Salicylic Acid Content Research Articles

Selenite improves growth by modulating phytohormone pathways and reprogramming primary and secondary metabolism in tomato plants

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient in organisms that has a significant impact on physiological activity and gene expression in plants, thereby affecting growth and development. Humans and animals acquire Se from plants. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop worldwide. Improving the Se nutrient level not only is beneficial for growth, development and stress resistance in tomato plants but also contributes to improving human health. However, the molecular basis of Se-mediated tomato plant growth has not been fully elucidated. In this study, using physiological and transcriptomic analyses, we investigated the effects of a low dosage of selenite [Se(Ⅳ)] on tomato seedling growth. Se(IV) enhanced the photosynthetic efficiency and increased the accumulation of soluble sugars, dry matter and organic matter, thereby promoting tomato plant growth. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Se(IV) reprogrammed primary and secondary metabolic pathways, thus modulating plant growth. Se(IV) also increased the concentrations of auxin, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid in leaves and the concentration of cytokinin in roots, thus altering phytohormone signaling pathways and affecting plant growth and stress resistance in tomato plants. Furthermore, exogenous Se(IV) alters the expression of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, thereby modulating plant growth and development in tomato plants. Taken together, these findings provide important insights into the regulatory mechanisms of low-dose Se(IV) on tomato growth and contribute to the breeding of Se-accumulating tomato cultivars.

Dynamic Changes of Phytohormone Concentrations during <i>Prunella vulgaris</i> L. Development and Impact of Rosmarinic Acid Accumulation through Exogenous ABA Application

Background: Plant hormones not only participate in regulating the growth and development process of plants, but also play an important regulatory role in the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Prunella vulgaris L. (P. vulgaris) is a perennial herb that has a long history for use as a kind of medicinal and edible plant. In order to understand the relationship between plant hormones and Prunella vulgaris L. (P. vulgaris) development. Methods: The quantification of indoleacetic acid (IAA), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonates (JAs), abscisic acid (ABA), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and cytokinins (CKs) of P. vulgaris during development was performed by a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Furthermore, the effect of exogenous ABA on rosmarinic acid (RA) accumulation was verified. Results: Nuts formation was related to the concentrations of IAA, ABA and ACC in the green-fruit stage, and IAA and ABA levels increased rapidly in this stage. High IAA concentrations can promote an increase in ACC. SA, JAs, ethylene (ET) and ABA were related to the defence response of plants to pathogens. SA concentrations increased sharply after the turning stage, while the concentration of JAs, which are antagonistic to SA, was low. The decrease in ABA concentration after this period may be related to the antagonistic effect of IAA or SA. The CKs trans-zeatin (tZ) and trans-zeatin riboside (tZR) promoted the growth and development of early P. vulgaris, and their concentrations decreased in the late period, leading to withering and senescence of P. vulgaris. The CKs cis-zeatin (cZ) and N6-(2-isopentenyl) adenine (iP) were presumed to be present in nuts. After elicitation with 10 μg/mL ABA, an increase of RA content was observed (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study can provide an improved basis for elucidating the growth and development mechanism of P. vulgaris in the future, as well as a better understand of the effects of ABA application on RA accumulations.

Inducible defense phytohormones in annual bluegrass (Poa annua) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) in response to annual bluegrass weevil (Listronotus maculicollis) infestation.

The annual bluegrass weevil (Listronotus maculicollis) is the most damaging insect pest of short-mown turfgrass on golf courses in eastern North America. Listronotus maculicollis larvae cause limited visible damage as stem-borers (L1-3), compared to the crown-feeding (L4-5) developmental instars. Prolonged larval feeding results in discoloration and formation of irregular patches of dead turf, exposing soil on high-value playing surfaces (fairways, collars, tee boxes, and putting greens). Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) is highly susceptible to L. maculicollis compared to a tolerant alternate host plant, creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). This study explored whether defense signaling phytohormones contribute to A. stolonifera tolerance in response to L. maculicollis. Concentrations (ng/g) of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonic-isoleucine (JA-Ile), 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA), and abscisic acid (ABA) were extracted from turfgrass (leaf, stem, and root) tissue samples as mean larval age reached 2nd (L2), 3rd (L3), and 4th (L4) instar. Poa annua infested with L. maculicollis larvae (L2-4) possessed significantly greater SA in above-ground tissues than A. stolonifera. Levels of constitutive JA, JA-Ile, OPDA, and ABA were significantly higher within non-infested A. stolonifera aboveground tissues compared to P. annua. Inducible defense phytohormones may play a role in P. annua susceptibility to L. maculicollis but are unlikely to provide tolerance in A. stolonifera. Additional studies in turfgrass breeding, particularly focusing on cultivar selection for increased constitutive JA content, could provide a non-chemical alternative management strategy for L. maculicollis for turfgrass managers.

A novel member of miR169 family negatively regulates maize resistance against Bipolaris maydis.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been confirmed to play important roles in plant defense response. However, the key maize miRNAs involved in the defense response against Bipolaris maydis are very limited. In this study, a novel member of the miR169 family in response to B. maydis, named zma-miR169s, was discovered and investigated. The expression levels of pre-miR169s and zma-miR169s were significantly repressed during B. maydis infection. CRISPR/Cas9-induced zma-miR169s mutant exhibited more resistance against B. maydis, whereas overexpression zma-miR169s enhanced susceptibility, supporting that zma-miR169s might play a negative role in maize resistance. Moreover, RNA-seq and GO analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were highly enriched in the oxidation-reduction process and plant hormone pathway. Hence, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and plant hormone levels were further investigated. ROS detection confirmed that zma-miR169s mutant accumulated more ROS, while less ROS was detected in transgenic maize OE-miR169s. Furthermore, more remarkable changes in PR-1 expression levels and salicylic acid (SA) contents were detected in zma-miR169s mutant compared to wild-type and transgenic maize during B. maydis infection. Additionally, nuclear transcription factors (NF-YA1 and NF-YA13) were identified as targets regulated by zma-miR169s through the agrobacterium-mediated transient expression method. Overexpression of ZmNF-YA13 enhanced Arabidopsis resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Taken together, our results suggest that zma-miR169s negatively regulate maize defense responses by influencing ROS accumulation and the SA-dependent signaling pathway.

The Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Effector BxNMP1 Targets PtTLP-L2 to Mediate PtGLU Promoting Parasitism and Virulence in Pinus thunbergii.

Pinus is an important economic tree species, but pine wilt disease (PWD) seriously threatens the survival of pine trees. PWD caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a major quarantine disease worldwide that causes significant economic losses. However, more information about its molecular pathogenesis is needed, resulting in a lack of effective prevention and treatment measures. In recent years, effectors have become a hot topic in exploring the molecular pathogenic mechanism of pathogens. Here, we identified a specific effector, BxNMP1, from B. xylophilus. In situ hybridization experiments revealed that BxNMP1 was specifically expressed in dorsal gland cells and intestinal cells, and RT-qPCR experiments revealed that BxNMP1 was upregulated in the early stage of infection. The sequence of BxNMP1 was different in the avirulent strain, and when BxNMP1-silenced B. xylophilus was inoculated into P. thunbergii seedlings, the disease severity significantly decreased. We demonstrated that BxNMP1 interacted with the thaumatin-like protein PtTLP-L2 in P. thunbergii. Additionally, we found that the β-1,3-glucanase PtGLU interacted with PtTLP-L2. Therefore, we hypothesized that BxNMP1 might indirectly interact with PtGLU through PtTLP-L2 as an intermediate mediator. Both targets can respond to infection, and PtTLP-L2 can enhance the resistance of pine trees. Moreover, we detected increased salicylic acid contents in P. thunbergii seedlings inoculated with B. xylophilus when BxNMP1 was silenced or when the PtTLP-L2 recombinant protein was added. In summary, we identified a key virulence effector of PWNs, BxNMP1. It positively regulates the pathogenicity of B. xylophilus and interacts directly with PtTLP-L2 and indirectly with PtGLU. It also inhibits the expression of two targets and the host salicylic acid pathway. This study provides theoretical guidance and a practical basis for controlling PWD and breeding for disease resistance.

Assessing the Efficiency of Microalgae in the Removal of Salicylic Acid from Contaminated Water: Insights from Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity Tests

Microalgae-based water treatments for the removal of different types of pollution have been gaining considerable attention during the last few decades. However, information about microalgae potential in the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and the ecotoxicological outcomes is still limited. Therefore, in this work, we aimed at investigating salicylic acid removal from water by three different microalgae strains, namely Chlorella sorokiniana, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus. For such a purpose, photobioreactors were operated under batch and semi-continuous mode. Apart from determining the reduction in the concentration of salicylic acid attained by each strain, we used zebrafish embryo bioassays to assess the efficiency of microalgae to reduce its toxicity effects. S. obliquus was the strain that achieved the most significant decrease in the concentration and toxic effects of salicylic acid. Indeed, S. obliquus was able to rescue mortality and reduce abnormalities at practically 100%. The efficiency of C. sorokiniana and, especially, that of C. vulgaris were not so remarkable, indicating that the removal of SA and its toxic effects from water by microalgae is markedly strain dependent. The obtained results proved the importance of considering toxic effects for a more comprehensive evaluation of microalgae efficiency in the removal of PPCPs in view of an adequate selection for water treatment.

Effects of Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid On Morphological, Biochemical and Yield Attributes of Maize (Zea Mays L.) Under Rainfed Condition

An experiment was performed in the kharif- 2022 focusing on the impact of foliar applications of Salicylic acid on various morphological, biochemical, and yield attributes in maize, using the CP-858 variety. The study involved four concentrations of salicylic acid: T1-50ppm, T2-100ppm, T3-150ppm, and T4-175ppm. Notable differences emerged in morphological and yield attributes such as sink size, test weight and yield per plot, revealing a marked increase in plant physiological efficiency treated with Salicylic acid when compared to the control. This trend was also evident in key biochemical parameters like chlorophyll 'a', 'b', and total chlorophyll content, and protein content in leaves, showing a positive response to exogenously applied Salicylic acid. Similar outcomes were recorded in terms of yield and yield-related indicators. These outcomes underscore the significance of Salicylic acid as a potent growth regulator for crop plants, particularly those cultivated under dryland conditions. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(2): 273-278, 2024 (June)

Nano- and Microplastics Increase the Occurrence of Bacterial Wilt in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.).

Concern over nano- and microplastic contamination of terrestrial ecosystems has been increasing. However, little is known about the effect of nano- and microplastics on the response of terrestrial ecosystems already under biotic stress. Here, nano- and microplastics at 150-500 mg·kg-1 were exposed to tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and the results demonstrate that the presence of nano- and microplastics increased the occurrence of bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum in tomatoes as a function of contaminant concentration, surface modification, and size. Our work shows that nanoplastics (30 nm, 250 mg·kg-1) increased the disease incidence by 2.19-fold. The disease severities in amino- and carboxyl-modified nanoplastic treatments were 30.4 and 21.7% higher than that in unmodified nanoplastic treatment, respectively. The severity of disease under the influence of different-sized nano- and microplastic treatments followed the order 30 > 100 nm > 1 > 50 μm. Mechanistically, nanoplastics disrupted the structure of the tomato rhizosphere soil bacterial community and suppressed the induced systemic resistance in tomato; nanoplastics in planta decreased the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid content in tomatoes, thus inhibiting systemic acquired resistance; and microplastics increased the soil water retention, leading to increased pathogen abundance in the rhizosphere. Additionally, the leachates from nano- and microplastics had no effect on disease occurrence or the growth of tomatoes. Our findings highlight a potential risk of nano- and microplastic contamination to agriculture sustainability and food security.

Establishment of a callus induction system of Saxifraga stolonifera Meerb. and its response to different elicitors

Elicitation is a well-known strategy for increasing the accumulation of secondary metabolites in callus cultures. In this study, a callus induction system for Saxifraga stolonifera Meerb. was developed, and elicitors were used to enhance secondary metabolite production. Tender leaves of S. stolonifera were used as explants for in vitro culture. We examined callus induction characteristics of S. stolonifera and its response to various elicitors by assessing the sterilization conditions of the explants, varying hormone ratios, and determining the optimal concentrations of salicylic acid (SA), Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The results revealed that sterilizing the explants with 70% ethanol for 40 s, followed by 0.1% mercury chloride for 10 min, resulted in a survival rate of 82.22% during tissue culture. Following these sterilization methods, callus formation was successfully induced on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.15 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid, achieving an induction rate of 88.88%. Additionally, the study identified SA as the most effective elicitor for increasing the levels of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and quercitrin in the callus, with optimal concentrations of salicylic acid being 60, 40, and 60 μM, respectively. SNP at 40 μM, 80 μM, and 20 μM concentrations was identified as the best elicitor for promoting the accumulation of bergenin, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin, respectively. This study established appropriate conditions for cultivating S. stolonifera callus and identified the optimal elicitor concentrations for maximizing secondary metabolite production.

Use of postbiotics and salicylic acid in a nanostructured system to control Cutibacterium acnes

For a long time, acne was associated with the proliferation of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes). Recently, subgroups of C. acnes have been discovered, suggesting that acne may occur due to a possible dysbiosis among these subgroups. The aim of this study was to analyzes three formulations against acne: salicylic acid (SA) in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), lipase in mesoporous silica (SBA-15), and inactivated Lactobacillus acidophilus (LAC-I). The NLC formulation with salicylic acid was characterized for SA content, release, and particle size. The lipase associated with SBA-15 (LIP-SIL) was analyzed for enzymatic activity and preservation over 30 days. LAC-I was obtained by culturing LAC and inactivating it through ultrasonication. In conclusion, it can be said that the strategies proposed in this study were viable for controlling the development of C acnes in an in vitro controlled medium, therefore those strategies must be investigated as alternatives for acne control on human skin.

Expression pattern of the poplar GSTU family members in response to Alternaria alternate and PdbGSTU10 confers A. alternate resistance to Populus davidiana × P. bolleana

Plant tau glutathione S-transferase (GSTU) is a kind of multiple functions enzyme, but its specific roles in poplar disease resistance remain uncertain. In this study, 27 PdbGSTU-encoding genes from Populus davidiana × P. bollena were cloned and their protein architectures and phylogenetic relationships were subsequently analyzed. Expression analysis revealed that PdbGSTUs were differentially expressed under Alternaria alternate infection. Then, the PdbGSTU10 was further induced by phytohormones and H2O2, especially salicylic acid (SA), indicating its potential role in the pathogen defense of poplar. Subsequently, gain- and loss-of-function assays showed that overexpressed PdbGSTU10 activated antioxidant enzymes and significantly decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, ultimately improving the resistance to A. alternate in poplar. Conversely, silencing PdbGSTU10 had the opposite effect. Moreover, overexpressed PdbGSTU10 also increased the content of SA and induced the expression of SA signal-related genes. These results showed that PdbGSTU10 may enhance disease resistance in poplar by scavenging ROS and affecting the SA signaling pathway. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the functions of GSTU in woody plants, particularly in disease resistance.

Investigating the mechanisms of isochorismate synthase: An approach to improve salicylic acid synthesis and increase resistance to Fusarium head blight in wheat

Salicylic acid (SA), a vital endogenous hormone, plays a crucial role in plant growth and the response to abiotic and biotic stress. Isochorismate synthase (ICS) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) are critical rate-limiting enzymes for SA synthesis. Fusarium head blight (FHB) seriously threatens the safety of wheat production, but increasing the content of SA can enhance FHB resistance. However, the pathway of SA synthesis and regulation in wheat remains unknown. In this study, three wheat ICS (TaICSA, TaICSB, and TaICSD) were identified, and their functions were validated in vitro for isomerizing chorismate to isochorismate. The mutation of one or two homoeoalleles of TaICSA, TaICSB, and TaICSD in the wheat variety ‘Cadenza’ reduced SA levels under ultraviolet treatment and Fusarium graminearum infection, further enhancing sensitivity to FHB. Overexpression of TaICSA can significantly enhance SA levels and resistance to FHB. To further study SA synthesis pathways in wheat and avoid interference with pathogenicity related genes, the leaves of wild-type Cadenza and different TaICS mutant lines were subjected to ultraviolet treatment for transcriptomic analysis. The results showed that 37 PALs might be involved in endogenous SA synthesis, and 82 WRKY and MYB family transcription factors may regulate the expression of ICS and PAL. These results were further confirmed by RT-PCR. In conclusion, this study expands our knowledge of SA biosynthesis and identifies TaICSA, as well as several additional candidate genes that encode transcription factors for regulating endogenous SA levels, as part of an efficient strategy for enhancing FHB resistance in wheat.

Evaluation of eye irritation potential of experimental cosmetic formulations containing glycolic acid, salicylic acid and ethanol using the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Assay

Objective Prototype cosmetic formulations containing short-chain acids and alcohols intended to be applied in the proximity of the eyes are sometimes evaluated for ocular irritation potential using the validated Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Assay (OECD TG 437). We evaluated the eye irritation potential of nine experimental cosmetic formulations designed and prepared by Avon Global Reserach and Development to differ only in the concentrations of Ethanol, Glycolic Acid and Salicylic Acid. Methods We analysed the data generated using the BCOP assay. The opacity and permeability values obtained following the exposure of bovine corneas to experimental cosmetic formulations were combined into a single In Vitro Irritancy Score used to rank eye irritation potential. Histopathological examination of treated corneas was used to provide additional information about the depth and degree of the injury and to support the prediction of eye irritation potential of each experimental cosmetic formulation. Results The In Vitro Irritancy Scores and histopathological analysis showed that experimental formulations containing only Ethanol, Glycolic Acid, or Salicylic Acid alone had, at most, a mild ocular irritation potential. The experimental formulations containing both Ethanol and Glycolic Acid had a mild ocular irritation potential, while the experimental formulations containing both Ethanol and Salicylic Acid had a moderate ocular irritation potential. Severe ocular irritation potential was induced by an experimental formulation containing a combination of Glycolic Acid and Salicylic Acid and it was further accentuated by the addition of Ethanol to the formulation. Our data indicate a possible synergistic effect on eye irritation potential of Ethanol, Glycolic Acid and Salicylic Acid in at least some experimental cosmetic formulations. Further, our results provide insight on an apparent concentration-dependent ocular irritation potential effect of combinations of Glycolic Acid, Salicylic Acid and Ethanol in at least one experimental cosmetic formulation. Conclusions The results presented herein emphasise the need to consider in vitro testing of prototype cosmetic formulations containing combinations of Ethanol, Glycolic Acid and Salicylic Acid rather than relying on any predicted additive effect on ocular irritation based solely on previously generated results of similar formulations containing Ethanol, Glycolic Acid or Salicylic Acid alone. Further work is required to understand the significance of these observations and to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the apparent synergistic effects of Glycolic Acid, Salicylic Acid and Ethanol and eye irritation potential suggested by our results.

Peningkatan Kandungan Pigmen Fotosintesis Ginseng Jawa (Talinum paniculatum Gaertn.) Menggunakan Asam Salisilat

This study was conducted to ascertain the impact of applying various concentrations of exogenous salicylic acid (AS) and its application durations on Talinum paniculatum`s chlorophyll content. This study used a complete randomized design of 2 factors, such us various concentrations (e.g., 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µM) and application durations (e.g., 1 and 2 weeks) of AS with three replications in each treatment group. Elicitation was performed on stem cuttings of T. paniculatum aged 41 days after planting where the cuttings already had enough leaves. Data analysis with variant testing and continued with Tukey`s test at the level of 5%. The results of the variant test showed elicitation with AS had a significant effect on the photosynthetic content of T. paniculatum leaves.

MdVQ17 negatively regulates apple resistance to Glomerella leaf spot by promoting MdWRKY17-mediated salicylic acid degradation and pectin lyase activity.

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is a fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum fructicola, which severely restricts the yield and quality of apples. Valine-glutamine (VQ) proteins are transcriptional regulators involved in the regulation of plant growth and stress responses. However, little is known about the role of VQ proteins in the biotic stress response in apple. Here, a VQ gene, MdVQ17, that was highly induced by C. fructicola infection was identified. Overexpression of MdVQ17 in apple increased susceptibility to C. fructicola and significantly reduced the salicylic acid content and β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase activities. Based on yeast two-hybrid screening, MdWRKY17, which promotes susceptibility to C. fructicola, was identified as an MdVQ17-interacting protein. Co-expression of MdVQ17 can promote the binding and transcriptional activation activity of MdWRKY17 on the promoter of Downy Mildew Resistant 6 (MdDMR6), thereby promoting MdWRKY17-mediated salicylic acid degradation. Based on DNA affinity purification sequencing, the pectin lyase-encoding gene MdPL-like was identified as a direct target of MdWRKY17. MdWRKY17 can directly bind to the promoter of MdPL-like and activate its transcription, and the binding and activation of MdWRKY17 on the MdPL-like promoter were significantly enhanced by MdVQ17 co-expression. Functional identification showed that MdPL-like promoted pectin lyase activity and susceptibility to C. fructicola. In sum, these results demonstrate that the MdVQ17-MdWRKY17 module mediates the response to C. fructicola infection by regulating salicylic acid accumulation and pectin lyase activity. Our findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which the VQ-WRKY complex modulates plant pathogen defense responses.

Fungicides, bio-controllers and resistance inducers affect bioactive compounds and oxidative metabolism in bell pepper plants inoculated with Phytophthora capsici

ABSTRACT The rational use of chemical fungicides in chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) for controlling Phytophthora capsici Leo. should include molecules that promote induced systemic resistance in the plant. The study objective was to assess how the application of fungicides, bio-controllers and resistance inducers affects bioactive compounds production and oxidative metabolism in pepper plants when inoculated with P. capsici zoospores. Statistical analyses show significant differences in total flavonoids, total phenols and salicylic acid concentrations in plants treated with Trichoderma harzianum, Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM) and phosphonic acid. In addition, the application of ASM and Bacillus subtilis showed the highest values of antioxidant capacity. On the other hand, ASM application favoured increases in superoxide dismutase and phenyl ammonium lyase activity with values of 4.42 ± 0.016 (units · min−1 · g−1) and 3.90 ± 0.22 U · g−1, respectively. However, hydrogen peroxide production was similar to that of phosphonic acid treatments. Similarly, plants treated with B. subtilis and Metalaxyl-M showed increases in peroxidase enzyme activity with values ranging from 2.86 ± 0.05 to 4.52 ± 0.02 (μmol · [mg protein]−1 · min−1). Likewise, phosphonic acid-treated plants exhibited high catalase enzyme activity with values ranging from 2.38 ± 0.032 μmol H2O2 · min−1 · g−1 to 4.30 ± 0.024 μmol H2O2 · min−1 · g−1. The complementary use of products with biological and resistance-inducing functions could help to mitigate the environmental impacts that occur due to the use of chemical fungicides for controlling P. capsici on chilli pepper.

The Physiological Mechanism of Low-Temperature Tolerance Following the UV-B Radiation of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver with rich active components, such as flavonoids, lignans, polysaccharides, is used as a medicinal plant. Unfortunately, its popularization and cultivation are limited due to its low-temperature sensitivity. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of different doses of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation (UV-1, UV-2, and UV-3) and low-temperature (LT) stress, both applied individually and in combination, on the photosynthetic properties, biochemical parameters, and the contents of salicylic acid in E. ulmoides plants. The results showed that UV-B radiation alone significantly reduced photosynthetic performance and soluble total sugar content, as well as causing increases in soluble protein, proline, and superoxide anion content and antioxidant activity including SOD, POD, CAT, total phenol, and total flavonoid content. The leaf thickness and photosynthetic parameters significantly increased, as well as a significant decrease in SOD activity and soluble sugar, proline, and superoxide anion content after 14 days of none-UV-B radiation exposure. UV-B combined with LT significantly improved photosynthetic properties, Chl content, and soluble sugar content but significantly decreased proline content. Principal component analysis showed that salicylic acid was the key factor in improving LT tolerance, and UV-2 radiation showed the best LT resistance. We aim to provide new ideas and a theoretical basis for the directional cultivation and LT stress tolerance research of E. ulmoides. Our findings demonstrate that the combined effect was more positively helpful in improving the ability to resist LT tolerance via the improvement of photosynthetic ability and the increase in soluble sugar and salicylic acid content in E. ulmoides.

Analysis of protein profile and reducing sugar content of cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz) results of induced resistance with salicylic acid

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food commodity in Indonesia, and in the future this commodity will play an increasingly strategic role in people's lives and the country's economy. But until now there are still many obstacles, one of which is fusarium wilt disease. Fusarium wilt disease can be controlled by using superior cultivars that are resistant to the disease, by applying salicylic acid. The aim of this study was to analyze the protein profile and reducing sugar content in cassava plants after being induced with salicylic acid and compare them with controls. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor, namely the addition of salicylic acid consisting of 5 concentration levels, namely 0 ppm, 80 ppm, 100 ppm, 120 ppm, and 140 ppm. Each concentration was repeated 5 times. This research data is in the form of qualitative data and quantitative data. Qualitative data is presented in comparative descriptive form and presented in the form of photographs. Quantitative data was tabulated with different concentration factors and analyzed using Analysis of Variance then further tested with the Honestly Significant Difference Test (BNJ) at the 5% level. The research results showed that there was a missing protein band, namely a band at a molecular weight of 115, and there was also the appearance of a new band, namely a molecular weight of 85 kDa, as well as an increase in the reducing sugar content in cassava plants along with increasing salicylic acid concentrations.

Optimizing antidiabetic properties of Galega officinalis extract: Investigating the effects of foliar application of chitosan and salicylic acid.

Diabetes poses a significant global health burden, demanding safe and effective therapeutic interventions. Medicinal plants offer promising avenues for natural diabetic management. Galega officinalis (goat's rue) has long been recognized for its hypoglycemic potential, but optimizing its phytochemical content and antidiabetic activity remains a key challenge. This study aimed to address this aspect by investigating the impact of foliar application of chitosan and salicylic acid on the physiological and phytochemical properties of G. officinalis, and subsequently evaluating its antidiabetic efficacy compared to that of the established drug metformin. A randomized complete block design with three replications was employed. Laboratory mice were divided into treatment groups receiving G. officinalis extract from plants sprayed with four salicylic acid concentrations (0.5-3 mM/L) and four chitosan concentrations (0-0.8 g/L). Blood glucose levels and various physiological parameters were assessed. Chitosan at 0.4 g/L and salicylic acid at 2 mM significantly enhanced the growth, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant activity of G. officinalis. Notably, the extract from plants treated with 3 mM salicylic acid exhibited the highest total alkaloid content, a potential contributor to antidiabetic activity. In a separate study, diabetic mice treated with this optimized G. officinalis extract (50 mg/kg) exhibited significantly greater blood glucose reductions compared to those treated with metformin (500 mg). This study demonstrates the potential of chitosan and salicylic acid in optimizing the beneficial properties of G. officinalis. The extract derived from plants treated with 3 mM salicylic acid displayed superior blood glucose-lowering efficacy compared to metformin, suggesting its promising role as a potential natural antidiabetic therapy. Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific bioactive compounds responsible for this enhanced activity and translate these findings into clinical applications.

The Slow Growth of Adventitious Roots in Tetraploid Hybrid Poplar (Populus simonii × P. nigra var. italica) May Be Caused by Endogenous Hormone-Mediated Meristem Shortening.

Polyploidization produces abundant phenotypic variation. Little is currently known about adventitious root (AR) development variation due to polyploidization. In this study, we analyzed the morphological, cytological, and physiological variations in AR development between tetraploid and diploid Populus plants during in vitro rooting culture. Compared to the diploids, the AR formation times and rooting rates of the tetraploids' stem explants had non-significant changes. However, the tetraploid ARs exhibited significantly slower elongation growth than the diploid ARs. Cytological observation showed that the tetraploid ARs were characterized by shorter root meristems and reduced meristem cell numbers, suggesting the reasons for the slow AR elongation. Analysis of hormones and related metabolites during AR development demonstrated that the total auxin, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid contents were significantly lower in the tetraploid ARs than in those of the diploids, and that the ratio of total auxins to total CKs at 0 h of AR development was also lower in the tetraploids than in the diploids, whereas the total salicylic acid content of the tetraploids was consistently higher than that of the diploids. qPCR analysis showed that the expression levels of several hormone signaling and cell division-related genes in the tetraploid ARs significantly differed from those in the diploids. In conclusion, the slow elongation of the tetraploid ARs may be caused by the endogenous hormone-mediated meristem shortening. Our findings enhance the understanding of polyploidization-induced variation in AR development of forest trees.