Po Concentration Research Articles

Effect of Phosphate on the Particle Size of Ferric Oxyhydroxides Anchored onto Activated Carbon: As(V) Removal from Water

The surface area of iron oxyhydroxides is a key factor when removing As from water. However, research related to this matter shows that this issue has not been explored in detail. The use of capping agents is a viable method to synthesize ferric oxyhydroxide nanoparticles; however, this method to our knowledge has not been applied for the anchorage of iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles on activated carbon (AC). In the present work, the addition of PO(4) (as a capping agent) in forced hydrolysis of FeCl(3) in AC was investigated. Results revealed that the surface area of modified materials reached a maximum of about 900 m(2)/g with a molar ratio PO(4)/Fe of 0.1. Moreover, microscopy studies indicate a size range of iron nanoparticles from 2 to 300 nm, where the smallest particles are attained with the highest concentration of PO(4). The surface charge distribution of modified samples became less positive; however, the As removal increased, indicating that electrostatic interaction is not the controlling sorption mechanism. Modified samples showed a 40% increase on As(V) adsorption capacity when using a molar ratio PO(4)/Fe of 1.5. The proposed method allowed anchoring of iron oxyhydroxides nanoparticles on AC, which have a high As(V) adsorption capacity (5 mg/g).

210Po Activity and Concentrations of Selected Trace Elements (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) in the Muscle Tissue of Tunas Thunnus albacares and Katsuwonus pelamis from the Eastern Pacific Ocean

Daily mineral intake (DMI) of Cu and Zn, percentage weekly intake (PWI) of As, Cd, Hg, Pb, and doses of (210)Po were estimated by using their elemental concentration in muscle of two tuna species and the average tuna consumption in Mexico. Skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis had significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of As (1.38 μg g(-1) dw) and Cu (1.85 μg g(-1) dw) than yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares, whereas Pb concentrations (0.18 μg g(-1) dw) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in T. albacares. The sequence of elemental concentrations in both species was Zn > Cu > As > Hg > Pb > Cd. In T. albacares, concentrations of Cd and Pb in muscle tissue were positively correlated (p < 0.05) with weight of specimens, while Cu was negatively correlated. DMI values were below 10 %. PWI figures (<2 %) are not potentially harmful to human health. (210)Po concentration in T. albacares and K. pelamis accounts for 13.5 to 89.7 % of the median individual annual dose (7.1 μSv) from consumption of marine fish and shellfish for the world population.

Influence of anthropopression on concentration of biogenic compounds in water of small ponds in farmland

A rapidly diminishing number and degradation of water ponds cause many negative effects in the structure of agricultural ecosystems, by limiting surface retention and increasing migration of chemical compounds from the basin. The goal of this research was to find the influence of anthropopression on the chemical composition of water in field ponds. Analysis of some chemical and physical parameters was carried out on water samples collected once a month from 5 field ponds located in the District of Pyrzyce, Commune of abowo, between March and October 2004. The five water ponds differed with respect to the spatial development of their surroundings and their degradation. The concentration of N-NH4 +, N-NO2 – i N-NO3 – oraz PO4 3– were measured according to the Polish Standards. The level of oxygen, temperature and water pH were measured immediately after collecting each sample of water. The analyzed field ponds were different in respect of the degree of degradation processes. What was characteristic of the five ponds was a large variation in concentrations of biogenic compounds in water, depending on the form of anthropopression and vegetation in and around the ponds. The high level of PO4 3– and N-NH4 + in water and the succession of water plants prove that ponds 2, 3 and 4 are highly eutrophicated. Due to the extremely high concentration of PO4 3– in the water, field pond 2, located near a former state farm, can be classified as hypertrophic. This pond also had the biggest oxygen deficit.

Struvite Precipitation for Ammonia Nitrogen Removal in 7-Aminocephalosporanic Acid Wastewater

7-Aminocephalosporanic acid wastewater usually contains high concentrations of ammonium (NH4+-N), which is known to inhibit nitrification during biological treatment processes. Chemical precipitation is a useful technology to remove ammonium from wastewater. In this paper, the removal of ammonium from 7-aminocephalosporanic acid wastewater was studied. The optimum pH, molar ratio, and various chemical compositions of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) precipitation were investigated. The results indicated that ammonium in 7-aminocephalosporanic acid wastewater could be removed at an optimum pH of 9. The Mg2+:NH4+-N:PO43−-P molar ratio was readily controlled at a ratio of 1:1:1.1 to both effectively remove ammonium and avoid creating a higher concentration of PO43−-P in the effluent. MgCl2·6H2O + 85% H3PO4 was the most efficient combination for NH4+-N removal. Furthermore, the lowest concentration of the residual PO43−-P was obtained with the same combination. Struvite precipitation could be considered an effective technology for the NH4+-N removal from the 7-aminocephalosporanic acid wastewater.

Gravel pit lake ecosystems reduce nitrate and phosphate concentrations in the outflowing groundwater

Gravel excavation often bears conflicts with the use of drinking water as under-water-table mining can directly impact groundwater quality downstream of the open gravel pit lake due to exposure of the groundwater aquifer to the atmosphere and to human activities. To assess this potential impact of GPLs on groundwater, we assessed the mass balance for nitrate (NO3) and phosphate (PO4) and whole-ecosystem metabolism of five post-excavation GPLs in Austria. GPLs differed in both age and residence time of lake water. We found that GPLs significantly reduced the concentration of NO3 and PO4 as groundwater passes through the lake ecosystem, which in most cases acted as a net sink for these nutrients. Groundwater-derived nutrients enhanced both epilithic and pelagic net primary production in the GPLs, which ultimately leads to biomass accrual. Our data also suggest that this biomass accrual may induce, at least in part, clogging of the GPLs and their successive hydrodynamic isolation from the adjacent groundwater. Despite continuous biomass build-up and elevated concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the lake water compared to the inflowing groundwater, DOC export into the outflowing groundwater remained low. Our data suggest that GPLs could contribute to groundwater amelioration where agricultural land use increases nutrient concentrations in the groundwater given a proper management of these man-made ecosystems.

Measurement and simulation of dissolved oxygen in Zayandehrood river

Aims: This study aims to simulate dissolved oxygen of Zayandehrood river from regulating dam to Polle-Kalleh bridge using MIKE11 software that is a hydrodynamics and water quality model. Materials and Methods: During 5 months the samples were taken from four hydrometric stations and water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, pH, BOD (1 day, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days), NH 4 , NO 3 - phosphate (PO4 3- ), and temperature were measured. Morphological and hydrological data were provided and introduced into the model. The model was calibrated and its accuracy was investigated. Results: The results indicated that concentration of PO4 3- , BOD5 , COD, NH 4 , and NO3 - exceeded surface water standards from regulating dam to Pole-Kalleh bridge. The results of the prediction for the next 25 years indicated that due to growth of population and industries along the river, concentration of some pollutants will be increased. Conclusions: The results indicated that although the current DO level is suitable for aquatic environment, this is not adequate for fish reproduction and migration. Prediction of the river water quality parameters for the future conditions showed that discharge of urban and rural wastewater to river should be avoided. In situations where release of effluent into the river is inevitable, nitrification process should be added to wastewater treatment processes.

Phosphorus Release from Sediments in a Riparian &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Phragmites australis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Community at the Estuary of the Chikugogawa River, Western Japan

In order to determine the contribution of aquatic macrophyte communities on nutrition to sustain the high primary productivity of an estuary aquatic community, we analyzed the process of phosphorus release from sediments in aquatic macrophyte community in the estuary of the Chikugogawa River, South-Western Japan. Vertical profile of 3 4 PO  concentration and redox potential (Eh) of pore water in sediments were investigated within and outside the Phragmites australis community. Sediment horizon lower than 23 cm layer from the surface showed anaerobic (Eh 0 mV) up to 50 cm depth outside the P. australis community without organic matter accumulation. Non-vegetated sediment with organic matter accumulation showed anoxic profile as vegetated site. concentration in anaerobic parts of sediment showed higher than oxic parts, and hi gher concentration in sediment pore water corresponded to su lfur deposition in sediment. Sulfate ion supplied from the sea water is reduced under the anoxic condition and S 2− reacts with water-insoluble phosphorus salts e.g. Fe3(PO4)2 or AlPO4 and Fe2S3 or Al2S3 precipitates. Thus 3 4 PO  3 4 PO

Estimation of 210Po and 210Pb and its dose to human beings due to consumption of marine species of Ennore Creek, South India

A systemic study on the natural radionuclides such as (210)Po and (210)Pb in the environmental matrices and biota of Ennore Creek has been undertaken to establish a baseline data on the radiation profile of Ennore Creek environment. The environmental samples such as water, sediment, and biota (seaweeds, molluscs, crustaceans, and fishes) have been subjected to analyses. It has been observed that the concentration of (210)Po and (210)Pb in the water samples of Ennore Creek as 2.7 and 1.63 m Bq L(-1), respectively. The activity concentration of (210)Po and (210)Pb in the sediment sample was 17.9 and 28.9 Bq kg(-1), respectively. The bivalve mollusk Perna viridis have been identified to accumulate higher concentrations of (210)Po and (210)Pb suggesting that they could serve as bioindicator of radionuclides in the Ennore Creek environment. The committed effective dose for human beings was found at 81.13-216.8 and 2.1-297.2 μSv year(-1) for (210)Po and (210)Pb, respectively.

The influence of Sr and H3PO4 concentration on the hydration of SrCaHA bone cement

Sr-contained calcium hydroxyapatite (SrCaHA) cement is a potential biomaterial for in vivo bone repair and surgery fixation due to its excellent biodegradability, bioactivity, biocompatibility, easily shaping and self-hardening. We had ever reported the in vitro physiochemical properties, biocompatibility and in vivo degradability of the SrCaHA cement obtained by mixing a cement powder of Ca(4)(PO(4))(2)O/CaHPO(4)/SrHPO(4) and a cement liquid of diluted H(3)PO(4) aqueous solution. In the present study, we intensively studied the influences of both Sr content and H(3)PO(4) concentration in diluted phosphoric acid aqueous solution on the setting time, hydration heat-liberation behaviours, and real-time microstructure and phase evolutions of the SrCaHA cement. The results show that both PO(4)(3-) and H(+) ions in PA solution attended the hydration reaction as reactants, and thus the increase of the PA concentration not only promoted the dissolution of Ca(4)(PO(4))(2)O but also pushed the hydration progress of SrCaHA bone cement. Sr content exhibits a remarkable retardation role on the apatite transformation of the SrCaHA cement pastes which probably attributed to its higher degree of supersaturation for yielding apatite crystals and lower transformation rate when exposed to the Sr(2+)-containing hydration system. This present results contribute to a better understanding on the hydration mechanism of the new SrCaHA cement and help to the more precisely controlling of its hydration process.

Focus on moisture-resistance and hydrophobicity of SiO2 antireflective film improved by poly(isopropylene oxide) glycerolether

The poly(isopropylene oxide) glycerolether (PO) modified silica antireflective (AR) coating films were prepared by sol–gel method. The properties of the silica sols and AR films were characterized by particle size analyzer, transmission electron microscope, UV–Vis spectro-photometry, spectroscopic ellipsometer and contact angle measurement. The results show that PO addition has inconspicuous effect on the transmittance of AR coatings; the maximum transmittance reached 99.5%. Thicknesses of films increase and refractive index decrease with increase of PO concentration. The contact angle with water for the silica films with and without PO was 68.5o and 28.5o, respectively, which indicates an increase of hydrophobicity of the modified coating. When the films were placed in 95% relative humidity at room temperature for 30 days, transmittance loss for the unmodified and modified silica films were 2.5 and 0.6% respectively. Moisture-resistance of the film is greatly improved by PO addition.

The Evaluation for Alterations of DOM Components from Upstream to Downstream Flow of Rivers in Toyama (Japan) Using Three-Dimensional Excitation-Emission Matrix Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one of the important factors for controlling water quality. The behavior and constitutions of DOM is related to the risk of human health because it is able to directly or indirectly affect the behavior, speciation and toxicity of various environmental pollutants. However, it is not easy to know the contents of DOM components without using various complicated and time consuming analytical methods because DOM is a complex mixture and usually exists at low concentration. Here, we describe the fluorescence properties of DOM components in water samples collected from four rivers in Toyama, Japan by means of the three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3DEEM) fluorescence spectroscopy. In order to evaluate the alterations of DOM components in each of the river during the flow from upstream to downstream, the patterns of relative fluorescence intensity (RFI) at six peaks which are originated from fluorophores including humic-like and protein-like components were investigated. The changes in the patterns of RFI values at each of the peak and the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for each river water sample were discussed in connection with the differences of land use managements and basic water quality parameters, such as pH, EC, turbidity, Fe3+, T-N, NO3-N, T-P, PO4-P, chlorophyll a, DOC and N/P ratio. The DOC concentrations in the water samples collected from these rivers were relatively low (0.63–1.16 mg/L). Two main peaks which have a strong RFI value expressed a positive correlation with the DOC concentration (r = 0.557, 0.535). However, the correlations between the RFI values for other four peaks and the DOC concentration were below 0.287. The alterations of DOM components during the flow of a river from upstream to downstream were investigated from the changes in the patterns of RFI values for six fluorescent peaks. It was clarified that the great increase of RFI values in peak A and peak T from river water located in urban area showed high concentration of PO4-P and Fe3+, and low N/P ratio due to the high biological activities. The values of fluorescence index (FIX) and biological index (BIX) were as high as 1.60 and 0.72, respectively.

A novel algorithm for quick and continuous tracing the change of radon concentration in environment

Several measurements of the radon concentration are performed by RAD7 in the University of South China. We find that 30-40 min is needed for RAD7 for tracing the concentration of the standard radon chamber. There are two reasons. The first is that the sufficient time of air cycle is needed for the radon concentration in internal cell of RAD7 equal to that of the environment; and the second is that the sufficient decay time is needed for the (218)Po concentration in internal cell of RAD7 equal to that of the radon. We used a zeroth order approximation to describe the evolution of the environment radon concentration, and obtained a novel algorithm for quick and continuous tracing the change of radon concentration. The corrected radon concentration obtained through this method is in good agreement with the reference value. This method can be applied to develop and improve the instruments for tracing the change of radon concentration quickly.

Adsorptive removal of As(III) by biogenic schwertmannite from simulated As-contaminated groundwater

This study investigates synthesis of biogenic schwertmannite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and its role and mechanism in adsorption of As(III) from water. Results indicate that schwertmannite particles formed through oxidation of ferrous sulfate by A. ferrooxidans cells for different times vary greatly in size and in morphology. The hedge-hog like schwertmannite formed after reaction for 72 h are aggregative spheroid particles with a diameter of approximately 2.5 μm and its chemical formula can be expressed as Fe 8O 8(OH) 4.42(SO 4) 1.79. Batche studies show that both Freundlich and Langmuir model are suitable for describing the adsorption behavior of As(III) on schwertmannite at pH 7.5 and As(III) in simulated groundwater can be effectively removed by biogenic schwertmannite with a maximum adsorption capacity of 113.9 mg As(III) g −1 and the optimal pH is in the range of 7–10. The arsenic removal is hardly affected by the competing anions often observed in groundwater unless the mole concentration of PO 4 3 - and SO 4 2 - in groundwater are 75 or 750 times higher than As(III), respectively. The mechanism of As(III) adsorption on biogenic schwertmannite involves ligand exchanges between arsenic species and surface hydroxyl group and sulfate. In addition, experiments show that As(III)-sorbed biogenic schwertmannite aged in deionized water at 25 °C exhibits no mineralogy phase changes even after ageing at pH 6.0 and 8.5 for 90 d.

Distribution of phosphorus in an above-to-below-ground profile in a Bornean tropical rain forest

Abstract:Ecosystem pool of phosphorus (P) was determined as the sum of above-ground vegetation, roots, necromass and soils to 1 m deep in a tropical rain forest in Sabah, Malaysia. Relationships among soil P fractions, acid phosphatase activity and fine-root biomass across soil horizons were also determined to understand P availability. Ecosystem pools of P, and of simultaneously quantified nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) were 3.4, 12 and 370 Mg ha−1, respectively. Only 2.6% of the total ecosystem P was in the above-ground vegetation, contrasting to C (60%) and N (16%). Canopy foliage of dominant tree species showed an extremely high N to P ratio of 31.5, which implied the excessively short supply of P compared with ample N. Soil P primarily consisted of recalcitrant occluded fractions (78–91%) and only 4% was labile. Approximately three-quarters of labile soil P was an organic fraction (Po). The concentration of labile Po did not differ between soil horizons, while both phosphatase activity and fine-root density were the greatest in the topsoil (top 5 cm) and dramatically decreased with depth. This suggests that trees depend on the acquisition of P from the labile Po in the topsoil, despite a greater amount of labile P in the subsoil. Trees with a high foliar N/P ratio may invest N to acquire P from the topsoil by secreting phosphatase that consists of proteins, rather than investing C to extending roots to scavenge P in the subsoil.

The influence of environmental factors and nutrient concentrations in tissues of the seaweed Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis (Rhodophyta: Ahnfeltiales) on the primary production and dark respiration of its population

Complex investigations of the influence of environmental factors, viz., the temperature, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), ambient seawater concentrations of ammonium (NH4), and orthophosphate (PO4), as well as the contents of organic carbon (C), nitrogen, phosphorus, and a-chlorophyll (Ch) on the rate of photosynthesis (Pn) and dark respiration (Rd) in the tissues of the unattached red seaweed Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis (Rhodophyta: Ahnfeltiales) population, were performed in the summers of 2000 and 2008 in Izmeny Bay (Kunashir Island) under in situ conditions. The dependence of photosynthesis on PAR intensity (P-I dependence) is described by the equation of a hyperbolic tangent. The population of A. tobuchiensis forms a layer up to 50 cm thick with an area of 23.3 km2 and a biomass of 125 000 tons. The Pn rate of seaweed population during daylight hours varies within a wide range, with an average of 1.04 mg O2 O2/(gdry weight h) and largely depends on PAR intensity and availability (r = 0.70–0.98). The maximum photosynthesis rate (Pmax) is substantially defined by the ambient concentration of NH4 (r2 = 0.91, p < 0.01). The rate of Rd during the night is on average 0.1 mg O2/(gdry weight h) and mainly depends on the content of Ch in seaweed tissues (r2 = 0.83, p < 0.01), which, in its turn, is regulated by the ambient concentration of PO4 (r2 = 0.86, p < 0.01). With average biomass values of 5.4 kg/m2 or 1.8 kgdry weight/m2, the net primary production (Pn) of seaweed population is estimated to be on average 22.5 g O2/(m2 day) or 8.4 g C/(m2 day). Based on these indices, the investigated population is one of the most productive ecosystems of the World Ocean. It is supposed that such indices of the A. tobuchiensis population are attained due to the highly efficient use of weak light and a low light-saturation level of photosynthesis, compared to other seaweeds.

Phosphorus sorption in soils and sediments: implications for phosphate supply to a subtropical river in southeast Queensland, Australia

Phosphorus (P) is often a key limiting nutrient in freshwater systems, and excessive P can result in algal blooms, with flow-on effects to aquatic food webs. P sorption is an important process in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems whereby phosphate (PO4 3−) is exchanged between liquid and solid phases. This study shows that differences in the concentration of PO4 3− in a subtropical river system during high and low flow can be attributed to differences in P sorption characterises of its catchment soils and sediments. The sediments have lower Equilibrium Phosphate Concentrations (EPC0) and higher binding energy (Kd); the surface soils have higher EPC0 and higher easily desorbed P (NH4Cl–P). A comparison of filterable reactive phosphorus (frP) in water samples collected at high and low flows, with soil and sediment EPC0, suggested that during event flows, the high EPC0 and NH4Cl–P of surface soils is producing a net movement of PO4 3− from the soil/sediment system into runoff and stream flow. At baseflow, there is more likely a net movement of PO4 3− into the riverbed sediments. This has important implications for management actions aimed at reducing P loads to river systems and downstream water storages, namely the need to increase the infiltration of rainfall to decrease the amount of PO4 3− being flushed from the surface soil.

Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite whiskers by hydrothermal homogeneous precipitation using acetamide

Long and uniform HA whiskers with high crystallinity, controlled morphology and high aspect ratio were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal homogeneous precipitation using acetamide. Compared with the additive urea, which is commonly used to raise the pH to drive nucleation and growth of HA crystals, acetamide has a low hydrolysis rate under the required hydrothermal conditions. This allows better and easier control, giving rise to rapid growth of whiskers at a low supersaturation. Whisker length and width were in turn determined by solution conditions, including the concentration of Ca and PO(4). Whiskers had a mean length of 60-116 microm and an aspect ratio of 68-103 for starting solutions containing 42-84 mmolL(-1) Ca and 25-50 mmolL(-1) PO(4) with a fixed Ca/P ratio of 1.67. Such whiskers are favourable for their improved bone bonding and bioactivity, as well as their mechanical properties. Whiskers were slightly Ca-deficient with Ca/P=1.60-1.65, with the preferred direction of growth along the c-axis. Variation of acetamide concentration did not affect the constitution, the crystallinity or the crystal growth habit.

Modification of a Conventional Anaerobic Digester for Improving the Effluent and Sludge Characteristics

The aim of this study was to enrich the composition of anaerobic digester sludge in terms of nitrogen and phosphorus by struvite (MgNH4PO4) formation. Waste activated sludge was anaerobically digested in batch reactors under the conditions that the minimum stoichiometric requirement for struvite formation was satisfied in all reactors. For this purpose, different amounts of magnesium (Mg2+) and phosphate (PO4(3-)) ions were added initially to the batch reactors. The results showed the effects of adding Mg2+ and PO4(3-) ions on the performance of anaerobic digestion and on the amounts of ammonium (NH4+) and PO4(3-) ions released during digestion. The results indicated that the performance of the anaerobic digestion in chemical oxygen demand removal changed between -4.0% and 15.4% for a Mg2+ concentration range of 277.2 to 529.3 mg/L and a PO4(3-) concentration range of 377.4 to 2372.4 mg/L. There was an increase in the concentration of NH4+ in all reactors during digestion, but the extent of concentration increase could be controlled by increasing the initial concentrations of Mg2+ and PO4(3-). The maximum removal of NH4+ ions (33.7%) was observed in the reactor dosed initially by Mg2+ and PO4(3-) concentrations of 467.2 and 2123.3 mg/L, respectively. The concentration of PO4(3-) ion was lower than its initial concentration in all reactors, indicating considerable fixation of PO4(3-) as it was released, by struvite and other solid species formation. The decrease in the concentration of Mg2+ ions similar to PO4(3-) was accepted as evidence for the formation of solid species composed of Mg2+ and PO4(3), in addition to struvite. Water

Measurement of 210Po in Iranian smokers' and non-smokers' teeth

Thirty human tooth samples were collected from smoker and non-smoker groups with different ages and different sexes from north of Iran. The samples were analysed by a radiochemical procedure, and the prepared source by spontaneous electrolysis was measured by an alpha spectrometry to determine activity concentrations of (210)Po in teeth. The results indicated that the average (210)Po concentration in Iranian human teeth is 3.94 +/- 2.38 mBq g(-1.) The measured mean activity concentrations of (210)Po in smokers' and non-smokers' teeth were 5.89 +/- 3.59 and 2.55 +/- 1.00 mBq g(-1), respectively. The detailed analysis of 30 tooth samples of Iranian population revealed that smoking habits and age may have some influence on (210)Po content in teeth, although this is not the case of difference in sex.

A Review of Modelling Tools for Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive in Handling Diffuse Water Pollution

A numerical catchment-scale model capable of simulating diffuse water pollution is necessary in sustainable environmental management for better implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive. This paper provides critical reviews of most popular and free models for diffuse water modelling, with detailed sources and application potential. Based upon these reviews, further work of selecting and testing the HSPF model was carried out, with a case study in the Upper Bann Catchment, Northern Ireland. The calibrated and validated HSPF model can well represent the characteristics of surface water quantity and quality. Climate change scenario evaluation in 5 years showed that when the annual mean temperature increase 3°C the mean yearly total runoff volume will decrease by 11.1% and the mean daily river flow 11.4%. If 20% crop and pasture land is converted into forest land in the study area, the mean river concentration of nitrate, nitrite, NH4 and PO4 in 5 years will decrease by 19.4%, 33.3%, 31.3% and 31.3% respectively. When applying filter strip method in 80% crop and pasture land in the area, the reduction of the mean concentration of nitrate, nitrite, NH4 and PO4 in 5 years will be 15.3%, 33.3%, 31.3%, and 5.6% respectively. This study shows that HSPF is a suitable model in handling diffuse source water pollution, which can be introduced into the Programme of Measures in the River Basin Management Plans for better implementation of the EU WFD.