Free Fatty Acid Content Research Articles

Astragalus polysaccharide liposome nanoparticles mediate fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36 to improve fatty acid metabolism and regulate glucocorticoid receptor levels in diabetic cardiomyopathy

Abnormal myocardial metabolism is the leading cause of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) combination with liposome nanoparticles (APS-nano) exhibits greater efficacy. Therefore, this study assessed regulatory effect of APS-nano on fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36. Fifty SD rats were assigned into control group, model group, APS group, APS-nano group, and FAT/CD36 inhibitor group (n =10, each group), followed by analysis of FAT/CD36 mRNA, protein levels, and glucocorticoid receptor expression. APS-nano group rats had highest level of insulin among all groups and lowest blood sugar. The content of Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and Free Fatty Acid (FFA) in APS-nano group was lower than APS and model groups (P = 0.000), with higher TC and FFA than control group (P <0.001), while insulin, blood sugar, TC, TG and FFA in the APS group were lower than model group (P = 0.000). FAT/CD36 mRNA in the model, APS, and APS-nano groups decreased to varying degrees (P <0.01). Administration of APS-nano greatly increased glucocorticoid receptor (P <0.01). APS-nano can regulate FAT/CD36 expression and improve fatty acid metabolism, thereby lowering myocardial tissue metabolism and inhibiting glucocorticoid receptor levels.

Compounds in the Stem of Etlingera elatior can reduce the levels of Free Fatty Acid and Blood Glucose in Obesity Wistar Rats

This study aimed to determine the potential of methanolic extracts of Etlingera elatior stems in reducing levels of free fatty acids, blood glucose, and triglycerides in obese Wistar rats and to identify the active compounds. The study was conducted using18 rats which were divided into 3 treatment groups with post-test only control groups design, namely the standard group (P0, control), the high-fat diet group (P1), and the high-fat diet + 100mg/kg BW of Etlingera elatior stem methanol extract group (P2). After 4 weeks or the last day of treatment, the rats were fasted for approximately 10-14 hours to collect their blood. Identification of the active compound components was carried out usingthe Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) instrument. The results showed that the methanolic extract of Etlingera elatior stems was able to reduce levels of free fatty acids, blood glucose, and triglycerides in obese Wistar rats. Glucose levels in the Etlingera elatior stem methanol extract group decreased by 42.08% against the high-fat diet group. The free fatty acid content of the Etlingera elatior stem methanol extract group decreased by 13.64% compared to the high-fat diet group. The triglyceride levels in the Etlingera elatior stem methanol extract group decreased by 56.84% compared to the high-fat diet group. The results of the LC-MS/MS analysis of the Etlingera elatior stem methanol extract identified five compounds with compounds thought to have the potential to reduce free fatty acids and blood glucose, namely umbelliferone and sophoricoside.

Metabolic effects of training endurance horses in a field setting

Abstract Changes in serum biochemistry and skeletal muscle of horses in response to individual endurance rides of varying distance have been reported, as have the effects of submaximal treadmill training. This study evaluated the effects of a controlled field endurance training programme on energy metabolism. Five Arabian horses 6.8 ± 2.0 years (mean ± standard deviation) were trained for 16 weeks over progressively longer distances. The biceps femoris, triceps long head, and semitendinosus muscles were biopsied before and after 4-weekly runs of 10, 20 and 30 miles, respectively, and before and after 10, 20, 30 and 50 miles of a fourth run at the end of the training programme to measure 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (HAD) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities and triglyceride (TG) and glycogen concentrations in those biopsies. Blood samples were obtained simultaneously to measure serum TG, free fatty acid (FFA), glycerol, glucagon, insulin, and cortisol concentrations. Data were analysed using RM-ANOVA for effects of training and distance. was considered significant. Training increased resting glycogen and TG concentrations in the biceps (, ), triceps (, ) and semitendinosus (, ), respectively. Both HAD and SDH activities increased in the biceps femoris (; ) and triceps (; ), respectively, but not in the semitendinosus. There was no training effect detected on serum hormone responses to exercise distance although serum glycerol (), glucagon () and cortisol () concentrations increased with increasing run distance, while insulin concentration decreased (). Glucagon and cortisol concentrations were correlated (r = 0.67; ). Serum TG decreased with exercise but at a slower rate following training, and serum FFA were higher during exercise following training when compared to the partially trained state. Overall, endurance training enhanced peripheral mobilisation of fat and its utilisation by working muscle, and resting muscle glycogen stores increased.

RANCANG BANGUN ALAT PEMILAH PADA BIJI BUAH KELAPA SAWIT BERDASARKAN WARNA DAN BERAT

In the palm oil industry, processing oil palm kernels in the field to improve the quality of palm oil produced is an important activity. Palm kernel harvesting occurs when the oil content is highest and the free fatty acid content is lowest. To maximize the harvest, it is necessary to develop a Sorting Equipment Design on Palm Oil Seeds based on color and weight carried out in Penajam Paser Utara. The purpose of this tool is to detect the maturity level of oil palm kernels with the TCS3200 Sensor, as well as reading the weight of oil palm seeds with the Loadcell Sensor. The main components in making this tool include TCS3200 Sensor and Loadcell Sensor, with other supporting components namely Conveyor, Infrared (IR) Sensor, DC Motor, Servo Motor, and LCD.The results of the IR sensor test had an average error of 0.05 in distance readings, the Loadcell test had an average error of 1.08 in weight readings and the TCS 3200 Sensor had no error in determining the maturity category in oil palm fruit seeds.

Modulation of the lipolysis and subsequent antibacterial activity of the fat from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) by the combined selection of slaughtering, drying and defatting methods of the larvae

The aim of this study was to evaluate the modulating effect of the processing of Hermetia illucens larvae on the antibacterial activity of the fat related to lipolysis to free fatty acids (FFAs), mainly as lauric acid. Blanching and freezing were compared for slaughtering, oven or freeze-drying for drying, and mechanical pressing or supercritical fluid for defatting. Freezing plus freeze-drying produced the highest FFAs content (21%), mainly as lauric acid (11%). In agreement, freezing plus freeze-drying was also the most effective method to obtain fats with higher antibacterial activity, regardless of the defatting method. The antibacterial activity was significantly more relevant for gram-positive bacteria, having a strain-dependent character. The most effective fat was bactericidal for Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus subtilis and reduced Staphylococcus aureus growth. Therefore, it is possible to selectively modulate the antibacterial activity of the H. illucens fat due to lipolysis by the processing methods of larvae. Industrial relevanceThis study provides guidance to choose the best mode of processing of H. illucens larvae to selectively modulate the potential use of the lipid coproduct of this edible insect, either from the point of view of food use, which requires methods of processing to yield a high quality (low acidity), or from the point of view of antimicrobial applications, using methods of processing that selectively produce an antibacterial fat (high acidity). Furthermore, the best antibacterial activity demonstrated for fats of H. illucens of poor acid quality is an innovative approach for revalorization of such fats that would fail to meet the quality standard required for food applications.

The lipolysis inhibitor acipimox reverses the cardiac phenotype induced by electronic cigarettes

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are a prevalent alternative to conventional nicotine cigarettes among smokers and people who have never smoked. Increased concentrations of serum free fatty acids (FFAs) are crucial in generating lipotoxicity. We studied the effects of acipimox, an antilipolytic drug, on e-cigarette-induced cardiac dysfunction. C57BL/6J wild-type mice on high fat diet were treated with saline, e-cigarette with 2.4% nicotine [e-cigarette (2.4%)], and e-cigarette (2.4%) plus acipimox for 12 weeks. Fractional shortening and ejection fraction were diminished in mice exposed to e-cigarettes (2.4%) compared with saline and acipimox-treated mice. Mice exposed to e-cigarette (2.4%) had increased circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines and FFAs, which were diminished by acipimox. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed that e-cigarette (2.4%)-treated mice had gene expression changes in the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint pathway that was normalized by acipimox. Accordingly, we showed that acipimox suppressed the nuclear localization of phospho-p53 induced by e-cigarette (2.4%). Additionally, e-cigarette (2.4%) increased the apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, a marker of oxidative DNA damage which was normalized by acipimox. Mice exposed to e-cigarette (2.4%) had increased cardiac Heme oxygenase 1 protein levels and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). These markers of oxidative stress were decreased by acipimox. Therefore, inhibiting lipolysis with acipimox normalizes the physiological changes induced by e-cigarettes and the associated increase in inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and DNA damage.

The impact of a single dose of whey protein on glucose flux and metabolite profiles in normoglycemic males: insights into glucagon and insulin biology.

Protein ingestion concurrently stimulates euglycemic glucagon and insulin secretion, a response that is particularly robust with rapidly absorbing proteins. Previously, we have shown that ingestion of repeated doses of rapidly absorbing whey protein equally stimulated endogenous glucose production (EGP) and glucose disposal (Rd), thus explaining the preservation of euglycemia. Here, we aimed to determine if a smaller single dose of whey could elicit a large enough glucagon and insulin response to stimulate glucose flux. Therefore, in normoglycemic young adult males (N=10; Age ~26; BMI ~25), using [6,6-2H2] glucose tracing and quantitative targeted metabolite profiling, we determined the metabolic response to a single 25g 'standard' dose of whey protein. Whey protein ingestion did not alter glycemia, but increased circulating glucagon (peak 4-fold basal), insulin (peak 6-fold basal), amino acids and urea while also reducing free fatty acid and glycerol concentrations. Interestingly, the postprandial insulin response was driven by both a stimulation of insulin secretion and marked reduction in hepatic insulin clearance. Whey protein ingestion resulted in a modest stimulation of EGP and Rd, both peaking at ~20% above baseline 1 h after protein ingestion. These findings demonstrate that the ingestion of a single standard serving of whey protein can induce a euglycemic glucagon and insulin response that stimulates glucose flux. We speculate on a theory that could potentially explain how glucagon and insulin synergistically provide hardwired control of nitrogen and glucose homeostasis.

Some Pathogenetic Aspects of Endocardial Endothelium Damage of Rats as a Result of Stress Effect Complicated by Hypercholesterolemia (original research)

The endothelial dysfunction is a predictor of occurrence for many diseases of cardiovascular system and a key link in their pathogenesis, formation and progression of clinical manifestations. Despite the large number of experimental and clinical researches, separate links of pathogenesis of heart endothelial cell damage under stress and in case of its combination with hypercholesterolemia require the further examination. The aim of the work was to investigate the role of nitric oxide, prostaglandins and antioxidants in the pathogenesis of endocardial endothelium damage (by the content of free fatty acids in it and the number of exfoliated cells) as a result of emotional and pain stress and stress complicated by hypercholesterolemia. An electro-impulse model was used to reproduce the stress. Alimentary hypercholesterolemia was modeled by keeping animals on an atherogenic diet for 2 months. To establish the role of individual pathogenetic links in the mechanisms of endotheliocyte damage, animals were administered the following pharmacological drugs: L-arginine (a substrate for the synthesis of nitric oxide), a prostaglandin synthesis blocker indomethacin, and prostenon (a synthetic analog of prostaglandin E2, which has an antioxidant effect). The state of endocardial endothelium was examined by using the light microscopy, analyzing the smears-imprints from macropreparations of ventricles by counting the number of endothelial cells in them. The content of free fatty acids was determined by the radiochemical method. It was shown that L-arginine significantly limits the damaging effect of the studied pathogenic factors on endocardial endothelium, reducing the number of exfoliated cells. The use of prostenon gives a slight, statistically unreliable positive effect. The use of indomethacin increases the damage of endothelial cells, which indicates the cytoprotective effect of prostaglandins under stress. All three studied preparations have no significant effect on the metabolism of free fatty acids both in case of “pure” emotional and pain stress and under stress complicated by hypercholesterolemia. The hypercholesterolemia of alimentary origin significantly limits the cytoprotective effect of L-arginine and prostenon on endocardial endothelium under stress action. In relation to indomethacin, in this situation, an increase of cell desquamation is observed, which indicates a decrease of prostaglandins protective effect.

Fatty Acids and Mineral Content in Milk of Locally Reared Ruminant in Sokoto

The nutritional content of milk is determined by its protein, free fatty acids, and essential mineral contents which are indicators of high- quality dairy. This work aimed to evaluate some nutritional indices of milk obtained from locally reared Sokoto Red goats, Yankasa sheep, and Red Fulani cows. Milk samples were collected from each group of five breastfeeding goats, sheep, and cows. Crude protein and percent ash contents were determined using the Kjeldahl method while free fatty acid and mineral contents were determined using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), respectively. The results obtained show that the percent crude proteins of cows, sheep, and goats were 7.00 ± 0.10, 9.60 ± 0.10, and 25.50 ± 0.10 %, respectively. The percent abundance of free fatty acids show that saturated fatty acids (SFA) were 54.70, 46.19, and 32.28 %, monounsaturated fatty acids (MFA) were 54.96, 47.76, and 35.94 %, while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PFA) were 1.71, 6.04, and 2.99 %, respectively for cow, goat, and sheep. The content of zinc, potassium, and magnesium in the samples were 24.30, 35.50, and 15.70 mg/L, and 11.20, 61.30, and 23.20 mg/L; and 85.20, 97.3, and 86.30 mg/L, respectively for cow, goat, and sheep milk. Results also showed that there is significant difference (p < 0.05), between goat's milk which had high percent crude protein, zinc, magnesium, and potassium when compared with sheep and cow milk. Interestingly, sheep milk contained the important essential fatty acids arachidonic acid and nervonic acid in cow's milk. Quantitatively, goat and sheep milk MFA and PFA contents are superior to that in cow milk. While goat milk is rich in zinc, potassium, and magnesium, and significant presence of arachidonic acid in sheep milk, no significant difference was observed in the tested constituents of goat and sheep milk.

Impacts of acute ammonia-N exposure on the muscle quality of whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei): Novel insights into lipid and protein oxidation

This study explored the effect of ammonia-N exposure on the muscle quality of Penaeus vannamei and the underlying mechanisms based on the oxidation of lipids and proteins. Acute ammonia-N exposure reduced the hardness but increased the centrifugal loss and drip loss of the shrimp muscle. Meanwhile, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species were overproduced, thereby increasing the free fatty acid (FFA) content, fluorescent compound content, peroxide value (PV), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBAR) value. In addition, lipid peroxidation byproducts and free radicals could reduce sulfhydryl (SH) content and intrinsic fluorescence intensity. They may also increase carbonyl concentration, disulfide bond (SS) content, and surface hydrophobicity, and degrade myofibrillar protein, leading to the unfolding and conformational alterations in proteins in shrimp muscle. This study provided significant insights into the mechanisms underlying the impacts of ammonia toxicity on the quality of shrimp muscle.

Effect of hermetic storage on the development of hard-to-cook characteristics and nutritional properties of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Mungbean and cowpea samples were stored in hermetic PET-bottles and common polybags at room temperature. After 0, 2, 4, and 6 months of storage, the samples were tested for gas composition, grain hardness, cooking time, proximate composition, free fatty acid (FFA) content, phytic acid content, oxalic acid content and antioxidant properties. The oxygen content of the mungbean and cowpea samples dropped to 7.5 ± 1.7% and 10.7 ± 0.8%, respectively, within 30 days of storage in the hermetic condition compared to control. Samples stored in polybags showed a significant increase in grain hardness and cooking-time compared to the initial samples. In contrast, the grain hardness and cooking time of hermetic samples remained within acceptable levels. The FFA values of the mungbean and cowpea samples in polybags increased by approximately 33% and 40%, respectively, after 6 months. The FFA values increased by 7.5% in mungbean and 11% in cowpea stored hermetically, which was 4 times lower than the polybag-stored samples. After 6 months, the phytic acid content of the grain samples stored in PET-bottles and polybags decreased by approximately 15% and 26%, respectively. Similarly, the oxalic acid contents were also reduced in mungbean and cowpea samples stored in polybags by 14–29% compared to the hermetic samples (2–10%). The results showed that the total phenolic content of grain samples stored in polybags was approximately 32% higher compared to grain samples stored in hermetic PET-bottles and 53% higher compared to the initial samples. These results indicated that significantly lower tendency for the development of hard-to-cook defects in grain samples stored in hermetic PET-bottles. DPPH and hydroxyl free radical scavenging activities showed a significant increase with storage time in both mungbean and cowpea samples regardless of storage method. These results revealed that hermetic storage helps to prevent the development of hard-to-cook characteristics of mungbean and cowpea.

Biochar-based bi-functional catalyst derived from rubber seed shell and eggshell for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

The application of biomass-based sources for energy generation has attracted much interest in recent times due to theirenvironmental benefits. In this study, the potential use of rubber seed shells and eggshells in the synthesis of bi-functional catalysts for biodiesel production has been investigated. The catalyst was produced in a sequence of steps that includedcarbonization, sulfonation, calcination, and impregnation. The catalyst was characterized using Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. The catalysts’ performance was assessed throughthe simultaneous esterification and transesterification of waste cooking oil with a free fatty acid content of 2.9 %. Response surface methodology based on central composite design was employed to model and optimize the process. The factors investigated included methanol/oil ratio (4:1 – 20:1), catalyst concentration (1 – 5 wt%), reaction temperature (50 – 70 °C), and time (1 – 5 h). The catalyst was found to have a specific surface area of 241.0 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.189 cc/g, and a pore size of 1.132 nm. A methanol/oil molar ratio of 14.2:1, catalyst concentration of 2.0 wt%, temperature of 62.5 °C, and reaction time of 2.3 h were the optimum reaction conditions required to achieve an optimum average biodiesel yield of 89.4 % and FFA conversion of 91.8 %. Also, the leaching of the catalysts wasinsignificant, and the catalysts demonstrated good reusability, producing a biodiesel yield of 81.9 % after the fifth cycle. The physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel fall within the ranges of the recommended ASTM 6751 and EN14214 international standards. The utilization of rubber seeds and eggshells for catalyst synthesis offers a promising, cost-effective, and eco-friendly way to produce biodiesel.

Comparative metabolomics analysis investigating the impact of melatonin-enriched diet on energy metabolism in the crayfish, Cherax destructor.

Melatonin is a multifunctional bioactive molecule present in almost all organisms and has been gradually used in the aquaculture industry in recent years. Energy metabolism is an essential process for individuals to maintain their life activities; however, the process through which melatonin regulates energy metabolism in aquatic animals remains unclear. The present study aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory mechanism of melatonin for energy metabolism in Cherax destructor by combining metabolomics analysis with the detection of the key substance content, enzymatic activity, and gene expression levels in the energy metabolism process after culturing with dietary melatonin supplementation for 8weeks. Our results showed that dietary melatonin increased the content of glycogen, triglycerides, and free fatty acids; decreased lactate levels; and promoted the enzymatic activity of pyruvate kinase (PK), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The results of gene expression analysis showed that dietary melatonin also increased the expression levels of hexokinase, PK, MDH, lactate dehydrogenase, lipase, and fatty acid synthase genes. The results of metabolomics analysis showed that differentially expressed metabolites were significantly enriched in lysine degradation and glycerophospholipid metabolism. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that dietary melatonin increased oxidative phosphorylation, improved glucose utilization, and promoted storage of glycogen and lipids in C. destructor. These lipids are used not only for energy storage but also to maintain the structure and function of cell membranes. Our results further add to the understanding of the mechanisms of energy regulation by melatonin in crustaceans.

Effect of refining on the quality of oils extracted by cold press from black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seed and by solvent from its cake

SummaryBlack cumin seed oil, known for its bioactive compounds and health benefits, faces challenges due to its high peroxide value and free fatty acid content, limiting its applications. The study investigates oil extraction from black cumin seeds using cold pressing and solvent extraction. The oil extraction yields were found to be 32% from the seeds and 13% from the cake. Subsequently, the study investigated the impact of different refining steps on the quality of these oils. The oil extracted from the cake exhibited higher free fatty acid, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents compared to the oil extracted from the seeds, with increases of 84%, 73%, and 66%, respectively. Conversely, the peroxide value, total phenol, and thymoquinone content of the cake‐derived oil were lower than those of the seed‐derived oil, with reductions of 74%, 69%, and 95%, respectively. The refining process resulted in general reductions in peroxide value, free fatty acid, and p‐anisidine levels. However, no significant effect on the fatty acid composition was observed. The refining led to a decrease in the bioactive content, including total phenolic compounds (6%–68%), carotenoids (86%–85%), and thymoquinone (50%–90%). These results contribute to a better understanding of the potential applications and refining requirements for black cumin seed oil.

Formation mechanism of lipid-derived volatile flavor compounds metabolized by inoculated probiotics and their improving effect on the flavor of low-salt dry-cured mackerel

This study aimed to evaluate the contribution and mechanisms of Lactobacillus plantarum and Zygosaccharomyces mellis inoculation to the enhancement of aroma in low-salt dry-cured mackerel (LDCM). Inoculating probiotics significantly improved the LDCM’s aroma, with mixed probiotics showing a superior effect. The contents of lipid-derived volatile flavor compounds (LVFCs), free fatty acid contents, and key enzyme activities significantly increased (p < 0.05) in probiotic-treated groups. The dominant species in the probiotics-treated groups were the inoculated Lactobacillus plantarum and Zygosaccharomyces mellis, which were the main producer of metabolic enzymes for the generation of LVFCs. Lactobacillus plantarum performed well in lipid hydrolysis and aldehydes reduction, while Zygosaccharomyces mellis played a main role in aldehyde production.

Sex differences in the association between adipose insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese adults

BackgroundAdipose insulin resistance (Adipo-IR) is associated with multiple metabolic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The study aimed to evaluate sex differences in the association between Adipo-IR and NAFLD, and further investigated other potential modifiers.MethodsThis cross-sectional study enrolled adults without diabetes who underwent physical examinations in Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital. We calculated the Adipo-IR index as the product of the fasting insulin and free fatty acid concentration. We categorized Adipo-IR into four groups according to quartiles, using the first interquartile range (Q1) as the reference. Logistic regression was used stratified by the modifiers after adjustment for potential confounders.ResultsThere were 5586 participants in the study, 49.8% (n = 2781) of whom were women and 30.4% (n = 1698) with NAFLD. There was a graded positive association between Adipo-IR and NAFLD, with sex (P = 0.01) and hyperlipidemia (P = 0.02) modifying this association. In the hyperlipidemic women, for one unit increase in log-Adipo-IR, the odds of having NAFLD increased by 385% after adjustment for potential confounders (OR = 4.85, 95%CI 3.54–6.73, P < 0.001). However, it turned out that the odds of having NAFLD increased by 131% (OR = 2.31, 95%CI 1.74–3.11, P < 0.001), 216% (OR = 3.16, 95%CI 2.56–3.93, P < 0.001), 181% (OR = 2.81, 95%CI 1.88–4.28, P < 0.001) in normolipidemic men, hyperlipidemic men, and normolipidemic women, respectively. Similarly, the ORs for the association between Adipo-IR and NAFLD in women with age ≥ 50 years were higher than ORs in women with age < 50 years.ConclusionsThe positive correlation between Adipo-IR and NAFLD was stronger in hyperlipidemic women, compared with normolipidemic or hyperlipidemic men, or normolipidemic women. The association also strengthened for women over 50 years. Treatment strategies targeting Adipo-IR to alleviate NAFLD may be of value, especially in hyperlipidemic women after menopause.

Experimental investigation on storage of food grains using cow dung-based desiccant as preservative

ABSTRACT Food grains, produced abundantly during the harvest season, face the challenge of maintaining their quality for extended periods. While immediate consumption is an option, long-term storage offers distinct advantages by ensuring a continuous food supply beyond the harvest season. Proper storage is a critical post-harvest factor that contributes to various benefits, including economic growth and food security. In this context, this paper presents an experimental study focused on the development and evaluation of a hybrid cow dung-based desiccant (HCDD) as a potential preservative for food grains. The study thoroughly examines the impact of this innovative desiccant, HCDD, on the quality of stored rice and wheat grains. Initially, the lipid content of rice grains in C3 and C4 drums was recorded at 1.97%. However, after 8.5 months of storage, a significant decline in quality was observed in C3, where the lipid content decreased to 1.78%. In contrast, C4 maintained a stable lipid content at 1.89%. Similarly, the initial free fatty acid content in rice grains in both C3 and C4 drums was 1.78%, but after 8.5 months, C3 experienced a significant increase to 7.48%, indicating substantial deterioration. Conversely, C4 exhibited a more modest increase, reaching 4.29% over the same period. Regarding wheat quality, the initial gluten content in C1 and C2 drums was 28.12%. After 5.5 months of storage, C1 exhibited a considerable decline, with gluten content decreasing to 17.62%. In contrast, C2, utilizing HCDD, displayed a milder decrease, reaching 19.1% after 13 months. Furthermore, the initial acid value in C1 and C2 drums for wheat grains was 10.2 mg KOH/g fat. After 5.5 months, C1 experienced a substantial increase in the acid value, rising to 26.8 mg KOH/g fat, indicating grain deterioration. Conversely, C2, benefiting from HCDD, exhibited a less pronounced increase, with an acid value of 15.4 mg KOH/g fat after 13 months. This study meticulously monitored the quality of stored grains by measuring crucial parameters such as lipid content, free fatty acids in rice, gluten, and acid values in wheat. The consistent findings revealed that grains stored with HCDD exhibited superior preservation qualities. They retained lower levels of moisture and experienced significantly slower deterioration rates compared to those stored without HCDD. This not only enhances the shelf life of grains but also ensures their nutritional and qualitative integrity.

Normolipidic diet containing deep-fried saturated and unsaturated fatty acids rich edible oils promotes metabolic dysregulation and inflammatory microenvironment in Wistar rats.

Deleterious health impacts of high dietary intake of deep-fried edible oils have been reported however, their health impacts at normal dietary levels are yet to be evaluated. This study investigated the influence of prolonged consumption of thermally oxidised long-chain saturated and unsaturated edible oils on metabolic dysregulation and inflammation. The thermally oxidised oils used in the study possess higher p-anisidine values and free fatty acid contents compared to unoxidised oils. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and fatty acid methyl ester analysis confirmed the presence of free fatty acids, hydroperoxides, and aldehydes, formed during thermal oxidation. The study analysed the effects of dietary intake of 5% sunflower oil, palm oil, and their thermally-oxidised forms in male Wistar rats for six months. Unoxidised and thermally oxidised palm oil-fed animals experienced metabolic syndrome with obesity-associated inflammatory changes. However, sunflower oil-fed animals exhibited increased inflammation, as evidenced by enhanced C-reactive protein, IL-6, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity and hepatosteatosis condition. This study indicates that prolonged consumption of thermally oxidised oil leads to the dysregulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism andpromotes inflammatory microenvironment in Wistar rats that may contribute to metabolic syndrome associated with obesity and hepatic steatosis.

Antioxidant Activity of Banana Kepok Kuning (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Cavendish (Musa acuminata Colla, AAA) Peel Extracts and the Potential as Chicken Meat Preservative

Bananas are a type of fruit that is consumed, with the peel being discarded as waste. However, the peel contains phytochemical compounds, including phenolic and flavonoids, which act as natural antioxidants. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of banana peel of Kepok Kuning (KCE) (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Cavendish (CCE) (Musa acuminata Colla, AAA) extracts, as well as eluviate their preservative potency. The sample was extracted using 80% methanol, and the antioxidant activities of KCE and CCE were evaluated using DPPH and FRAP. The extracts and the control antioxidant butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) were tested for their preservatives potency on chicken meat at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively. After 8 days of incubation in the refrigerator, the color change was recorded and analyzed using ImageJ, while free fatty acid contents were determined by titration. The results showed that 15% KCE and 15% CCE exhibited higher antioxidant activities than 0.1% BHT. There was no significant difference in the L (lightness) and b (yellowness) values between the treatments, but variations were evident in the a (redness) values. FFA values were significantly different between treatments, with untreated control registering the highest value at 0.41%, and the KCE 15% and CCE 15% concentrations showing the lowest values at 0.12%. Considering these results, both extracts could be developed as preservatives for chicken meat.

Use of Bentonite Adsorbent from Ujong Pacu for the Adsorption Free Fatty Acids from Crude Palm Oil

Because free fatty acid content impacts crude palm oil's physical and chemical characteristics, it is a good indicator of the oil's quality. Investigated effective operating parameters include contact time on adsorption and initial free fatty acid concentration. This system was studied using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, and the kinetic data was examined using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The findings indicated that increasing FFA concentrations increased the adsorption capacity of free fatty acids using Ujong Pacu bentonite, and it was discovered that CPO weighing 30 g was the ideal weight for FFA adsorption capacity. At equilibrium, the ideal value of adsorption capacity is 502.17 mg/g. While the pseudo-second order model is the model that best describes the adsorption kinetics of the free fatty acid content in Crude, the Freundlich isotherm model best describes the equilibrium data, which indicates the heterogeneous surface of the adsorbent pores and shows that the adsorbate layer formed on the surface of the adsorbent is multilayer. Correlation coefficient (R2) for palm oil (CPO) in the range of 0.946 to 0.9975.