Concentrations Of Plant Growth Regulators Research Articles

Optimal concentrations of plant growth regulators and cultivation conditions for plant regeneration from leaf explants of Aster maackii

Optimal concentrations of plant growth regulators and cultivation conditions for plant regeneration from leaf explants of <i>Aster maackii</i>

Feasible biosynthesis of biologically active metabolites in in vitro culture of Macrotyloma uniflorum

Macrotyloma uniflorum, commonly called “Horse gram” is an underutilized pulse crop recognized for its great nutritional significance and a broad range of biological properties. There have been no in vitro studies for the biosynthesis of enhanced bioactive metabolites in the callus culture of M. uniflorum. In the study reported here, we have designed a feasible protocol for high-frequency callus induction and maintenance utilizing a leaf as an explant grown on MS media enriched with various concentrations of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) including α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ) either alone or in combination. Among all the tested PGRs, NAA alone resulted in high-frequency callus induction (97%), and maximum biomass accumulation (Fresh weight (FW): 200 g/L: Dry weight (DW): 20.4 g/L). Moreover, hormonally optimized callus cultures exhibit maximum production of phenolic compounds (166.6 mg/L) and flavonoid compounds (351.6 mg/L). The antioxidant potential of calli extracts was also determined by utilizing various antioxidant activities. Maximum antioxidant activities ((2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) ABTS = 497.9; TEAC μM; (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) FRAP = 823 TEAC μM; (Cellular Antioxidant Activity) CAA: 58.2%) were recorded in leaf-derived calli supplemented with different PGRs treatments. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis further revealed maximum biosynthesis of caffeic acid (1.63 mg/g DW), gallic acid (8.92 mg/g DW), kaempferol (0.71 mg/g DW), myricetin (0.39 mg/g DW), apigenin (0.64 mg/g DW) at 10 mg/L BAP and isorhamnetin (0.68 mg/g DW) at 1 mg/L TDZ + 10 mg/L NAA. The objective of this study was to explore in vitro biosynthesis of enhanced bioactive metabolites in the callus culture of M. uniflorum, leveraging a feasible protocol for high-frequency callus induction and maintenance. The results showcase the remarkable efficacy of NAA in callus induction and biomass accumulation, highlighting the hormonally optimized callus cultures as a potent source for enhanced biosynthesis of bioactive metabolites, paving the way for further applications in pharmaceutical and commercial industries.

Morphological, cytogenetic, and phytochemical estimation of Lychnis flos-cuculi L. cell cultures: can cell biomass be a source of bioactive compounds?

The ragged robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi L.) from the Caryophyllaceae family contains flavonoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins, and ecdysteroids, making it potential for biological and medicinal application. Plant cell culture technologies could be beneficial for obtaining low-cost biomass sources with valuable phytochemicals sustainably. The current study reports the induction and proliferation of ragged robin cell culture and evaluation of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) impact on the secondary metabolites profile using UPLC-HRMS/MS. Callus was initiated from different explants on the Murashige and Skoog medium with various combinations and concentrations of PGRs. It was found that prolonged proliferation on MS medium enriched with a combination of 1.0 mg l− 1 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.1 mg l− 1 N6-furfuryl adenine (Kinetin) yields the maximum biomass with 504.05% growth index. The results of flow cytometric analysis suggested no genetic alteration between differentiated and dedifferentiated cultures. Furthermore, the UPLC-HRMS/MS result distinguished 101 significant signals that were manually identified as ecdysteroids (16 metabolites), flavonoids (11 metabolites), phenolic acids (10 metabolites), triterpene saponins and sapogenins (53 metabolites), and some primary metabolites. Our study demonstrates that the cell culture of L. flos-cuculi displays significant differences in its phytochemical makeup to plants cultivated in vitro. Moreover, the type of growth regulators used for callus cultures was identified to cause substantial shifts in the identified metabolites.Graphical

EFFECT OF THE CONCENTRATION OF THE PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON IN VITRO SHOOT GROWTH OF BLACKBERRY

Berry fruit species, such as Ribes nigrum, are highly esteemed in numerous countries for their biological and economic value, being regarded as important species of small fruits. Ribes nigrum, indigenous to northern Europe, and northern and central Asia. Conserving species like blackcurrant, as highlighted in the International Scientific reports, is crucial due to their potential health benefits and contributions to maintaining vascular health, especially in postmenopausal populations. The discovery that blackcurrant extract, rich in phytoestrogens, shows promise in preventing elastin degradation and pathological vascular remodeling underscores the importance of preserving this species. In Kazakhstan, the preservation of Ribes nigrum includes various factors, such as ecological significance, local economic value through agriculture, and conservation priorities since blackcurrant plays a significant role in the country's biodiversity and traditional uses. The potential of in vitro propagation for rapid mass production of valuable species is substantial. Our study addresses biodiversity conservation by employing this approach. Specifically, we aimed to investigate the impact of nutrient media and growth regulators on shoot multiplication of Ribes nigrum. Our findings reveal that the optimal concentration of plant growth regulators (PGR) significantly influences both the number and length of shoots. Notably, the highest multiplication rate for Ribes nigrum was achieved on MS with a combination of BAP at 0.5 μ/L and GA 0.5 μ/L. In conclusion, our study elucidates the effects of manipulating PGR concentrations in culture media on Ribes nigrum. We recommend optimizing these concentrations to enhance the growth of Ribes nigrum for potential reintroduction efforts and biodiversity conservation. The research is being conducted as part of program BR21882166, which focuses on the scientific and practical aspects of reproducing, conserving, and utilizing fruit and berry plants from the natural flora of Western, Eastern, Central, and Northern Kazakhstan to ensure food security. This program is financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period 2023-2025.

In vitro seed propagation of Dendrobium moschatum as influenced by different plant growth regulators

This study aimed to develop an effective in vitro protocol for germinating and multiplying Dendrobium moschatum seeds by identifying optimal concentrations of plant growth regulators for shoot proliferation and root formation. Five different MS media formulations were utilized, including a control (M?) and those supplemented with varying concentrations of kinetin and NAA (M?, M?, M?) and BAP (M?). Results showed significant variation in seed germination time across media, with the longest duration observed in M? (76 days) and the shortest in M? (55 days). Protocorm formation and plantlet development were quickest in M?, while M? and M? exhibited the longest duration. The initiation of leaves or shoots occurred earliest in M? (103 days) and latest in M? (149 days). Notably, leaf and plantlet growth differed between three- and five-month intervals, with M? demonstrating optimal growth over the longer term. These findings underscore the importance of carefully balanced plant growth regulator concentrations in achieving successful seed germination and subsequent growth in D. moschatum.

Effect of Different Concentrations and Combinations of Benzyl Aminopurine and Indole-3-Butyric Acid on Micropropagation of &lt;i&gt;Vanilla Planifolia&lt;/i&gt;

Micropropagation of explants in vitro has potency to address propagule demands for promoting large-scale vanilla production. Plant growth regulators (i.e., cytokinin, auxin) are necessary for the plant micropropagation success. Objective of this study is to determine the shoot multiplication and root development of Vanilla planifolia under the influence of different concentrations and combinations of BA and IBA for micropropagation. Sixty stem nodal segments of Vanilla planifolia were cultured on MS medium supplemented with IBA (0, 0.5, or 2.0 mg/L) and combined with BA (0, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/L). Shoot multiplication and root induction were measured after 60 days of culture. The results show that the MS medium with 1 mg/L IBA hindered shoot growth, while the medium containing 1 mg/L BA yielded the highest number or weight of shoots per explant. For the root development, supplementing the medium with 0.5 mg/L or 1 mg/L IBA improved root length or number of roots per explant, respectively. This research establishes a valuable approach for vanilla micropropagation by utilising low concentrations of plant growth regulators and a rapid protocol. This paves the way for significant advancements in large-scale commercial production.

In-vitro Regeneration of An Endangered Medicinal Plant Anodendron paniculatum (Apocynaceae)

Objectives: The present study aims to establish a standardized and efficient regeneration protocol for Anodendron paniculatum A. DC. (Apocynaceae) by optimizing the effect of various plant growth regulators as it is categorized globally as an endangered medicinal plant. Methods: MS medium fortified with 3% sucrose (w/v) and different concentrations of cytokinins 6-benzylamino purine (BAP), kinetin, thidiazuron either alone or in combination with auxins, indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and GA3. For the in vitro root induction, individual and healthy shoots (3-4 cm in length) were excised in the 7th week and were cultured onto basal and half-strength MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of auxins and incubated in the culture room. Findings: MS medium supplemented with thidiazuron (2.5 𝜇M) in combination with indole 3-acetic acid (2.5 𝜇M) and GA3 (1.25 𝜇M) was most effective, providing multiple shoot regeneration for 79.33% of cotyledonary leaf explants associated with a high number of shoots per explant (20.00 ± 1.15) and length of shoot (2.66 ± 0.08 cm). Whereas, the frequency of response, mean number of shoots, and respective lengths were varied with different concentrations of 6-benzylamino purine when used in combination with IAA or NAA and BAP (5.0 𝜇M) along with IAA (2.5 𝜇M) at the frequency of 47.66%. Whereas, the addition of GA3 (1.25 𝜇M) in combination with BAP (5.0 𝜇M) and IAA (2.5 𝜇M) has shown a maximum number of multiple shoot formation/explant (12.33) with length of shoot (1.53 ± 0.08 cm). MS medium supplemented with 10 𝜇M 6-benzyl amino purine and 2.5 𝜇M naphthalene acetic acid recorded the highest response (53.66%) with more number of the shoot (9.66) and length of the shoot (1.83 ± 0.03 cm) per explant. The maximum percentage of response (84.33%) was recorded at 1 2 strength MS medium with 5.0 𝜇M NAA, whereas the highest number of roots per shoot (6.66 ± 0.33) was induced at MS + 5.0 𝜇M NAA. The highest length of roots (3.66 cm) was recorded at basal MS medium fortified with 5.0 𝜇M NAA and 7.5 𝜇M NAA. Novelty: The standardized protocol method is of first of its kind, a quick and suitable approach for the high quantity production of Anodendron paniculatum with appropriate concentrations of plant growth regulators that meet thecommercial demand of endangered medicinal plants. Keywords: Anodendron paniculatum; Endangered plant; Plant growth regulators; Regeneration; Protocol standardization

Impact of cutting types and commercial plant growth regulators on the propagation of red star begonia (Begonia rex-cultorum)

Begonia is an ornamental plant known for its beautiful, variegated leaves. Propagation of this plant via vegetative means, particularly using leaves, often encounters challenges such as drying, rotting, and mortality of cuttings, necessitating the use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) to support their development. This study aims to determine the optimal combination of cutting type and commercial PGR concentration for the growth of red star begonia leaf cuttings. A factorial completely randomized design (CRD) was employed with two factors: cutting type (whole leaves and leaf slices) and PGR concentration (250 ppm, 300 ppm, 350 ppm, and 400 ppm), each replicated three times. The results indicated that the best combination for leaf number, root length, primary root number, and survival rate was whole leaves with a PGR concentration of 400 ppm. For the earliest sprout emergence, the best treatment was a PGR concentration of 350 ppm. These findings can enhance the efficiency of vegetative propagation of red star begonia, reduce propagation failure rates, and provide practical guidance for growers and ornamental plant enthusiasts in selecting optimal methods and PGR concentrations.

Optimizing PGRs for in vitro shoot proliferation of pomegranate with bayesian-tuned ensemble stacking regression and NSGA-II: a comparative evaluation of machine learning models

BackgroundThe process of optimizing in vitro shoot proliferation is a complicated task, as it is influenced by interactions of many factors as well as genotype. This study investigated the role of various concentrations of plant growth regulators (zeatin and gibberellic acid) in the successful in vitro shoot proliferation of three Punica granatum cultivars (‘Faroogh’, ‘Atabaki’ and ‘Shirineshahvar’). Also, the utility of five Machine Learning (ML) algorithms—Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), Ensemble Stacking Regression (ESR) and Elastic Net Multivariate Linear Regression (ENMLR)—as modeling tools were evaluated on in vitro multiplication of pomegranate. A new automatic hyperparameter optimization method named Adaptive Tree Pazen Estimator (ATPE) was developed to tune the hyperparameters. The performance of the models was evaluated and compared using statistical indicators (MAE, RMSE, RRMSE, MAPE, R and R2), while a specific Global Performance Indicator (GPI) was introduced to rank the models based on a single parameter. Moreover, Non‑dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm‑II (NSGA‑II) was employed to optimize the selected prediction model.ResultsThe results demonstrated that the ESR algorithm exhibited higher predictive accuracy in comparison to other ML algorithms. The ESR model was subsequently introduced for optimization by NSGA‑II. ESR-NSGA‑II revealed that the highest proliferation rate (3.47, 3.84, and 3.22), shoot length (2.74, 3.32, and 1.86 cm), leave number (18.18, 19.76, and 18.77), and explant survival (84.21%, 85.49%, and 56.39%) could be achieved with a medium containing 0.750, 0.654, and 0.705 mg/L zeatin, and 0.50, 0.329, and 0.347 mg/L gibberellic acid in the ‘Atabaki’, ‘Faroogh’, and ‘Shirineshahvar’ cultivars, respectively.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the 'Shirineshahvar' cultivar exhibited lower shoot proliferation success compared to the other cultivars. The results indicated the good performance of ESR-NSGA-II in modeling and optimizing in vitro propagation. ESR-NSGA-II can be applied as an up-to-date and reliable computational tool for future studies in plant in vitro culture.

An Efficient Micropropagation Protocol For Mucuna Pruriens (L.) Dc.

An efficient protocol was developed for rapid micropropagation of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC., an important medicinal plant species of Bangladesh. For the purpose, leaf segments, nodal segments and shoot apices of in vitro grown seedlings and cotyledon segments of immature seeds of field grown plants were cultured on agar solidified MS medium supplemented with different combinations of PGRs (Plant Growth Regulators). Only leaf and cotyledon segments produced light green to green friable/ compact callus in some of the media combinations. Combination and concentration of PGRs played important role in induction of such tissue. The induced tissues failed to differentiate on further culture in a wider spectrum of PGR supplemented media. On the other hand nodal segments and shoot apices produced multiple shoot buds when grown on a wide range of PGRs (BAP, NAA, IAA, Kn) supplemented media. Maximum number of multiple shoot buds were produced in medium containing 1.5 mg/l BAP + 1.0 mg/l IAA. The elongated shoot buds on further culture in rooting media produced strong and stout root systems. Half strength MS media fortified with either 1.0 mg/l IAA or 2.0 mg/l IAA was most effective for induction and proliferation of roots. These complete plantlets were successfully acclimatized and established in outside pots through a successive phase of acclimatization. The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 7(1 &amp;2):79-89, 2012.

Successful shoot tip grafting of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) due to the application of plant growth regulators on various concentrations

Cacao plays an important role in the Indonesia economy. Therefore, its production and area expansion have to increase to achieve maximum cacao productivity by the quality and superior cacao clones. Shoot tip grafting is one of the propagation methods to obtain superior cacao plants by applying Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs). Research on the effect of several PGRs with various concentrations on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) shoot tip grafting was conducted at the Integrated Innovation Farmer Group, Belubus, Sungai Talang Village, Guguak District, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra from February until June 2022. This study aimed to determine the interaction between PGR type and concentration on the grafting success and growth of cacao shoot tip grafted seedling. The research was designed by a Factorial Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The first factor was the type of PGR, i.e., synthetic PGR (BAP), young corn seed extract, shallot extract, and young coconut water. The second factor was the concentration of PGR, i.e., 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The results showed an interaction between PGRs with some concentrations on the number of shoots, shoot length, and leaf length on the grafted cacao seedling. The natural PGR from young coconut water at a concentration of 75% gave the best effect on the number of shoots (3.33 shoots) and shoot length (24.50 cm) of cacao seedling.

Response of Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus sp.) Cuttings to Different Plant Growth Regulators.

Dragon fruit (Hylocereus sp.) is an exotic crop with a great potential for its cultivation in semi arid tracts throughout India. Its planting is mainly confined to harsh climates and degraded lands facing challenges in its establishment. Hence, availability of quality planting material is essential for attaining success. Due to long juvenile phase of the sexually propagated seedlings it can be propagated asexually by stem cuttings but proper rooting is not possible without exogenous auxin application. Hence, during 2022-2023 a research was carried out at the Horticultural Experimental area of Khalsa College, Amritsar to standardize the concentration of plant growth regulators viz. IBA, NAA and PHB for rooting and success rate in stem cuttings comprising of sixteen treatments with three replications arranged in randomized block design. The results revealed that the stem cuttings treated with IBA 4000 ppm proved to be superior for the sprouting and survival of the cuttings resulting in the improved vegetative growth with profuse, longer, thicker and the heaviest roots. Hence, the cutting treatment of IBA 4000 ppm can be proposed for dragon fruit plant propagation to meet the market demand in India.

Development of a Micropropagation Protocol for the Ex Situ Conservation of Nuttall's Scrub Oak (Quercus dumosa).

Worldwide, oak species are threatened with extinction due to habitat loss, pathogens, and changing fire regimes. Ex situ conservation through tissue culture may protect the remaining genetic diversity of Quercus dumosa, or the coastal sage scrub oak, from further loss. We designed three basal salt formulations based on the mineral composition of shoot tips and first leaves from mature Q. dumosa and explored carbohydrate source, stress-mitigating compounds, and plant growth regulator concentrations to develop a method of cultivating many Q. dumosa culture lines in vitro. All three novel basal salt formulations led to decreased necrosis compared with commercial basal salt formulas WPM, MS, and DKW. Substitution of 30 g L-1 sucrose with glucose and adding 250 mg L-1 ascorbic acid, 5.2 mg L-1 SNP sodium nitroprusside, and 103 mg L-1 y-aminobutyric acid improved culture health overall. In an experiment involving 115 culture lines, 0.66 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine produced the highest average shoots per explant, but 0.33 mg L-1 produced the greatest proportion of shoots 2 cm or greater. Incubation for 24 h in 20 mg L-1 indole-3-butyric acid led to the most rooting. These methods show promise for the ex situ conservation of many genotypes of endangered Q. dumosa.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN ZAT PERANGSANG TUMBUH TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT TANAMAN GAHARU (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) DI POLYBAG

This research was carried out in Penginjau Hamlet, Bathin II Pelayang District, Bungo Regency, at an altitude of ± 75 meters above sea level. The research was carried out from 05 January 2015 to 05 April 2015. This research aims to study to determine the effect of giving growth stimulants on the growth of gaharu plant seeds (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) in polybags. The aim of the research is to obtain a dose of growth stimulants that will give results to the growth of agarwood seedlings.The method used in this research was a completely randomized design (RAK), with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The concentration of Atonic growth stimulant used was as follows: A0: No treatment (as control), A1: 0.50 cc Atonic ZPT/liter of water , A2: 1.00 cc ZPT Atonik/ liter of water, A3: 1.50 cc ZPT Atonik/ liter of water and A4: 2.00 cc ZPT Atonik/ liter of water. The data obtained from the final observations were analyzed using variance, if they had a real effect then continued with the Duncan New's Multiple Range Test (DNMRT). The variables observed were plant height (cm), total leaf area (cm2), stem diameter (mm) and root volume (ml). From the experimental results, the administration of atonic plant growth regulator (ZPT) concentrations had no significant effect on plant height (cm), total leaf area (cm2), stem circumference (mm) and root volume (ml)

High frequency in vitro multiplication of polygonatum verticillatum (l.) All. From rhizome bud explants

This work aims to develop a rapid protocol for the in vitro establishment of Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All., an astounding medicinal herb of Astavarga group of plants. Successful in vitro establishment was achieved utilizing rhizome bud segments of approx. 0.5 to 1.0 cm size as explants. Sterilized explants were cultured on MS medium containing graded concentration of different plant growth regulators used either singly or in various combinations. Maximum (85±10.0%) per cent shoot induction with maximum shoot length (6.50 ± 0.11cm) were recorded in TDZ (2.0 mg/l) + NAA(1.0 mg/l) + GA3 (2.0 mg/l) supplemented MS medium. NAA (1.0 mg/l) + Kn (0.5 mg/l) and IBA(1.0 mg/l) supplemented full strength MS medium with 3% sugar showed highest 70 ± 5.0% rooting response.½ MS+1.5 % sucrose medium augmented with IBA (1.0mg/l) showed the maximum average number of roots per explants (12.8 ± 1.07) with highest root length(6.12±0.27 cm). After hardening plantlets were transferred to pots in glasshouse produced healthy plants with 56% survival rate. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(1): 203-208, 2024 (March)

Induction, Proliferation and Differentiation of Callus in Paris polyphylla Sm. through Leaf Culture

Paris polyphylla Sm. is a vulnerable medicinal plant employed in the treatment of various ailments. This study seeks to establish a protocol for callus induction, proliferation, and differentiation of P. polyphylla. Immature leaf explants were cultured on MS medium with varying concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs), including 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), kinetin (Kn), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), Thidiazuron (TDZ), α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and Gibberellic acid (GA3), along with 10% coconut water. After 12 weeks of primary culture, the optimal callus induction was observed in MS medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.5 mg/l Kn. In the secondary culture at 8 weeks, the best callus proliferation, as determined by callus weight or growth index, occurred in MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP alone, 2.0 mg/l Kn alone, 1.0 mg/l TDZ alone, combinations of 2.0 mg/l Kn + 1.0 mg/l BAP + 2.0 mg/l GA3, and combinations of 0.5 mg/l NAA + 2.0 mg/l BAP + 2.0 mg/l GA3, as well as 10% coconut water. Furthermore, callus differentiation into mini rhizomes with root primordia was successfully achieved in MS media containing 2.5 mg/l Kn and 10% coconut water. This study reports, for the first time, the formation and differentiation of callus from leaf explants in P. polyphylla. Large-scale callus generation from leaf explants has the potential to enhance the production of bioactive secondary metabolites for therapeutic purposes and facilitate the development of plantlets through organogenesis.

Improvement of the potato seed production system on a virus-free basis in Almaty region

This article presents data on the induction of potato microtubers and the potency of different varieties to form microtubers in vitro. It has been established that the main factors influencing the process of tuberization in potato regenerated plants are: the concentration of carbohydrates and plant growth regulators in the nutrient medium and physiological state. Experiments were carried out to obtain microtubers from regenerated plants of 4 potato varieties of domestic selection (Alliance, Babaev, Miras and Pamyaty Konaeva) for the selection of virus-free primary material for seed production.As a result, a modified nutrient medium Murasige and Skoog (MS) containing 20 mg/L orotic acid was developed to accelerate the formation of microtuber for-mation of potato plants in vitro.

Factors Affecting the Micropropagation of Sapindus trifoliatus from Nodal Explants of Mature Tree

Background:: Explant recalcitrance is one of the major challenges during the tissue culture of a tree species, especially when explants are derived from mature plants. It is mainly as-sociated with the genotypes/species, source and physiological status of explants, seasonal variations, and competency/incompetency of explants towards PGRs for in vitro manipulations. There-fore, to optimize the appropriate conditions and minimize explant recalcitrance, it is necessary to elucidate the different factors influencing the tissue culture of a tree species. Objective:: Several factors influencing in vitro shoot induction from nodal explants derived from mature plants of Sapindus trifoliatus were investigated. Methods:: Nodal segment obtained from mature plants was used as an explant for shoot regeneration. The factors assessed in this study included the types and concentrations of plant growth regulators, nutrient composition of MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium, sucrose concentrations, the position of nodes on their respective branches, seasonal variations, and successive transfers of mother explant. Results:: The performance of nodal explants was better on modified MS medium, i.e., M4 medium (half-strength of MS major salts and full-strengths of MS minor salts, Fe-EDTA and MS organic nutrients each) than the full-strength MS medium. The addition of BAP in the medium resulted in a higher shoot induction rate than other cytokinins i.e., Kin, Zeatin, TDZ. M4 medium supplemented with 3.0 mg l-1 BAP and 2% sucrose was optimum for shoot proliferation. However, elongation of shoots was observed only when induced shoots, along with the mother explant, were subcultured on a medium containing 1.0 mg l-1 BAP. The shoot multiplication was positively affected by the repeated transfer of the mother explant for different passages on the multiplica-tion medium. Mother explant transferred to multiplication medium (0.8% agar-solidified M4 medium + 2% sucrose + 1.0 mg l-1 BAP) proliferated maximum shoots after fourth passages. Regenerated shoots were rooted in vitro and further successfully acclimatized in field conditions. Conclusion:: The in vitro regeneration system developed from an explant obtained from mature trees can be successfully exploited for mass multiplication of Sapindus trifoliatus, a medicinally and commercially important tree.

In vitro propagation, cold preservation and cryopreservation of Taxus baccata L., an endangered medicinal and ornamental shrub

In vitro propagation, cold preservation, and cryopreservation are three essential approaches to preserve the genetic resources of red-listed plants, including English yew (Taxus baccata L.). Different concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and different pre-treatments of cold preservation and cryopreservation are the prerequisites of these three approaches. Apical bud as explant and Murashige and Skoog (MS) as the culture medium for all three sections of the research, kinetin (Kin) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) as PGRs for the micropropagation section, and encapsulation-dehydration as pre-treatment for the sections of cold preservation and cryopreservation were used. The results of the micropropagation section indicated that the highest number of shoots (5.40 per explant) and roots (5.98 per explant) were obtained from the culture of the explants on the media containing 1 mg L–1 IBA together with 1 and 2 mg L–1 Kin, respectively. The results of the cold preservation section revealed that the highest percentage of survival of germplasms (100%) after storage in the refrigerator was observed in the apical buds pre-treated by dehydration of encapsulated explants with 0.75 M sucrose for two hours, followed by dehydration under a laminar airflow cabinet for two hours. The results of the cryopreservation section demonstrated that the highest percentage of survival of germplasms (100%) after storage in liquid nitrogen was obtained in the apical buds pre-treated by encapsulation-dehydration under a laminar airflow cabinet for two hours. At the acclimatization stage, 100% of the plantlets acclimatized suitably with ex vitro conditions.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Nutrient and Quality Changes in Zingiber officinale Rosc

Ginger is one of the oldest and renowned commercial spices well known for its medicinal and pharmaceutical value. Land degradation, availability of the quality rhizomes and diseases are some of the challenges faced in the ginger production. Since the productivity of a plant is influenced by a complex physiological process controlled by plant growth hormone balancing systems, the application of the growth regulators can have positive effect. Manipulating the PGR combinations and concentrations can lead to better quality and productivity in ginger. Hence, an experiment was conducted to study the effect of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) on nutrient and quality parameters in the ginger variety IISR Varada. Foliar spray of PGRs with 6-benzyl adenine purine (6-BAP), cycocel (Chlormequat chloride), gibberellic acid (GA) and paclobutrazol (PBZ) with five concentrations viz., 50ppm, 100ppm, 150ppm and 200ppm were applied 4th month after planting and water spray treated as control. Nutrients composition and biochemical components were observed on 5th month after planting and oleoresin was observed in the rhizomes after harvest. The results of pooled data over two years revealed that GA at 100 ppm recorded maximum nitrogen and chlorophyll content in leaves, potassium and protein in rhizomes. Regarding the oil content, maximum was noticed in treatment 100ppm Paclobutrazol followed by GA 100ppm.