Fraction Content Research Articles

Dry sliding wear behavior of the high-strength nanostructured bainitic steel containing 3.5 wt% aluminum

The acceptable wear behavior of nanostructured bainitic steels has enhanced their potential to be industrialized, and their applications in the automotive industry. This study focused on the wear behavior of the high-strength nanostructured bainitic steel containing 3.5 wt% aluminum (low-cost and low-density) to assess the dominant sliding wear mechanism and the correlation between the microstructure and applied load on the sliding wear resistance. A pin-on-disk tribometer was used to evaluate dry sliding wear behavior, and the SWR was computed by weighing the specimens. To identify the wear mechanism, the worn surfaces and cross-sections were analyzed using XRD, FESEM, and EDS. The results showed that the retained austenite volume fraction and carbon content of austenite (the stabilizer of the retained austenite) of high-strength nanostructured bainitic steels are not the only determinants of wear behavior. Indeed, the thickness of bainitic ferrite plates (strength source) is the major parameter affecting wear resistance. An increase in the Vαb/tαb ratio due to a decreased austempering temperature reduced the SWR and enhanced wear resistance. Moreover, the change from a normal load of 50 N to a load of 150 N changed the dominant wear mechanism from oxidative to adhesive. Also, increasing the isothermal transformation temperature and applied load by increasing the thickness of the tribological-transition-zone (TTZ) causes a decrease in sliding wear resistance. In summary, the formation of a thin TTZ due to the increase in the Vαb/tαb ratio is the main reason for the improvement of the wear resistance of the austempered sample at the lowest temperature (250 °C).

Reduced Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake due to coastal permafrost erosion

Arctic coastal permafrost erosion is projected to increase by a factor of 2–3 by 2100. However, organic matter fluxes from the coastal permafrost into the ocean have not been considered in Earth system models so far. Here we represent coastal permafrost erosion in an Earth system model and perform simulations with varying permafrost organic matter properties, such as sinking fraction and nutrient content. We find that coastal erosion reduces the Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake from the atmosphere in all simulations: by 4.6–13.2 TgC yr−1 by 2100, which is ~7–14% of the Inner Arctic Ocean uptake. We show that coastal permafrost erosion exerts a positive biogeochemical feedback on climate, increasing atmospheric CO2 by 1–2 TgC yr−1 per °C of increase in global surface air temperature. Our work will allow coastal permafrost erosion to be considered in future climate change assessments.

Exploring the Efficiency of Magnetic Separation and Gravity Concentration for Valorizing Pb-Zn Smelter Slag in a Circular Economy Framework.

The presented work offers an innovative process scheme for valorizing Pb-Zn slag, which involves crushing, grinding, and separation techniques to concentrate valuable components (non-ferrous metals). This methodology could have a significant impact on the global beneficiation of metallurgical slags since it is significantly more simple, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective than standard pyro- and hydrometallurgical procedures. According to previous physicochemical and mineralogical studies, Pb-Zn slag is a valuable secondary raw material. This inhomogeneous technogenic resource contains substantial amounts of non-ferrous metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ag). However, laboratory tests have indicated that the Pb-Zn slag contains highly uneven amounts of valuable metals, ranging from several g/ton to tens of g/ton. The main issue is that traditional metallurgical procedures for releasing beneficial elements are not commercially viable since the elements are "trapped" within the amorphous aluminosilicates or intergrowths of alloy grains and glassy phases. Gravity concentration (Wilfley 13 shaking table) and magnetic separation (Davis separator and disk separator) were used to obtain the final concentrate following comminution and grindability testing. The gravity concentration proved more effective. Namely, magnetic separators could not process nor adequately separate beneficial non-ferrous elements because they were merged together with iron-bearing minerals and aluminosilicates in amorphous Pb-Zn slag grains. With the gravity concentration approach, 12.99% of the processed slag belonged to ∆T fraction (concentration of non-ferrous metal alloys), while remaining 87% corresponded to the tailings fraction (∆L). The total amounts of recovered Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ag from ∆T and ∆L fractions were 5.28%, 6.69%, 0.58%, and 76.12 ppm and 1.22%, 6.05%, 0.43%, and 15.26 ppm, respectively. This streamlined approach to valorizing Pb-Zn slag can reduce the need for hazardous chemicals used in hydrometallurgical refinement operations, as well as the extremely high temperatures required for pyrometallurgical processing. This is the first study to investigate the viability of this novel methodology, which involves the direct examinations of the Pb-Zn slag feed with various alternative technologies for separation and concentration. After extracting the valuable metals, the amorphous aluminosilicate part of the Pb-Zn slag can be reapplied as an alternative raw material in the building sector, adding to the circularity of the suggested approach.

The impact of double‐diffusive convection on electroosmotic peristaltic transport of magnetized Casson nanofluid in a porous asymmetric channel

AbstractThe primary objective of the present article is to investigate the heat and mass transfer in mixed convection peristaltic flow of Casson nanofluid through an asymmetric permeable channel filled with a porous medium in the presence of electroosmosis. Magnetohydrodynamics and radiative heat transfer are also considered. The study is motivated by industrial micro‐pumping systems utilizing multi‐functional nanomaterials. Researchers have investigated the distinct temperature and rheological properties of Casson nanofluids. Solutal molecular diffusion and nanoparticle diffusion are both examined. Mixing nanoparticles with Casson fluid alters its flow characteristics and heat transmission, amalgamating different properties that are useful in a wide range of industrial and scientific applications. Buongiorno's two‐component nanoscale model is deployed for simulating nanofluid transport, and the Rosseland diffusion flux is utilized for optically thick electromagnetic liquids. Heat generation or absorption and cross‐diffusion (Soret and Dufour) effects are also incorporated in the model. An efficient analytical approach known as the long wavelength‐low Reynolds number lubrication approximation (LWL‐LRN) is utilized to solve the non‐dimensional boundary value problem. Validation of the solutions with previous studies is included. Graphs are presented using MATLAB 2022b to visualize the influence of key parameters including permeability, magnetic field, thermal radiation, Grashof number, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, electrical field and Prandtl number on transport characteristics (velocity, temperature, concentration), and trapping phenomena associated with peristaltic propulsion. As thermophoresis and Brownian parameters are intensified, there is a strong response in nanoparticles which induces axial acceleration, as observed at locations y = 0.15, where u = 0.191, and y = 0.33, where u is elevated to 0.14. An increase in radiation parameter () results in a depletion in axial velocity magnitudes along the left half of the wall and also modifies velocity distribution in the right section of the microchannel. An increase in the thermal radiation parameter (Rn) and heat absorption (sink) is found to suppress temperatures. Increasing heat generation, thermal Grashof number (Gr), and solutal Grashof number (Gc) decelerate axial flow in the left half space but accelerate flow in the right half space of the micro‐channel. Increasing radiation parameters and thermal Biot number boost temperatures when heat sink is present but reduce them when heat source (generation) is present. Increasing radiation parameter boosts nanoparticle volume fraction (concentration) whereas an elevation in heat generation and thermal Biot number both induce the opposite effect. Increasing the magnetic field damps the flow and reduces the number of boluses present. However, bolus volume increases with greater thermal Grashof Number , Darcy (permeability) number , and Helmholtz‐Smoluchowski velocity , that is, stronger axial electrical field.

Chemical characterization of bitumen-derived pyrolysis oil

The objective of this study is to characterize the elemental and functional group analysis of oils obtained from the pyrolysis of oil sand bitumen with the aim of determining oil quality. For this purpose, the present study extracted bitumen from oil sand using toluene, thermally cracked the bitumen using a fixed bed reactor, chromatographically separated the derived oil into saturate and aromatic fractions, and employed Energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy to characterize them. The results of the elemental analysis indicated that potassium had the highest mean concentration of about 531 mg/L and 552 mg/L in the saturate and aromatic fractions respectively. The mean elemental concentrations of the aromatic fraction were relatively higher than the saturate fraction. The functional group analysis showed the predominant presence of C-H (CH3) and C-H (CH2) groups, indicating the presence of aliphatic compounds in the pyrolytic oils, in addition to the presence of sulfur reflected by the sulphoxide index. The findings of the study provide valuable information on the feedstock potential of the pyrolysis oil in the petrochemical industry. This study provides baseline information required for exploitation of the heavy oil resource which is yet to be commercially mined in Nigeria.

Features of the neutrophil granulocyte phenotype in children with infectious mononucleosis

The course of infectious diseases caused by viruses, and their common outcome is determined by the activity of the inflammatory reaction which occurs both at the local and systemic levels. However, the features of neutrophil functions during inflammatory reaction are virtually unknown in the patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM), caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Hence, the aim of our study was to evaluate some characteristics of phenotypic spectrum of blood neutrophils in children with IM. Patients and methods. We examined 84 children aged 3 to 11 years with EBV infection with moderate or severe clinical course of the disease. All patients exhibited a positive test for EBV DNA in blood lymphocytes and appropriate serological markers of acute EBV infection. The control group consisted of 40 conditionally healthy children at the similar age range. The study of neutrophil phenotype was carried out by flow cytometry using direct immunofluorescence of whole peripheral blood samples. A study of the neutrophil phenotype with a combination of two functional antigens (CD64 and CD32) has revealed that in children with IM, regardless of age, the main fraction of blood neutrophils are double-negative cells, whereas in healthy children it consists of CD64-CD32+ neutrophils. The main fraction of neutrophils in the paired combination of CD64 and CD11b antigens in sick children aged 3-6 and 7-11 years was similar to the healthy controls (CD64-CD11b+), but with a change in the content of minor cell fractions. The number of CD64-CD15+ neutrophils (main fraction of cells in healthy children) proved to be significantly reduced in the IM patients of both age groups. However, we have revealed a marked increase in the level of double-negative cells for the CD64 and CD15 antigens. At the same time, the content of double-negative neutrophils for these markers was also increased in IM children of both age groups. The cells with CD11b-CD15+ and CD11b+CD15+ phenotypes comprised the main fractions in IM, as studied by a paired combination of CD11b and CD15 antigens; in healthy children – only CD11b+CD15+ neutrophils are detected. The phenotypic changes of neutrophils during IM suggest a decreased migratory ability of cells with high activity of proinflammatory functions. The established ontogenetic features of the neutrophil phenotype are significantly changed in the children with IM, probably, due to specific immunopathogenesis of the viral infection. The detected changes in phenotypic composition of neutrophils associated with IM may be caused both by the features of protective reaction of innate immune cells and pathogenic effects of the virus itself upon blood neutrophils.

Phosphorus Fraction in Hydrochar from Co-Hydrothermal Carbonization of Swine Manure and Rice Straw: An Optimization Analysis Based on Response Surface Methodology

Livestock manure and crop residues are significant sources of phosphorus. However, the ineffectiveness of current processing technologies often leads to the suboptimal recovery of this phosphorus, causing considerable resource wastage and environmental pollution. Recently, global research has increasingly been focused on the resource recovery of organic waste materials using hydrothermal carbonization technology. This study investigated variations in phosphorus forms in the hydrochar produced from swine manure and rice straw, employing diverse hydrothermal carbonization conditions and applying the Box–Behnken response surface methodology and Hedley’s phosphorus fractionation method. The results indicated that inorganic phosphorus predominates in the hydrochar, with organic phosphorus comprising 5–30% of the total phosphorus. Furthermore, the study found that the available phosphorus content, as measured by NaHCO3 extraction, decreased as the reaction time and temperature of the hydrothermal carbonization process increased. The concentrations of H2O-P and NaHCO3-P fractions decreased with increasing reaction times and temperatures but increased with a higher swine manure-to-straw ratio. Conversely, the concentrations of NaOH-P and HCl-P fractions showed an increasing trend with rising reaction temperature, prolonging reaction time, andusing a high swine manure-to-straw ratio. Consequently, this study offers vital theoretical and practical insights into the resource utilization of livestock manure and crop straw, significantly contributing to the challenges of waste management and environmental sustainability in agriculture.

Soils after forestry management activities in spruce plantations

The carbon accumulation in forest ecosystems helps to mitigate climate changes, therefore the interest in finding strategies for adapted forest management is a major goal of our time. The artificial plantations of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst) are part of the Bulgarian project to restore the regulatory functions of forest ecosystems. Due to their low resistance, intensive processes of deposition and degradation take place in them, which emphasizes the need to understand the condition of soils and the amount of accumulated carbon in them. This paper reports results from a study on the thinning in even-aged Norway spruce plantations (Picea abies Karst) and its effect on some soil properties. The study includes two thinned plots and an untinned control: 1) Control – an unmanaged spruce plantation, without any activities in it through the last 20 years; 2) Thinned – managed with regular felling over the years, the last of which was carried out 10 years ago with 25% intensity; and 3) Ice storm – plantation damaged from an ice storm in 2007 (when it was 33 years old), felling followed by removal of all affected trees – over 95%, and afforestation with spruce saplings. The soil was examined by layers from 10 cm to 30 cm depth. The main soil characteristics connected with the carbon stocks in soil are analyzed - bulk density, skel-eton, and carbon content. The results of the experiment show that the performed forestry activities were conducted with abidance of the requirements for habitat protection and the ecosystem’s functionality in the studied sites. No significant changes in coarse fraction content and bulk density of soils were found. There is no statistical difference between the plots in the studied depths, but there is a trend of decrease in the organic carbon content in the managed sites. The differences in the soil carbon stocks are significant for the first two soil layers between the control and the managed trough thinning plot. 

Determination of the probabilistic content of organic fertilizer fractions after exposure to arch-destroying and crushing agrotechnological devices

Abstract Achieving stable and uniform dosing of organic fertilizers during local application necessitates the crushing of large lumps to a specific size range. The process of breaking down these lumps follows a random distribution. By leveraging the integral function of the normal distribution of random variables intertwined with principles of probability theory, equations are formulated to ascertain the distribution of lump sizes within organic fertilizers. Furthermore, these equations enable the calculation of the likelihood of obtaining lumps of specified sizes post the interaction of the vault-breaker-shredder’s fingers with counter-cutting ribs on the fertilizer. This analytical approach provides a systematic method to optimize the sizing and distribution of organic fertilizer particles for enhanced application efficiency and effectiveness.

Plant-endosymbiont mediated synthesis of silver nanobactericides with bioautography-guided partial purification of novel 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, decyl octyl ester

In the present study, synthesis of silver nanobactericides was achieved from Curcuma longa L. and its endosymbiont for their antimicrobial activity. The nanobactericides exhibited notable antimicrobial potential against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as determined through broth dilution and minimum inhibitory concentration which ranged between 2.5 and 5 mg/mL. Characterization of nanobactericides revealed polydispersity with average size of 80 nm and crystalline nature showed distinct peaks. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed presence of exhibited peaks at 3362.24 cm⁻¹ (hydroxyl group), 1637.96 cm⁻¹ (carbonyl group), 1377.25 cm⁻¹ (alkane group), and 635.25 cm⁻¹ (alkyl group) which participated in the synthesis of nanobactericides. Endosymbiont crude extracts subjected to partial purification through thin-layer chromatography, and bioautography-guided fractionation identified an active compound at Rf 0.7 which showed clear zone of inhibition. The minimum inhibitory concentration of metabolite fraction was found to be 0.625 mg/mL against both the test pathogens. The dye degradation potential of nanobactericides was successful 81.27 % of degradation was achieved with safranin treated with silver nanobactericides from endosymbiont. Subsequently, nanobactericides synthesized from plants showed 59.88 % highest degradation with methylene blue. The profiling of metabolite was carried out with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify as a novel metabolite, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, decyl octyl ester, showing antimicrobial potential against tested pathogens. The identified metabolite molecular formula was found to be C26H42O4 with molecular weight of 418. These promising results, especially for the scarcely reported compound, contribute to the understanding of plant-endosymbiont-synthesized nanobactericides with significant antimicrobial properties. The molecular analysis revealed the endosymbiont's affinity to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and its sequence has been deposited in GenBank (Accession number OR984817). The study concludes with importance of nanobactericides from plant-endosymbiont consortium, highlighting their antimicrobial efficacy against human and phytopathogens.

Dyeing and Performance Testing of Chitosan-Modified Cotton Fabrics with Tea Polyphenols

Abstract Tea polyphenols are one of the primary components of tea leaves and possess various beneficial effects, including radiation resistance, detoxification, antioxidation, antibacterial properties, anti-aging effects, digestive support, anti-cancer properties, and immune system enhancement. This study focuses on utilizing tea polyphenols for the functional finishing of chitosan-modified cotton fabrics, with the aim of developing an environmentally friendly and efficient green functional finishing process. The analysis reveals that the optimal dyeing parameters for cotton fabrics modified with chitosan and using a mass fraction concentration of 3% tea polyphenols are as follows: a pH value of 7, temperature of 50°C, dyeing time of 60 minutes, and a tea polyphenol o.w.f concentration exceeding 6%. Under these processing conditions, the chitosan-modified cotton fabrics demonstrate excellent colorfastness to sunlight, water, and friction, all exceeding grade 4. Furthermore, they exhibit good antibacterial properties, UV protection, and odor resistance, making them highly practical.

Характеристики эласмоидной чешуи рыб и ее фракций, по данным ИК-Фурье-спектроскопии

Elasmoid scales of pike-perch (Sander lucioperca), white amur (Ctenopharyngodon idella), carp (Cyprinus carpio), freshwater bream (Abramis brama) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius) were processed without hydrolysis by “dry” method in order to study the characteristics of the obtained finished product, which determine its further use as additives for food and other purposes. The essence of the method consisted in washing the scales, its subsequent drying, grinding and separation, with obtaining two fractions enriched with both organic (cotton-like product) and inorganic (powder) components. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to characterize the scale samples and their enriched fractions. Characteristic bands known for collagen, in particular for Amide I, Amide II, Amide III, Amide A, were observed in the IR spectra of all the samples studied. The bands (inorganic part) at ~1022 cm–1 and at ~599 cm–1 indicate valence asymmetric vibrations of PO43– groups. Numerous bands for all experimental samples in the wavelength region 3900-3500 cm–1 can be caused by vibrations of OH groups, which is associated with the presence of water in the tested samples. Comparison of the absorption intensity in the region of characteristic frequencies of collagen and hydroxyapatite calculated by the IR method can be one of the approaches for the development of a rapid method for the determination of their quantitative content in fractions obtained from fish scales. Organic and mineral additives from fish scales can be recommended as components of formulations of various food products, as well as raw materials in tissue engineering, orthopedics and dentistry.

Effects of fertile islands on soil organic carbon density and labile organic carbon distribution in elm (Ulmus macrocarpa Hance)-dominated sparse wood grasslands in southeastern Inner Mongolia, China

In semi-arid savanna grasslands, the sparse distribution of trees often forms what are commonly known as fertile islands. However, the effect of these trees on soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), remains poorly understood. In this study, the spatial distribution patterns of SOC, MBC, and DOC were investigated across soil profiles (0–5, 5–10, 10–30, 30–50, and 50–100 cm) at three distances from the tree trunk in an elm-dominated savanna ecosystem in Northeast China. Our results suggest that SOC, MBC, and DOC were significantly influenced by both the distance from the tree and the soil depth. The research provides evidence that elm trees can form fertile island effects, thereby enhancing the contents of SOC and labile organic carbon fractions.

Trace metal speciation trends in Mazowe dam, Zimbabwe, a typical sub-tropical dam ecosystem impacted by gold mining and agriculture.

The present study aimed to assess trace metal speciation trends in the water and sediments of Mazowe Dam, a typical sub-tropical dam ecosystem impacted by gold mining and agriculture in Zimbabwe. The elements studied include Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Elemental speciation in the water column was determined using Visual MINTEQ version 3.1 geochemical computer modelling, while speciation in the sediment phase was determined using sequential extraction techniques. For each element, the data obtained were subjected to extensive correlation analysis to identify intra- and inter-metal species interactions in the water column and the sediment phase, as well as across the water-sediment interface. Possible mechanisms to account for the observed species interactions are proposed. In the water column, Co was predicted to have the highest number of chemical species (9), Cd and Zn (8), Mn and Fe (7), Ni (6), Pb (5), Al and Cu (3), Cr, Hg, and As have the least (2). In the sediment, Al, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Fe mainly exist in the residual fraction, while Zn and Mn concentrations in fractions vary per sampling site, with no fraction that is dominant across the sampling sites. Equilibrium exchange reactions across the water-sediment interface were observed e.g., for Cd species /FA2Cd (aq) and Co species /FACo+2G (aq), and /FA2Co (aq). This study is valuable in highlighting trace metal speciation in a tropical dam ecosystem in Africa and adds to the growing knowledge about the behaviour of trace metals in aquatic ecosystems in the region and globally.

Water-accommodated fractions of crude oil and its mixture with chemical dispersant impairs oxidase stress and energy metabolism disorders in Oryzias melastigma embryos

In this study, marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) embryos were exposed to different concentrations of water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) and chemically enhanced water-accommodated fractions (CEWAFs) of Oman crude oil for 14 d by semi-static exposure methods. The effects on growth and development and energy metabolism process were evaluated. Results showed that embryo survival and hatchability were decreased in a dose-dependent manner with an increase in the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon compounds, whereas the malformation exhibited a dose-dependent increase. Compared to the control, the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and Na+-K+–ATPase (NKA) activities of embryos exposed to both WAFs and CEWAFs were reduced, while intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and NADH oxidase (NOX) activities were increased. Our study demonstrated that exposure to crude oil dispersed by chemical dispersant affected the growth and development of marine medaka embryos, caused oxidative stress while produced a series of malformations in the body and dysregulation in energy metabolism. In comparison, the toxic effects of chemically dispersed crude oil might be more severe than the oil itself in the equivalent diluted concentration treatment solution. These would provide more valuable and reliable reference data for the use of chemical dispersants in oil spills.

Nitrogen availability and its related enzyme activities affect microbial residue nitrogen accumulation during Chinese fir plantation development

Microbial growth, metabolism, and reproductive activities have a significant role in the generation, transformation, and storage of soil nitrogen (N). However, the time-integrated effect of microorganisms on long-term N sequestration in plantation forests remains poorly understood. We investigated the microbial residue N (MRN) and its contribution to soil total N (TN) among the young (8-year), middle (16-year), near-mature (24-year), mature (34-year), and over-mature (106-year) stands of Chinese fir plantation (CFP) in subtropical China. The soil TN content showed a general pattern of increasing with stand age, ranging from 2.61 to 3.42 g kg−1, and was higher in the over-mature and mature stands than in the other three stands (p < 0.001). In addition, soil carbon (C), N, phosphorus (P), and hydrolase stoichiometric ratios indicated that P limitation was widespread during all stages of CFP development. The average ratio of soil fungal residue N (FRN) to bacterial residue N (BRN) was 3.64:1. The MRN content and its contribution to soil TN exhibited a falling and then rising pattern from young to over-mature stands, ranging from 1.24 to 1.70 g kg−1 and 38.8 % to 57.5 %, respectively. Soil N fraction contents and hydrolase activities were higher in the 0–5 cm soil layer than in the 5–30 cm soil layer (p < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that soil MRN content increased with soil N fraction contents, C-N-P stoichiometric ratios, and hydrolase activities (p < 0.001). Redundancy analysis and partial least squares path modeling revealed that soil available N (AN) and N hydrolase were the main factors affecting MRN accumulation. These parameters may partially indicate the dynamics of MRN accumulation. Our study discovered that the long-term development of CFP promotes soil N sequestration, with microbial residues playing a significant role in contributing to N pools.

Quality Wafer Fiber Fraction from Sago Dregs with Various Types of Adhesives and Storage Times

This study aims to determine the quality of nutrition in the form of wafer-shaped feed fiber fractions using different types of adhesives and storage times. This study used an experimental method using Factorial RAL. Factor A was storage time of 0, 7, and 14 days and factor B was tapioca adhesive, wheat flour and rice flour. The results showed that factor A (storage time) had a very significant effect (P&lt;0.01) on the decrease in the content of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin and hemicellulose. Furthermore, factor B addition of adhesive material also had a very significant effect (P&lt;0.01) on the decrease in the content of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin and hemicellulose. The conclusion of this study is that the addition of sago pulp content up to 30% can reduce the content of the complete ration wafer fiber fraction. The best treatment is the addition of sago pulp level, namely at 14 days of storage using tapioca flour as an adhesive can reduce the nutritional content in the form of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin

Влияние минеральных удобрений в различных сочетаниях на урожайность и качество зерна яровой мягкой пшеницы в условиях Предкамья Республики Татарстан

The results of two-year experiments to study the effect on the yield and grain quality of spring soft wheat of a full dose of mineral fertilizers in various combinations for pre-sowing cultivation, as well as foliar top dressing at a dose of N30 in the tillering and milk ripeness phase are reported. Fertilizers increased grain yield to varying degrees and had different effects on the technological qualities of grain. According to the grain yield of spring wheat of the Ulyanovsk 105 variety, on average for 2 years, the best options were: N90P90K30 (an increase of 3,6 t /ha) and N30P90K30 + N30 with top dressing in the tillering phase (an increase of 3,71 t/ha). According to the Tulaykovskaya Nadezhda variety, the best is the introduction of a complete mineral fertilizer (N30P90K30) with one and two top dressing (an increase in yield of 0,53 and 0,57 t/ha). Mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on grain quality in both varieties of spring wheat. The grain quality of the Ulyanovsk 105 variety is significantly improved under the influence of fertilizers. The vitreous content of the grain in the control was 52% in 2022 and 64% in 2023. In all variants with fertilizer, it is in the range of 60,0-79,0% in 2022 and 68,5-75,9% in 2023. In the Tulaykovskaya Nadezhda variety, the vitreous content of grain in 2022 increased from 45% in the control to 49 ...60% in other variants, and in 2023, respectively, from 57 to 60 ... 71%. The content of the mass fraction of gluten in the grain of the control variant in 2022 was 17,1%, protein 10,5%. The use of fertilizers contributed to an increase in the amount of gluten to 28,8%, protein to 11,6...13,8%. A similar situation was observed in 2023. The highest content of protein and gluten in the grain of the harvest of 2022 and 2023. it was observed in the variant with one and two nitrogen fertilizers (13,5...13,8% and 14,5...14,9%), 26,0...28,8 % and 33,0...33,6%, respectively.

Simple strategy of the use of pharmaceutically functionalized ionic liquids in a new generation of polymer nanocarriers for the combined delivery of ionic p-aminosalicylate and ampicillin

Single and dual bioactive linear poly(ionic liquid)s (PIL) were synthesized for use as nanocarriers in drug delivery systems (DDS). These PILs were obtained through the (co)polymerization of the choline-based monomeric ionic liquids (MIL) with pharmaceutical anions possessing antibacterial properties, specifically [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethyl-ammonium with ampicillin and p-aminosalicylate (TMAMA/AMP and TMAMA/PAS). The copolymers exhibited varying chain lengths defined by a degree of polymerization (DPn = 122–370), and differing contents of ionic fraction and drugs (TMAMA 61–92 %, AMP 61–93 % and PAS 16–21 %). These parameters were adjustable by the monomer conversion (33–92 %) and the initial ratio of comonomers. In aqueous solution, the polymer particles reached nanosizes, i.e. 190–328 nm for AMP systems and 200–235 nm for AMP/PAS systems. In the release process, the pharmaceutical anions were released through exchange by phosphate anions in PBS at pH 7.4 at 37 °C. Depending on the copolymer composition the release of AMP was attained in 72–100 % (11.1–19.5 µg/mL) within 26 h by the single drug systems, while the dual drug systems released 61–100 % of AMP (14.8–24.7 µg/mL) and 82–100 % of PAS (3.1–4.8 µg/mL) within 72 h. The effectiveness in the drug delivery of the designed TMAMA polymers seems to be promising for future applications in antibiotic therapy and the combined therapy.

Small-strain stiffness of selected anthropogenic aggregates from bender element tests

Abstract This article presents a study on the stiffness of mixtures of anthropogenic materials derived from construction or demolition waste, specifically fine recycled concrete aggregates (fRCAs) with different fine fraction (FF) contents. The study investigated small-strain shear moduli via various signal interpretation methods, examining, above all, the time domain approaches and considering the influence of FF content. However, the inconclusive results from the bender element (BE) tests highlight the complexity of factors affecting shear wave velocity, which requires further research to refine the methodology and assess long-term performance in geotechnical applications. Selecting the correct test frequency and interpretation method is crucial to obtain accurate results. The BE test method should consider all relevant factors. At low input frequencies (≤5 kHz), the near-field effect affected the received signal for fRCA mixtures. At higher frequencies (around 14 kHz), the noise levels increased, thereby interfering with the S-wave travel time determination. Intermediate input frequencies (10.0 and 12.5 kHz) provided the representative shear modulus (G) values. The small-strain shear modulus (G max) of the fRCA compounds from the resonant column and BE tests was found to be in good agreement, despite differences in the test procedures themselves.