemical deposition, where the Cu nanoparticles/ITO (Cu NPs/ITO) electrode were directly employed for glucose sensing without additional binder. During the deposition, the complexing agent and deposition potential were adjusted to realize the morphology-controlled of Cu NPs and further decrease the aggregation of nanoparticles. Subsequently, the concentration of sodium citrate, deposition potential, NaOH concentration and detection potential on the electrooxidation performances of Cu NPs/ITO were investigated systematically by electrochemical analysis. Under the optimal conditions, the sensor exhibited a high sensitivity of 1005.09μAmM−1cm−2 and a wide linear range of 0.0033–3.9019mM (R2=0.998), benefiting from the high conductivity, large surface area and directly electron transfer of binder-free Cu nanoparticles with uniform and dense morphology. Great stability, reproducibility, selectivity and feasible human serum analysis of Cu NPs/ITO were also demonstrated in glucose sensing. Owing to its low-cost, one-step preparation and great performance, this Cu NPs/ITO electrode can be a promising candidate for the construction of non-enzymatic glucose sensor.

Self-assembly of nickel: from nanoparticles to foils with tunable magnetic properties

Self-assembly of nickel from nanoparticles to nanowires and foils can be achieved by controlling the concentrations of sodium citrate during the electroless deposition process.

Controlled synthesis of Cu2O microcrystals in membrane dispersion reactor and comparative activity in heterogeneous Fenton application

A surfactant-free approach is proposed to fabricate various-shaped Cu2O particles with good uniformity by ceramic membrane dispersion. Glucose reduced cupric salt and precipitated Cu2O (dimension ca. 1 μm and crystal size 18.5 nm) whose homogeneity was distinctly improved by distributing glucose solution through the ceramic mesoporous membrane. Particle shape including cube, sphere-like, octahedron and eight-pod was controlled kinetically by changing the concentration of sodium carbonate and sodium citrate with constant copper concentration. Morphologic transformation mechanism was studied with diffraction intensity ratio of (111)/(100) crystal planes. Micro-cubes formed at low pH and octahedral ones formed at high pH since crystal facet (111) is more stable than (100) with increased alkalinity. At the same pH, eight-pod grains were formed instead of cubes by adding citrate anions. Cu2O powders in octahedral shape was of the highest catalytic activity to degrade the organic pollutants in a heterogeneous Fenton reaction. CODs in an industrial pulp wastewater was eliminated from initial value 133 mg/L as low as to 26 mg/L. Reduction rate of CODs in water by the octahedral Cu2O was 80% while the commercial Cu2O was only 30%.

Antioxidant properties of citric acid interfere with the uricase-based measurement of circulating uric acid

BackgroundCirculating uric acid (UA) is an important biomarker, not only in the detection and management of gout, but also in assessing the risk of related comorbidity. The impact of collection methods on clinical UA measurements has been the subject of limited study. After observing significant differences between UA concentrations of blood samples obtained by different collection tubes, we began examining the effects of exogenous tube components on measured UA concentrations. We aimed to: (1) demonstrate the variability in uricase-based UA measurements attributable to different collection methods and (2) identify factors influencing this variability. MethodsBlood samples from human subjects were collected using Serum Separator Tubes (SST tubes), Acid Citrate Dextrose (ACD) tubes, and Sodium Citrate (SC) tubes. Circulating UA concentrations were measured by chemistry analyzers utilizing the uricase method. Absorbance assays were run in order to determine the effects of citric acid, sodium citrate, and dextrose on measured absorbance in the presence of leuco crystal violet dye, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxidase. Statistical analyses—including Student’s T tests and ANOVA—were used to compare results. ResultsUA concentrations of blood samples collected in ACD tubes were significantly lower than those collected in SST tubes (P < 0.01). Samples collected in SC tubes trended towards lower UA measurements than samples collected in SST tubes, although this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.06). Blood samples spiked with separate concentrations of sodium citrate (3.2 and 22.0 g/L), citric acid (8.0 g/L), and dextrose (24.5 g/L) demonstrated significantly lower UA measurements compared to controls (P < 0.01). Absorbance assays demonstrated that increasing concentrations of citric acid and sodium citrate—in the presence of leuco crystal violet, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxidase—decreased the amount of oxidized dye in the uricase method of UA measurement in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01). In contrast, dextrose did not significantly alter the amount of oxidized dye available. DiscussionOur results indicate that citric acid obstructs accurate uricase-based UA measurement, providing falsely low values. Citric acid, a known antioxidant, scavenges hydrogen peroxide, a key intermediate using the uricase method. By scavenging hydrogen peroxide, citric acid decreases the amount of oxidized leuco dye leading to falsely low UA measurements. Therefore, collection tubes, like ACD and SC tubes, which contain concentrations of citric acid or its conjugate base sodium citrate should not be used to measure circulating UA levels when utilizing uricase-based measurement methods.

The effect of sodium citrate as a complex agent on the corrosion properties of the electroless Ni-P coating

Electroless Ni-P coatings have a wide range of industrial applications due to their surface properties especially for their corrosion resistance. The research presented investigates the influence of sodium citrate concentration, as a complexing agent, on the surface and corrosion properties of the Ni–P coating layer. The deposition rate (DR) at different sodium citrate concentrations was calculated. The results show that the maximum deposition rate of about 15 μm h−1 was obtained at the lowest sodium citrate concentration of 0.05 M. Surface profiles were used to show the effect of citrate concentration on the final coated surfaces and the average surface roughness (Ra) of the coated samples was calculated. The results show that the citrate concentration has an adverse effect on the deposition rate (DR) and the surface roughness (Ra). Electrochemical testing in aerated artificial seawater was used to monitor the corrosion properties of the coated and uncoated samples. The Ni-P coated samples, when compared to the uncoated steel sample, show a nobler Ecorr and lower corrosion current density (icorr) with an inhibition efficiency range from 86 to 94%. The corrosion properties of coated samples were greatly affected by the citrate concentration in the plating bath. It was found that the increase of citrate concentration results in an increase of coating P content and decrease the porosity involved in coating, which consequently maximizes the corrosion protectability of the coating.