Lysine Content Research Articles

Evaluation of detoxified cottonseed protein isolate for application as food supplement

Cottonseed is potential candidate to act as an important protein source but presence of toxic compound gossypol with concentration more than 0.045% is main hurdle in utilization of this protein. Optimized lyophilized protein powder constitutes 5.05% moisture, 93.1% crude protein, 0.03% free gossypol, 0.27% total gossypol, and total bacterial count of 1295 cfu/g with no presence of pathogenic bacteria. Cottonseed may be utilized as an ingredient for food industry as a supplement in various foods since it has surpassed all critical quality standards except lysine content as mentioned in Food Safety and Standards Regulations, 2011 (FSSR, version IV, 2017).

Comparative characteristics of the amino acid composition in amaranth accessions from the VIR Collection

The development of products that fully meet the criteria for a healthy diet is one of the main trends in nutrition quality improvement worldwide. Amaranth, a leader in protein quality, has significant potential. A comparative study of the protein complex in leaf biomass has been conducted for the first time for Amaranthus spp. grown for various uses. The aim of the study was to analyze the characteristics of the amino acid composition and identify the relationships among its components in the amaranth leaf biomass. For this purpose, gas-liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was employed. Based on the data of 42 amaranth accessions, the most constant biochemical indicators were identified. Amino acid composition in amaranth accessions, represented by 18 amino acids, had the closest relationship with the content of ascorbic acid and dry matter. The absence of a significant association of lysine and proline with other amino acids was revealed. The amino acid profile had a strong positive relationship with most components, but it was not balanced in composition. Weedy amaranth species are of interest for practical utilization due to their high content of phenolic compounds and lysine. Grain amaranth species were better balanced in amino acids and generally showed the highest protein levels. These are recommended as a source of highly balanced amino acid composition.

ОЦЕНКА КАЧЕСТВА ЗЕРНА КУКУРУЗЫ С ПОМОЩЬЮ ДНК-МАРКЕРОВ

To evaluate maize lines on the basis of the high content of lysine and tryptophan and waxiness using SSR markers.

Heteroscedasticity analysis of nixtamalization effect on nutrients, digestibility, and functional properties of quality protein maize and indigenous local maize flour

This study investigates the variability of nutrients, digestibility, and functional properties of two varieties of maize—Indigenous Local maize (ILM) and Quality Protein Maize (QPM) processed into traditional and nixtamalized flour. Crude protein, lysine, available lysine, niacin content, in vitro protein digestibility, in vitro starch digestibility, and functional properties data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics, correlation, and general linear model analyses. Results indicated that crude protein was highest (9.047 g/100 g) in traditional QPM flour, while lysine, available lysine, and Niacin were highest in nixtamalized QPM flour. General linear model analysis indicated that the type of treatment significantly affected the mean content of crude protein, lysine, available lysine, and niacin. The F(3,4:0.05) = 16.333, 809.90, 58.48, and 229.72 garnered, respectively, for bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, and least gelation concentration of the processed maize sample were significant (p < .01). Nixtamalization as a processing technology could be harnessed for good quality maize flour development in terms of nutrients availability, digestibility, and functional properties. Practical applications The practical application of this study is that knowledge of the variability of nixtamalized maize flour sample is essential for food product development, food control, and standardization. Also, the variability of the nixtamalized maize flour sample enhances processors/industrialists’ knowledge and preference over the traditional maize flour processing as well as consumers’ acceptability/and preference to the earlier known maize flour sample.

Physicochemical, textural and structural characteristics of wheat gluten-soy protein composited meat analogues prepared with the mechanical elongation method

• Meat analogues were prepared by the mechanical elongation (ME) method. • Striated texture was formed by highly compacted ultrathin filaments. • Wheat gluten demonstrated potential in structuring meat analogues using ME method. This study investigated the effect of mechanical elongation method by combining wheat gluten (WG) and soy protein isolate (SPI) (at the ratio of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40 and 40:60 % w/w dry protein basis), and studied the physicochemical, textural and structural characteristics of meat analogues (∼52 % moisture). The meat analogues were analysed and compared against commercial control samples of firm tofu, mock chicken, and steamed chicken. Meat analogues made with 100 %WG showed the lowest hardness and chewiness. Analysis of meat analogues by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed their unique compact ultrastructure which was distinct from the commercial control samples. However, the proportional concentration of WG had an insignificant impact on the ultrastructure. Increasing SPI concentrations improved lysine contents of meat analogues but were still significantly lower ( p< 0.05) than steamed chicken. The results from protein solubility analysis suggested that hydrogen bonds, disulphide bonds and hydrophobic interactions were the forces responsible for the formation, stabilisation and retention of the structures within the meat analogues. It was concluded that the use of WG and WG-SPI produced acceptable doughs that could be used for the development of meat analogues using the mechanical elongation method.

Preparation of 2,3-dialdehyde microcrystalline cellulose particles crosslinked with ε-poly-L-lysine and their antibacterial activity

A series of dialdehyde microcrystalline cellulose (DAMC) particles crosslinked with EPL (EPL-DAMCs) was successfully prepared by reacting DAMC with varying amounts of e-Poly-L-lysine (EPL). Based on the excellent antibacterial property of e-poly-L-lysine (EPL), the obtained EPL-DAMCs have a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, and their physicochemical and antibacterial activities were also investigated. Fourier -transform infrared spectroscopy results demonstrated the formation of Schiff base between the aldehyde groups in DAMC and amino groups of EPL. The DAMC particles showed an aggregated structure of fibres. Among all DAMC crosslinked with EPL (EPL-DAMCs), the EPL-DAMC-4, with a lysine content of 0.46 ± 0.08 mg/g, showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.75, 15.0, 7.5 and 3.75 mg/mL, respectively. Compared with DAMC, the EPL-DAMC-4 exhibited the better inhibition effect and antimicrobial stability on the tested strains. These findings suggested that EPL-DAMCs might be used as antimicrobial biomaterial and have great potential in food packaging field.

Research of consumer properties of butter cookies composed of non-traditional raw materials

This paper examines the influence of non-traditional raw materials of plant origin on the formation of consumer properties of functional butter cookies. It considers the biological value and balance of wheat and spelt flour. It scientifically proves that the lysine content (the most deficient essential amino acid) is significantly higher in spelt flour than in wheat flour. The analysis of organoleptic and physicochemical properties provided a basis for determination and scientific substantiation of the composition of butter cookies. It is found that it is technologically possible to use 40% of spelt flour of the total flour weight and 4% of barley malt extract. This dosage ensures high consumer properties of the products. It was proved that cookies with spelt flour and barley malt extract have higher quality characteristics during the entire shelf-life, as compared to the control samples. It was found that new potentially healthy ingredients of plant origin can enrich butter cookies with minerals, protein and some essential amino acids, enhancing the nutritional and biological value of the finished products. The results obtained in this paper have practical significance for improving the biscuit baking technology, namely, for enhancing its nutritional and biological value.

Optimal feed level during the transition period to achieve faster farrowing and high colostrum yield in sows.

This study aimed to determine the optimal supply of lactation feed during the transition period to minimize farrowing duration (FD) and maximize colostrum yield (CY) and quality with the overall aim of reducing piglet mortality. A total of 48 sows were stratified for body weight and assigned to six levels of feed supply (1.8, 2.4, 3.1, 3.7, 4.3, and 5.0 kg/d) from day 108 of gestation until 24 h after the onset of farrowing. The number of total born, live-born, and stillborn piglets; birth time and birth weight of each piglet; and frequency of farrowing assistance (FA) was recorded, and blood samples were obtained from newborn piglets at birth. Live-born piglets were further weighed at 12 and 24 h after birth to record weight gain, which in turn was used to estimate intake and yield of colostrum. Colostrum samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, and 36 h after the onset of farrowing. FD was shortest (4.2 h) at intermediate (3.7 kg/d), longest (7.1 to 7.6 h) at low (1.8 and 2.4 kg/d), and intermediate (5.6 to 5.7 h) at high (4.3 and 5.0 kg/d) feed intake (P = 0.004; mean comparison). FA was lowest (0.7% to 0.8%) at intermediate feed intake (3.7 and 4.3 kg/d) and substantially elevated (4.3% to 4.7%) at both lower and higher feed intake (P = 0.01; mean comparison). The cubic contrast revealed 4.1 kg/d as the optimal feed intake to achieve the shortest FD and to minimize FA. Newborn piglets from second-parity sows were less vital than piglets from gilts as evaluated by blood biochemical variables immediately after birth. CY was greatest at 3.1 kg/d (P = 0.04), whereas the cubic contrast revealed 3.0 kg/d as the optimal feed intake to maximize CY. Concentrations of colostral components were affected by the diet, parity, and their interaction except for lactose concentrations. In conclusion, the study demonstrated the importance of proper feed level during the transition period on sow productivity. Moreover, this study estimated 4.1 and 3.0 kg/d as the optimal feed intake during the transition period to improve farrowing characteristic and CY, respectively, and these two feed intake levels supplied daily 38.8 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) and 23.9 g standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (3.0 kg/d) or 53.0 MJ ME and 32.7 g SID lysine (4.1 kg/d). The discrepancy of optimal feed intake for optimal farrowing and colostrum performance suggests that it may be advantageous to lower dietary lysine concentration in the diet fed prepartum.

C-terminal lysine clipping of IgG1: impact on binding to human FcγRIIIa and neonatal Fc receptors

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) display numerous structural attributes, some of them may impact their safety and/or efficacy profiles. C-terminal lysine clipping is a common phenomenon occurring during the bioproduction of mAbs and leads to variable amounts of final process-related charge variants. If Fc-glycosylation has been by far the most documented critical quality attribute (CQA), the potential impacts of mAb C-terminal lysine content is far less reported, particularly on the ability of these basic variants to bind human Fc receptors. To address this question, three charge variant species having zero (K0), one (K1) and two (K2) C-terminal lysine(s) were isolated with high purity from an in-house human IgG1 by preparative strong-cation exchange (SCX) chromatography. A comprehensive biophysical characterization of these three fractions was undertaken, demonstrating their high similarity in terms of structural homogeneity, with a particular attention paid on their respective N-glycosylation profiles. The binding affinity of the fractions to human FcγRIIIa-Val176 was assessed both by affinity chromatography and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and to human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) by affinity chromatography. Results demonstrate that the three charge variants did not show any significant binding difference for the two tested human Fc receptors, translating certainly to comparable biological properties. As a consequence, C-terminal lysine clipping of the present therapeutic IgG1 should not impact both FcRn-dependent pharmacokinetic profiles and FcγRIIIa-driven cytotoxic activities. The methods used in this study can be widely applied to other IgG1 to define criticality of the C-terminal lysine clipping as a CQA.

Effect of the Addition of Milk Protein Preparations on Selected Quality Parameters and Nutritional Characteristics of Kefir

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of various milk protein powder preparations (MPC-80, WPC-70, sweet whey, non-demineralized or demineralized whey, whey permeate, rennet casein, buttermilk) to selected quality parameters and digestibility of milk proteins in kefir. Kefir samples analyzed in the study were prepared under laboratory conditions with three industrial bacterial starter cultures. They were examined microbiologically (lactobacilli, lactococci, yeast) and for pH, total protein content, hardness, adhesiveness, water-holding capacity (WHC), and protein digestibility (using two in vitro methods along with the determination of the content of available lysine and glycine). The counts of lactococci and lactobacilli were estimated at levels above 7 and 6 log(CFU/mL), respectively. Yeast was not found in the kefir samples. The pH value of the samples was 4.4–5.2. The pH, hardness, adhesiveness, and WHC were dependent on the type of kefir starter culture and the type of milk protein powder added. Each protein preparation added increased the amount of available lysine and glycine. However, when converted for 1 g of kefir protein, the changes in the content of available lysine and glycine were variable and depended on both the milk protein powder and starter culture used.

Quantification of N6‐formylated lysine in bacterial protein digests using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry despite spontaneous formation and matrix effects

RationaleN6‐Formyl lysine is a well‐known modification of histones and other proteins. It can also be formed as a damaged product from direct formylation of free lysine and accompanied by other lysine derivatives such as acetylated or methylated forms. In relation to the activity of cellular repair enzymes in protein turnover and to lysine metabolism, it is important to accurately quantify the overall ratio of modified lysine to free lysine.MethodsN6‐Formyl lysine was quantified using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) with data collected in a non‐targeted manner using positive mode electrospray ionization on a Q‐Exactive HF+ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Studies were performed with lysine and deuterated lysine spiked into protein digests and solvents to investigate the extent of spontaneous formation and matrix effects of formation of N6‐formyl lysine.ResultsWe show that N6‐formyl lysine, N2‐formyl lysine, N6‐acetyl lysine, and N2‐acetyl lysine are all formed spontaneously during sample preparation and LC/MS/MS analysis, which complicates quantification of these metabolites in biological samples. N6‐Formyl lysine was spontaneously formed and correlated to the concentration of lysine. In the sample matrix of protein digests, 0.03% of lysine was spontaneously converted into N6‐formyl lysine, and 0.005% of lysine was converted into N6‐formyl lysine in pure run solvent.ConclusionsSpontaneous formation of N6‐formyl lysine, N6‐acetyl lysine, N2‐formyl lysine, and N2‐acetyl lysine needs to be subtracted from biologically formed lysine modifications when quantifying these epimetabolites in biological samples.

A Novel Carboxylesterase Derived from a Compost Metagenome Exhibiting High Stability and Activity towards High Salinity.

Halotolerant lipolytic enzymes have gained growing interest, due to potential applications under harsh conditions, such as hypersalinity and presence of organic solvents. In this study, a lipolytic gene, est56, encoding 287 amino acids was identified by functional screening of a compost metagenome. Subsequently, the gene was heterologously expressed, and the recombinant protein (Est56) was purified and characterized. Est56 is a mesophilic (Topt 50 °C) and moderate alkaliphilic (pHopt 8) enzyme, showing high thermostability at 30 and 40 °C. Strikingly, Est56 is halotolerant as it exhibited high activity and stability in the presence of up to 4 M NaCl or KCl. Est56 also displayed enhanced stability against high temperatures (50 and 60 °C) and urea (2, 4, and 6 M) in the presence of NaCl. In addition, the recently reported halotolerant lipolytic enzymes were summarized. Phylogenetic analysis grouped these enzymes into 13 lipolytic protein families. The majority (45%) including Est56 belonged to family IV. To explore the haloadaptation of halotolerant enzymes, the amino acid composition between halotolerant and halophilic enzymes was statistically compared. The most distinctive feature of halophilic from non-halophilic enzymes are the higher content of acidic residues (Asp and Glu), and a lower content of lysine, aliphatic hydrophobic (Leu, Met and Ile) and polar (Asn) residues. The amino acid composition and 3-D structure analysis suggested that the high content of acidic residues (Asp and Glu, 12.2%) and low content of lysine residues (0.7%), as well as the excess of surface-exposed acidic residues might be responsible for the haloadaptation of Est56.

The potential of utilizing Provitamin A-biofortified maize in producing mutwiwa, a Zimbabwean traditional fermented food.

Biofortification interventions have the potential to combat micronutrient deficiencies, such as vitamin A deficiency (VAD), which is prevalent in Zimbabwe. The poor acceptability of provitamin A (PVA)‐biofortified maize is still a challenge that exists in Zimbabwe. This study investigated the effect of replacing white maize (WM) with PVA‐biofortified maize on the nutritional composition of mutwiwa, a Zimbabwean traditional food, and its microbiological safety. Chemical and microbiological tests were conducted using AOAC standard methods. Total carotene content was 12.78 µg/g dry weight (DW) in PVA‐biofortified maize and 1.52 µg/g DW in WM. The proximate composition of PVA‐biofortified mutwiwa (PVABM) was 5.2, 28.6, 2.1, 62.2, and 2.0 g/100 g wet basis (w.b) for protein, carbohydrates fiber, moisture, and ash, respectively. Total soluble solids, β‐carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin A contents were 3.6 oBrix, 110 µg/100 g, 0.54 mg/100 g, and 9 µg REA/100 g, respectively. Lysine, phenylalanine, and histidine contents were 0.71, 1.15, and 0.56 g/100 g w.b, respectively. Iron, calcium, phosphorus, and zinc content were 7.8, 60.5, 410.8, and 60 mg/100 g w.b, respectively. Mesophilic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, coliforms, yeast, and molds were all <1 Log CFU/ml. The nutritional, amino acid and mineral contents were significantly different (p < .05). In conclusion, the results of this study were satisfying and recommend the processing of PVA‐biofortified maize as a potential strategy to combat VAD and mineral malnutrition in Zimbabwe and other regions in Sub‐Saharan Africa.

Withdrawal Notice: Characterization of Glyoxal Modified LDL: Role in the Generation of Circulating Autoantibodies in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Artery Disease

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Serum biomarkers, skin autofluorescence and other methods. Which parameter better illustrates the relationship between advanced glycation end products and arterial stiffness in the general population?

Stiffening of large arteries, clinically manifesting as increased aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), is an inevitable outcome of aging. Among other mechanisms, impaired glucose metabolism plays an important role, leading to the deposition of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). This process is counterbalanced by the circulating soluble receptor for AGEs (sRAGE). We investigated the association between arterial stiffness on one side and multiple circulating biomarkers and the degree of skin deposition of AGEs on the other. In a cross-sectional design, 867 participants based on a general population sample (Czech post-MONICA studies) were examined. PWV was measured by SphygmoCor device (AtCor Medical Ltd.), while skin AGEs were measured using a dedicated autofluorescence method (AGE Reader mu®). To quantify the circulating status of AGEs, carboxymethyl lysine (CML) and sRAGE concentrations were assessed by ELISA, along with conventional glucose metabolism indicators. When analyzing the whole sample using multiple linear or logistic regression models and after adjustment for potential covariates, a significant association with PWV was found for fasting glycemia, HbA1c, sRAGE, skin AGEs, and the skin AGE-to-sRAGE ratio. Among these parameters, stepwise models identified the strongest association for the skin AGEs and AGE-to-sRAGE ratio, and this was also true when diabetic subjects were excluded. In contrast, neither CML nor its ratio relative to sRAGE showed any association with arterial stiffness. In conclusion, skin AGEs along with their ratio relative to sRAGE were closely associated with arterial stiffness and is a better indicator of the current status of deposited AGEs than other relevant factors.

The Protective Role of Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid on the Growth and Bone Development of Experimentally Induced Perinatal Growth-Retarded Piglets.

Simple SummaryPerinatal growth restriction is a significant health issue that predisposes to a reduced rate of postnatal weight gain and the development of numerous diseases later in life. In livestock production, growth restricted animals require more time to reach slaughter weight. In this study, we examined the effects of long-term administration of alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) on the growth and development of experimentally-induced, perinatal growth-retarded piglets.The effect of alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) supplementation to experimentally-induced, perinatal growth-retarded piglets was examined. Sows were treated with a synthetic glucocorticoid (Gc) during the last 25 days of pregnancy, and after the birth, piglets were randomly divided into three groups depending on the treatment. The Gc/Gc + AKG and Gc/AKG groups born by Gc-treated sows after the birth were treated with Gc or Gc + AKG for 35 days. Significantly lower serum growth hormone, IGF-I, osteocalcin, leptin, and cortisol concentrations were observed in the Gc/Gc + AKG group, while the bone alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly higher. Serum insulin concentration was higher in the control group. Serum alanine, lysine, histidine, and tryptophan concentrations were higher in the Gc/Gc + AKG and Gc/AKG groups. The perinatal action of Gc significantly affects histomorphometry of articular cartilage and trabecular bone and bone mechanics. The results clearly showed that dietary AKG had positive effects with regards to the profile of free amino acids. Taking into account the function of AKG as an energy donor and stimulator of collagen synthesis, it can be concluded that the anabolic role of AKG may be the main mechanism responsible for its protective effect against the GC-induced perinatal intensified catabolic state.

Utilization of coconut meal based diets supplemented with lysine by broiler chicken

Coconut meal (CM) was included in a broiler diet to supply 40% of the total groundnut cake protein. The diet was formulated based on the recommendations of a previous study that coconut meal protein can replace 40% of groundnut cake (GNC) in broilers diet. A control diet was formulated containing 22% GNC, the protein of which was replaced by coconut meal protein. Five diets were prepared . The control (Diet A) and 4 others that contained essentially the same proximate composition (Diets B-E) were supplemented with synthetic lysine at 0.30, 0,60, 0.90 and 1.20% dietary levels. 240 broiler chicks were alotted into 5 dietary treatment groups of 3 sub-groupa. Each sub-group contained 16 birds. The dietary lysine content from diets A-E were 1.20, 1.15, 1.45, 1.76 and 2.00% respectively and were fed to the broilers for a period of 56 days. Performance indices, average feed consumption, average body gain, live weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) were monitored. The dry matter, protein and ether extractretentions were all equally monitored twice at the 4th and 8th week. Haematological and enzyme assays were investigated at 4th and 8th week. The average feed consumption and FCR were significantly increased (P&lt;0.05) by the increasing level of lysine supplementation both at the 4th and 8th week. The body gain also decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) at the 4th and 8th week while the live weight was significantly (P&lt;0.05) better in the control and 0.6% lysine supplementation at the 56th day of the study. The dry matter, nitrogen and other extract retentions significantly decreased (P&lt;0.05) at the 4th and 8th week. The total protein and albumin decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) at the 4th and 8th week while, creatinine and urea increased with increasing level of lysine supplementation. The serum glutamate amino transaminase and alanine amino transaminase both increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) at the 4th and 8th week. The study indicated that 0.6% lysine supplementation (of diet containing coconut meal contributing 40% protein of the major vegetable protein source) enhance the utilization of the coconut meal by broilers.

Some Nigerian Protein Concentrates as Foods and Feeds

THE nutrients, amino acid composition and protein quality of a range of Nigerian foods and feeds have been studied in chemical and biological tests with pigs and rats. Lysine, methionine, tryptophan and, to a lesser extent, threonine, were the amino acids present in the least amounts in most of the concentrates. Apparent and true digestibility of the concentrates were high except for palm kernel meal (PKM), African locust bean (ALB), and cashewnut scrap meal (CSM). All the animal protein concentrates showed good nutritional qualities except blood meal (BM), which, despite its high lysine content, showed very poor nutritional values and supported no gain in pigs or rats, probably due to its low methionine - cystine and tryptophan content, coupled with a possible isoleucine-leucine antagonism. Among the plant proteins, ALB showed particularly low values, while cashewnut good grade meal (CM) was found to be superior to soyabean meal (SM). The cashewnut scrap kernel meal (CSM) was inferior to the good grade meal. When evaluated at a critical protein level with growing pigs, it was found to be superior to groundnut meal. In practical type diets for fattening pigs, CSM diets were superior to the groundnut meal (GNM) diets, in terms of growth and efficiency of feed utilization. The PKM, despite its apparent balance of amino acids showed poor nutritional values for the rat. In a test with practical type diets, pigs on PKM grew at a highly significantly slower rate and had highly significantly poorer feed and protein efficiency ratios than the pigs on other diets. In another trial involving supplementation of PKM diets with either GNM, fishmeal (FM), BM or milk powder (MP), pigs on the PKM diet supplemented with 10% GNM, had a significantly slower rate of gain and efficiency of feed conversion ratio than those on other diets containing lower quantities of PKM supplemented with other protein concentrates. Supplementation of PKM diets with FM and BM gave significantly better results than supplementation with GNM or MP.

Wheat, Barley, and Oat Breeding for Health Benefit Components in Grain.

Cereal grains provide half of the calories consumed by humans. In addition, they contain important compounds beneficial for health. During the last years, a broad spectrum of new cereal grain-derived products for dietary purposes emerged on the global food market. Special breeding programs aimed at cultivars utilizable for these new products have been launched for both the main sources of staple foods (such as rice, wheat, and maize) and other cereal crops (oat, barley, sorghum, millet, etc.). The breeding paradigm has been switched from traditional grain quality indicators (for example, high breadmaking quality and protein content for common wheat or content of protein, lysine, and starch for barley and oat) to more specialized ones (high content of bioactive compounds, vitamins, dietary fibers, and oils, etc.). To enrich cereal grain with functional components while growing plants in contrast to the post-harvesting improvement of staple foods with natural and synthetic additives, the new breeding programs need a source of genes for the improvement of the content of health benefit components in grain. The current review aims to consider current trends and achievements in wheat, barley, and oat breeding for health-benefiting components. The sources of these valuable genes are plant genetic resources deposited in genebanks: landraces, rare crop species, or even wild relatives of cultivated plants. Traditional plant breeding approaches supplemented with marker-assisted selection and genetic editing, as well as high-throughput chemotyping techniques, are exploited to speed up the breeding for the desired genotуpes. Biochemical and genetic bases for the enrichment of the grain of modern cereal crop cultivars with micronutrients, oils, phenolics, and other compounds are discussed, and certain cases of contributions to special health-improving diets are summarized. Correlations between the content of certain bioactive compounds and the resistance to diseases or tolerance to certain abiotic stressors suggest that breeding programs aimed at raising the levels of health-benefiting components in cereal grain might at the same time match the task of developing cultivars adapted to unfavorable environmental conditions.

AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF MUSCLE TISSUE AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF YOUNG PIGS’ LARD WHEN FED WITH PROTEIN-VITAMIN MINERAL SUPPLEMENT «MINAKTYVIT»

The amino acid composition of muscle tissue and the content of fatty acids in the lard of young pigs when fed with the new protein-vitamin mineral supplement "MINAKTIVIT" are analyzed. The data were obtained in a scientific and eco-nomic experiment on two groups-analogues of young pigs of the Large White breed. The supplement was fed at the amount of 25% of the grain part of the diet – starter, 15% – grower and 10% – finisher. At the end of rearing to the live weight of 100–110 kg, a control slaughter of three heads from each group was performed, and samples of subcutaneous lard weighing 200 g at the level of 9-11 thoracic vertebrae and muscle tissue samples were taken for research. When feeding protein-vitamin mineral supplement "MINAKTIVIT" in the lard of pigs there were no significant changes in thе total amount of fatty acids, but among the saturated fatty acids, the amount of myristic, palmitic, margaric and stearic acids increases slightly. Among monounsaturated acids, the content of oleic and gondoic acids increases and the amount of palmitoleic fatty acid decreases. From the group of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the spinal lard of pigs of the experimental group the content of linoleic, γ - linolenic, α - linolenic and digomolinoleic acid increases. Studies have shown that feeding young pigs with the new protein-vitamin mineral supplement "MINACTIVIT" has a positive effect on the amino acid composition of muscle tissue. At the same time, the content of lysine, methionine and leucine among essential amino acids is reliably increasing, and there is a significant increase in almost all essential amino acids.