Concentration Of Extract Research Articles

The Potential Alternative Antibacterial Activity of Falcata (Falcataria Falcata) Leaf Methanolic Extract against Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli

The Potential Alternative Antibacterial Activity Of Falcata (Falcataria falcata) Leaf Methanolic Extract Against Staphylococcus aureus And Escherichia coli  Laliefe B. Arnan; Katherine Joy S. Escueta; Nor Rashida P. Rashid; Elyca M. Tacbobo; Queenie Rose M. Tinoy  Degree: Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy  Thesis Adviser: Junnin Gay L. Garay, RPh, CPh, MS Pharm Falcata is a plant that can be found in the Philippines and is used for the production of wood veneer and plywood. While in Indonesia, it is used as traditional remedy for malaria (Budiarti et al. 2020). They belong to the Fabaceae family, a family known for having great antibacterial effects (Gamo et al. 2015). This study used a percolation extraction method and the percentage yield is calculated to determine the yield from the falcata extract. Disc diffusion method is used for susceptibility testing and determining the zone of inhibition for the different groups. The CLSI guidelines for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli will be used to determine the antibacterial effect of the extract, in terms of resistance, intermediate, and susceptible results. From the results, the percentage yield of the methanolic crude leaf extract of Falcataria falcata is 2.67%. Leaves from the Falcataria falcata plant were extracted and tested against bacteria. The extracts showed promise in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria, with 75% concentration as being more effective. However, these bacteria showed some resistance to all extract concentrations: S. aureus (90% - resistant, 75% - intermediate, 50% - resistant, 25% - resistant); E. coli (90% - resistant, 75% - resistant, 50% - resistant, 25% - resistant). Further study is needed to determine the exact antibacterial properties of the plant.

Impeding microbial biofilm formation and Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes using biologically synthesized silver Carthamus nanoparticles

Long-term antibiotic treatment results in the increasing resistance of bacteria to antimicrobials drugs, so it is necessary to search for effective alternatives to prevent and treat pathogens that cause diseases. This study is aimed for biological synthesis of silver Carthamus nanoparticles (Ag-Carth-NPs) to combat microbial biofilm formation and Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes. Ag-Carth-NPs are synthesized using Carthamus tenuis aqueous extract as environmentally friendly method has no harmful effect on environment. General factorial design is used to optimize Ag-Carth-NPs synthesis using three variables in three levels are Carthamus extract concentration, silver nitrate concentration and gamma radiation doses. Analysis of response data indicates gamma radiation has a significant effect on Ag-Carth-NPs production. Ag-Carth-NPs have sharp peak at λ max 425 nm, small and spherical particles with size 20.0 ± 1.22 nm, high stability up to 240 day with zeta potential around − 43 ± 0.12 mV, face centered cubic crystalline structure and FT-IR spectroscopy shows peak around 620 cm−1 that corresponding to AgNPs that stabilized by C. tenuis extract functional moiety. The antibacterial activity of Ag-Carth-NPs against pathogenic bacteria and fungi was determined using well diffusion method. The MIC values of Ag-Carth-NPs were (6.25, 6.25, 3.126, 25, 12.5, 12.5, 25 and 12.5 µg/ml), MBC values were (12.5, 12.5, 6.25, 50, 25, 25, 50 and 25 µg/ml) and biofilm inhibition% were (62.12, 68.25, 90.12, 69.51, 70.61, 71.12, 75.51 and 77.71%) against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans respectively. Ag-Carth-NPs has bactericidal efficacy and significantly reduced the swarming, swimming motility, pyocyanin and protease production of P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, P. aeruginosa ToxA gene expression was significantly down regulated by 81.5%, while exoU reduced by 78.1%, where lasR gene expression reduction was 68%, while the reduction in exoU was 66% and 60.1% decrease in lasB gene expression after treatment with Ag-Carth-NPs. This activity is attributed to effect of Ag-Carth-NPs on cell membrane integrity, down regulation of virulence gene expression, and induction of general and oxidative stress in P. aeruginosa. Ag-Carth-NPs have no significant cytotoxic effects on normal human cell (Hfb4) but have IC50 at 5.6µg/mL against of HepG-2 cells. Limitations of the study include studies with low risks of silver nanoparticles for in vitro antimicrobial effects and its toxicity.

EFFECT OF MORINGA (Moringa oleifera) LEAF EXTRACT ON IN VITRO INHIBITION OF Candida albicans BIOFILM

Background: Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection in the oral cavity. This infection is caused by the fungus Candida albicans. The most important virulent attribute of this fungus is its ability to form biofilms, which can adhere to mucosa, epithelial lining, organs, prostheses or dentures. The formed biofilm is resistant to antifungal drugs. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract on the inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm formation in vitro. Methods: This type of research is experimental study using post tests with control group design. Fungus used in this study was Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were conducted by microdilution method. Inhibition test of C. albicans biofilm formation was carried out using the polystyrene microplate assay method. Concentration of extracts used in this study were 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.13% and 1.57%. Inhibitory activity of biofilm was measured using a crystal violet (CV) assay. Results: The results showed that MIC of Moringa leaf extract against the fungus C. albicans was at a concentration of 6.25%. Moringa leaf extract starting at a concentration of 3.13% already has had ability to inhibit formation of C. albicans biofilm. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Moringa leaf extract can inhibit formation of Candida albicans biofilm, so it can be developed as an alternative herbal ingredient to prevent oral candidiasis.EFFECT OF MORINGA (Moringa oleifera) LEAF EXTRACT ON IN VITRO INHIBITION OF Candida albicans BIOFILM

Scaling up the Natural Mode of Action of Macrophyte Allelochemicals and Their Effect on Toxic Cyanobacteria Using a Nitrogen-Limited Chemostat

This study investigates the inhibitory and hormetic effects of Myriophyllum spicatum extract on Microcystis aeruginosa in a controlled, continuous culture environment. To address the global challenge posed by harmful algal blooms, we used a range of extract concentrations to delineate the growth response patterns. At very low concentrations (6.25 and 12.5 mg/L), the addition of M. spicatum extract shows no discernible reduction in M. aeruginosa cell density or growth rate; instead, a slight increase is observed during exposure, suggesting a hormetic effect. However, at higher concentrations (75 and 100 mg/L), there is a drastic reduction of more than 50% in cell density and growth rate at 75 mg/L, with complete inhibition at 100 mg/L, leading to pronounced oxidative stress, damage to antioxidant defense systems, and increased cell mortality. Increased levels of malondialdehyde, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities indicate the involvement of these enzymes in combating oxidative stress. Furthermore, intracellular and extracellular microcystins were significantly decreased at higher extract concentrations (50, 75, and 100 mg/L) in a dose-dependent manner. Our results indicate a dose-dependent response and provide insight into the potential application of natural water treatment solutions. Implications for ecological management and future research directions are discussed.

Phytochemical Screening And Antimcrobial Efficacy of Leaf Extract Of Guava (Psidium guajava) On Selected Bacteria

Guava leaf extract has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepato protective and antioxidant activities. The high resistance of bacteria to modern day drugs has led researchers in the pharmaceutical industry to look towards plant-based extracts for solutions. Hence, this studywas aimed at evaluating the phytochemical and antibacterial efficacy of leaf extracts of Psidium guajava (guava) on some selected bacteria. Pure isolates of bacteria gotten from urine of patients in Charis Rhema Research and Diagnostic Laboratory were used in the study. Extracts from the leaves of Psidium guajava were tested for presence of phytochemicals. Separation of active components of the extracts was one using Chromatographic technique. The antibacterial activityof Psidium guajava leaves was determined using agar diffusion bioassay. Phenols were present at all concentrations (100, 80 and 60mg). The study discovered a significant relationship between extract concentration and the zones of inhibition at 60% N-hexane/40% methanol for Klebsiellasp., and 0.0% N-hexane/100% methanol for S. aureus. Flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenols were the active compounds in guava that helped in the inhibition of growth on the sampled isolates. Methanol and N-hexane extracts of guava can be used as potent medicines for inhibitingthe growth of Klebsiella and Staphylococcus aureus.

Green Synthesis of Hexagonal-like ZnO Nanoparticles Modified with Phytochemicals of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and Thymus capitatus Extracts: Enhanced Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antioxidant Activities.

The green synthesis of ZnO NPs is becoming increasingly valued for its cost-effectiveness and environmental benefits. This study successfully synthesized hexagonal ZnO NPs using a combination of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and Thymus capitatus extracts. The use of both extracts significantly improved the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the ZnO NPs. By optimizing synthesis conditions, including ZnCl2 and extract concentrations, hexagonal wurtzite ZnO NPs were produced at room temperature with only drying at 80 °C without high-temperature annealing. The synthesized ZnO NPs exhibited a hexagonal morphology with an average particle size of 160 nm and a crystallite size of 30 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) confirmed the elemental composition of the ZnO NPs, showing a high carbon content (63.9 wt.%), reflecting the presence of phytochemicals from the extracts coated the ZnO NPs surface. The UV-Vis spectrum revealed an absorption peak at 370 nm and a bandgap energy of 2.8 eV due to lattice defects caused by organic impurities. The ZnO NPs demonstrated exceptional antioxidant activity, with a DPPH radical scavenging rate of 95.2%. They also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with inhibition zones of 25 mm against Bacillus subtilis, 26 mm against Escherichia coli, 24 mm against Salmonella typhimurium, 22 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae, 21 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, 20 mm against Staphylococcus hominis, and 18 mm against Bacillus subtilis at 200 ppm. Furthermore, significant antifungal activity was observed against Candida albicans, with an inhibition zone of 35 mm at the same concentration. These findings underscore the effectiveness of using combined plant extracts for producing ZnO NPs with controlled morphology and enhanced biological properties, highlighting their potential for various biomedical applications.

Performance of Acetone Extract of Anthocleista grandiflora as a Potential Bioinhibitor on Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Seawater Environment

In this study, we evaluated the potential of Anthocleista grandiflora leaf (AGL) plant extract as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in seawater. We employed various experimental methods, including gravimetric analysis, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR). Our findings indicate that increasing the concentrations of the AGL extract results in higher charge transfer resistance (Rct ) and reduced double-layer capacitance (Cdl ), suggesting the effective adsorption of AGL extract on the surface of carbon steel. The inhibition efficiencies were notably high, 98.7%, 92.40%, and 90.7% determined with gravimetric analysis, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. Polarization analysis revealed that the AGL extract acted as a mixed-type inhibitor. Moreover, the results obtained from different techniques exhibited a consistent agreement. The SEM images revealed that the surface layer formed by the AGL extract on the mild steel surface further devoids the surface from pitting as the extract concentration increases. Comparative analysis with similar bio-based inhibitors suggested that the tested AGL extract holds a significant promise as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in seawater. Therefore, our findings support the recommendation of utilizing this AGL extract as an effective anti-corrosion agent in marine industries, owing to its green, low-cost, and efficient characteristics.

EFFECT OF GELAM LEAF EXTRACT (Melaleuca cajuputi) AND TRICALCIUM SILICATE CEMENT AS DIRECT PULP CAPPING

Background: Reversible pulpitis is mild pulp inflammation. The treatment is direct pulpcapping. Tricalcium silicate cement has been better at inducing reparative dentin than other materials. Tricalcium silicate cement can cause inflammation 1-2 weeks after application, that natural ingredients need to improve the quality. Tricalcium silicate cement can be combined with galam leaf extract which contains anti-inflammatory properties by accelerating lymphocyte cells. Purpose: To analyzed the effect of gelam leaf extract (Melaleuca cajuputi) concentration of 100% and Tricalcium Silicate Cement on the number of lymphocyte cells on day 3 and 5 in direct pulp capping treatment. Methods: This research is a true experimental study with a post test-only with control design. This study used 24 Wistar rats, divided into 3 treatment groups with 2 different days, namely the group given a combination of Gelam leaf 100% + tricalcium silicate cement, tricalcium silicate cement as positive control, and without treatment as negative control. Results: One-way ANOVA test obtained p value=0.00<0.05, which indicates there is a significant difference between each group. Post Hoc Bonferroni test showed significant difference between galam leaf extract and tricalcium silicate cement, tricalcium silicate cement, and no treatment on days 3 and 5. Conclusion: The combination of galam leaf extract and tricalcium silicate cement can increase the number of lymphocyte cells on day 3 of pulp inflammation and reduce the number of lymphocyte cells on day 5 more effectively than tricalcium silicate cement and without treatment on days 3 and 5 so that the healing process is faster.

Sanguisorba officinalis L. ethanolic extracts and essential oil - chemical composition, antioxidant potential, antibacterial activity, and ex vivo skin permeation study.

Sanguisorba officinalis L. is classified as a medicinal plant and used in traditional medicine. The root of this plant is mainly used as a medicinal raw material, but the above-ground parts are also a valuable source of health-promoting biologically active compounds. The study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content (TPC) of extracts prepared in 70% and 40% aqueous ethanol solution (dry extract content 50-500g/L) from the aerial parts of S. officinalis. The essential oil was isolated from the tested raw material, and its composition was determined using GC-MS. Ethanolic extracts and essential oil have been tested for antibacterial activity. The extract in 70% v/v ethanol (dry extract content: 500g/L) was subjected to HPLC analysis for the content of selected phenolic acids and an ex vivo skin permeation study. The ability of these metabolites to permeate and accumulate in the skin was analysed. Extracts prepared at both ethanol concentrations showed similar antioxidant activity and TPC. Depending on the method, concentration of solvent, and dry extract content (50-500g/L), the activity ranged from 1.97 to 84.54g Trolox/L. TPC range of 3.80-37.04gGA/L. Gallic acid (424mg/L) and vanillic acid (270mg/L) had the highest concentrations among the phenolic acids analysed. Vanillic acid (10μg) permeates the skin at the highest concentration. The highest accumulation in the skin was found for 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (53μg/g skin), 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (45μg/g skin), and gallic acid (45μg/g skin). The tested ethanolic extracts exhibited antibacterial activity. Samples with a dry extract concentration of 500g/L showed the largest growth inhibition zones. The most sensitive strains to these extracts were P. aeruginosa (24mm), S. lutea (23mm), and S. pneumoniae (22mm). The smallest inhibition zones were observed for B. subtilis (17mm). The essential oil showed weaker antimicrobial activity (growth inhibition zone 8-10mm). The GC-MS method identified 22 major components of the essential oil, including aliphatic hydrocarbons, unsaturated terpene alcohols, aliphatic aldehydes, unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, sesquiterpene, phytyl ester of linoleic acid, nitrogen compound, phytosterol, terpene ketone, phenylpropanoids, aliphatic alcohol, diterpenoid, aromatic aldehyde, and aliphatic carboxylic acid. The conducted research has shown that ethanolic extracts from Sanguisorbae herba are a valuable source of compounds with antibacterial and antioxidant potential, including phenolic acids. The fact that selected phenolic acids contained in the tested extract have the ability to permeate and accumulate in the skin provides the basis for conducting extended research on the use of extracts from this plant raw material in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations applied to the skin.

Investigation of in-vitro hypoglycaemic activity of the different fractions of black pepper (Piper nigrum)

The study involved extracting different fractions from black pepper using solvents of varying polarities. The three fractions obtained were the PEF, CHF, and AQF. The yield values of the fractions were determined, and it was found that PEF had the highest yield, while AQF had the lowest. Subsequently, three in vitrohypoglycemic tests were performed to evaluate the hypoglycaemic activity of black pepper. The IC50 value (the concentration required for 50 % inhibition) for the α-amylase inhibitory activity was found to be 1.191 for PEF and 3.591 for CHF where acarbose, a standard hypoglycaemic drug, was used as a reference in this test. The second test evaluated the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, where PEF exhibited an IC50 value of 1.47, and CHF had an IC50 value of 2.95 and again acarbose was utilized as the standard for comparison. The third test involved assessing glucose uptake by yeast cells. At 5 Mm glucose concentration and 5 mg/ml extract concentration, the percentage of glucose uptake by yeast cell was 69 for CHF and 76 for PEF. At 10 Mm glucose concentration and 5 mg/ml extract concentration, the percentage of glucose uptake by yeast cell was 43 for CHF and 57 for PEF. At 25 Mm glucose concentration and 5 mg/ml extract concentration, the percentage of glucose uptake by yeast cell was 28 for CHF and 30 for PEF. It was concluded that the PEF fraction of black pepper exhibited better hypoglycaemic activity compared to the standard metronidazole from the tests. However, further research and studies are necessary to isolate and identify the specific bioactive compounds responsible for the observed hypoglycaemic effects and to evaluate their efficacy and safety.

In Vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of Moringa oleifera Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract on Human Gingival Fibroblasts

Background. The market for wound healing biomaterials is a rapidly growing industry globally. Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) is a plant that has gained attention for its benefit in buccal mouthwashes and antiseptic products. This study aimed to assess the cytotoxic potential of MO hydroalcoholic extract on human primary gingival fibroblasts. Methods. The gingival tissue was collected from a healthy adult male at Umm Al-Qura University Dental Teaching Hospital. Gingival fibroblasts were isolated and cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM). MO leaves were dried, powdered, and extracted with 80% ethanol. Various concentrations of MO alcohol extract were used to assess the cell viability of gingival fibroblasts using the MTT assay. Results. The gingival fibroblasts treated with higher concentrations of MO hydroalcoholic extract (10, 5, and 2.5 mg/ml) showed significant morphological changes, including cytoplasm swelling, ruptured cells, nuclear changes, and apoptotic bodies. At these concentrations, cell viability decreased sharply. However, at a lower concentration of 2.5 mg/ml, the cells showed better viability. MO alcohol extract at concentrations of 1.25 mg/ml or lower did not have cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts, with cell viability comparable to that of the control. Conclusions. MO alcohol extract at concentrations of 1.25 mg/ml or lower is not cytotoxic and does not induce dystrophic changes in morphology. Further research is needed to understand MO’s impact on oral health and to assess its potential use in oral care products in vivo.

A Streamlined Strategy for Basophil Activation Testing in a Multicenter Phase III Clinical Trial

BackgroundThe basophil activation test (BAT) has been limited to research settings due to technical issues. Novel approaches using dry, ready-to-use reagents and streamlined protocols offer greater flexibility and may open opportunities for easier implementation in clinical research. ObjectiveUsing a streamlined BAT (sBAT) strategy and the settings of the baseline study of the EPITOPE trial of EPicutaneous ImmunoTherapy (EPIT™) for peanut allergy, we aimed to assess the feasibility of implementing BAT in a multicenter trial and to evaluate its utility in predicting the outcomes of peanut double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC). MethodsWhole blood samples were collected from subjects aged 1-3 years (n=241) undergoing baseline eligibility DBPCFC in the EPITOPE study across 15 clinical sites in North America. After preparation with sBAT reagents, processed samples were analyzed in a single central laboratory within 5 days of collection and preparation. The eliciting dose (ED) at DBPCFC was determined using PRACTALL criteria. Using a machine learning (ML) approach which incorporated BAT-derived features, clinical characteristics, and peanut-specific IgE, the ability to predict outcomes of interest (ED [<300 mg or >300 mg] and use of epinephrine) was assessed using data randomly split into training (n=182) and validation (n=59) subsets. ResultsThe expression of basophil activation markers CD203c and CD63 correlated with ED and severity outcomes of DBPCFC. Most informative concentrations of peanut extract in the sBAT assay for these associations were 1 and 10 ng/ml. Using ML to assess the ability to predict the outcomes of DBPCFC, the best models using only the BAT-derived features provided relatively high sensitivities of 0.86 and 0.85 for predicting eliciting dose and epinephrine use, respectively, while specificities were lower, ranging from 0.60 to 0.80. While including specific IgE and SPT data in addition to those from sBAT did not improve the ability to identify individuals most at risk for severe reactions, it did improve the ability to identify patients with an eliciting dose above 300 mg. ConclusionIn addition to facilitating implementation in multicenter trials, sBAT retains the potential of BAT to characterize allergic patients and confirms its potential to contribute to predicting the outcome of oral food challenges.

Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of tribulus terrestris methanolic extract against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus: An in vitro study

ABSTRACT Background: Tribulus terrestris (TT) extract has shown good antibacterial activity against some bacteria. However, there are limited data on its cariogenic properties. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of TT extract against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sorbinus), and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) as the important cariogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: This study was designed in an experimental model (in vitro). Phytochemical tests were carried out to detect herbal compounds in the TT extract. Agar well diffusion was performed to compare the extract (500–62.5 mg/mL) with different concentrations of chlorhexidine (2–0.25 mg/mL). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the TT extract and chlorhexidine were also determined. The lowest concentration showing ≥50% inhibition of biofilm formation (MBIC50) was determined using crystal violet assay. Further, the time-kill assay (Log of CFU/mL) was performed, and acid production (pH) was measured at 1 × MIC concentration in 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. Data analysis conducted using SPSS software (v26, IBM) involved One-way analysis of variance, Tukey post hoc tests, and t-test to compare concentrations and groups. Significance level is set at 0.05. Results: The TT extract mostly consisted of flavonoids. Its inhibition zones in the well diffusion test were statistically comparable with chlorhexidine in some concentrations (P &gt; 0.05). The MIC of the TT extract was 15.625 mg/mL for all tested bacteria, whereas the MBC ranged from 31.25 to 62.5 mg/mL. Further, the MBIC50 ranged from 7.8125 to 15.625 mg/mL for the extract. Time-kill assay showed that the bactericidal activity of the TT extract lasted for 8, 12, and 2 h for S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and L. acidophilus, respectively. The acid production decreased obviously after 8 h. Conclusion: The TT extract showed good time-dependent antibacterial and antibiofilm activity, as well as acid production inhibition, against cariogenic bacteria in laboratory experiments.

The impact of using predigested feed on growth and molting frequency in blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) enlargement

Abstract Blue swimming crab is one of the leading fishery export commodities which occupies the 3rd largest position after tuna and shrimp. Crab maintenance so far uses rasbora fish feed which has several drawbacks, including inappropriate nutrition, depending on the season, and is difficult to handle. Therefore, simple artificial feed is needed to support crab growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of artificial feeding supplemented with pancreatic extract on crab growth. The research design used in this study was completely randomized design (CRD) with different concentrations of pancreatic extract (0%, 3%, 6%, 9%). Parameters observed included water quality (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, and ammonia), feed proximate, crab biology. The results of this study indicate that the water quality in this study supports the life of blue swimming crabs. The feed proximate results show that the proximate value is in accordance with the crab’s needs. The results of swimming crab biology showed that the highest growth of crab was owned by the artificial feed + 9% pancreas and the lowest was in the trash fish treatment. Based on the results it can be seen that the best treatment to support the life of the blue swimming crab is artificial feed + 9% pancreas. Predigestion feed with the help of pancreatic extract concentrations can increase crab growth compared to ordinary feed or rasbora fish feed.

WITHDRAWN: Moroccan Cannabis sativa L plant extract as green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M HCl solution

Cannabis Sativa L Extract (CSLE) action on the electrochemical properties of mild steel in 1M HCl solution was studied, using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The findings revealed an improvement in corrosion inhibition efficiency when extracts concentrations increase, achieving an inhibitory efficiency of 96.68% at 10% (v/v) of CSLE. Moreover, the temperature influence on the effectiveness of the extract has been studied over a range of 293-338K and findings proved the inhibitor adsorption according to mono-layer barrier film conformed to Langmuir isotherm. Corrosion kinetics and thermodynamic factors were calculated and discussed. Furthermore, the DFT method has been exploited to describe the corrosion inhibitory mechanism.

Comparative Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Five Species of Astragalus (Fabaceae) Collected from Southeast of Iran, Kerman

Background: The antimicrobial properties of certain plants against five microorganisms have been investigated and compared. Objectives: In this research, we collected, dried, and identified five perennial (chamaephyte) species of Astragalus (Fabaceae) from a mountainous region (Takht-e-Sartashtak) with an average elevation of 3600 meters in southeastern Iran. The species include Astragalus cemerinus, Astragalus dactylocarpus, Astragalus glaucacanthus, Astragalus rhodosemius, and Astragalus siliquosus. Methods: The methanolic extracts of these plant species were tested to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against five pathogenic microorganisms, including one fungus (Candida albicans), two gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli), and two gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus). The tests were conducted using Mueller Hinton Agar culture media and the agar-well diffusion method. Results: The antimicrobial activity of these five species was compared. It was found that the plant species displayed different antimicrobial activities. Astragalus glaucacanthus was active against four of the five microorganisms and was the only plant active against Escherichia coli. Astragalus siliquosus showed no activity against any of the microorganisms. Conclusions: Most of the antimicrobial activity was observed with Astragalus rhodosemius against Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the plant extracts were almost similar.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CORN SILK EXTRACT AGAINST DENTAL CARIES-CAUSING BACTERIA AND ITS FORMULATION IN MOUTHWASH PREPARATION

Indonesia is undergoing a dental caries emergency with a prevalence of 51.1% (Riskesdas, 2018). This may cause tooth decay due to dental plaque bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans. Mouthwash can be a solution because it has antibacterial properties and reaches interspaces on the teeth. Unfortunately, the active ingredient of mouthwash, chlorhexidine, can cause cancer-related mutations if used continuously. Therefore, it requires alternatives to natural ingredients, such as corn silk. The research aims to determine the corn silk phytochemical profile and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Streptococcus mutans. The research started by macerating corn silk simplicia using 70% ethanol. Afterwards, thin layer chromatography (TLC) was conducted to determine its phytochemical profile. Disk-diffusion and broth microdilution methods were conducted using various concentrations of corn silk extract to determine its antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Streptococcus mutans. Then, the MIC₅₀ was used as the minimum dose of corn silk extract concentration in mouthwash formulation which qualities controlled by pH and organoleptic tests. The yield of corn silk extracted was 16.17%w/w. The phytochemical profile from TLC showed that flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids were present. Corn silk extract has antibacterial activities against Streptococcus mutans with MIC₅₀ of 7.2%w/v. Corn silk extract, tween 80, sorbitol, sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulfite, oleum menthae piperitae, and distilled water were used in four mouthwash formulas (F1-F4). The pH of all formulas was 5 and the organoleptic test showed that from 30 panelists, the majority chose F2 as the best in terms of taste, color, and smell.

CYTOTOXICITY OF ALOE VERA EXTRACT ON CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS; IN VITRO STUDY ON CYTOTOXICITY ON HL-60 CELLS

Aloe vera has been traditionally used for its various therapeutic properties, but its potential anticancer effects have not been thoroughly explored. Understanding its efficacy against leukemia could significantly impact care recommendations for leukemia patients. Objective: This in-vitro study aims to establish the anti-cancerous effects of Aloe vera on the Human Leukemia HL-60 cell line. Methods: Following approval from the Ethical Review Committee, this study involved culturing the HL-60 cell line and treating it with increasing concentrations of Aloe vera extract to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). The MTT assay was employed to assess cell viability, and the absorbance was measured using an ELISA reader. Gene expression levels of pro-apoptotic biomarkers, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9, were also quantified to gauge apoptosis induction. Results: Aloe vera demonstrated a relatively low IC50 value of 13.1 µM in the HL-60 cell line, indicating potent cytotoxicity. Notably, pro-apoptotic biomarkers were highly expressed, with Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 recording gene expression levels of 11.1 and 13.7, respectively. Conclusion: Aloe vera exhibited significant pro-apoptotic effects against the leukemia HL-60 cell line, suggesting its potential as an anti-cancer agent. Further in-vivo and clinical studies are warranted to elucidate the specific pathways through which Aloe vera exerts these effects and to validate its use in clinical settings.

Cytotoxicity and cell migration evaluation of a strontium silicate-based root canal sealer on stem cells from rat apical papilla: an in vitro study

BackgroundCalcium silicate-based bioceramics have been applied in endodontics as advantageous materials for years, many chemical components and new synthesizing methods were used to improve the base formulation of the materials for positively affecting the sealers properties. Recently, a novel biomaterial formulation, grounded in strontium silicate, has been introduced to the market, offering potential advancements in the field.ObjectiveTo comparatively analyze the cytotoxicity and cell migration effects of a novel strontium silicate-based bioceramic material (CRoot SP) and those of calcium silicate-based (iRoot SP) and epoxide amine resin (AH Plus) sealers on stem cells derived from rat apical papilla(rSCAPs).MethodsrSCAPs were isolated and characterized in vitro and subsequently cultured in the presence of various concentrations of CRoot SP, iRoot SP and AH Plus extracts. Cytotoxicity was assessed by CCK-8 assay, and cell-migration capacity was assessed by using wound healing assays .ResultsNo significant differences in cell viability were observed in the 0.02 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL sealer groups. The cell viability of CRoot SP was consistently greater than that of iRoot SP at concentrations of 5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL across all time points. Maximum cytotoxic effect was noted on day 5 with 10 mg/mL AH Plus.The scratch was partly healed by cell migration in all groups at 24 h, and the 0.02 mg/mL, and 0.2 mg/mL CRoot SP exerted beneficial effects on rSCAPs migration.ConclusionsCRoot SP exhibited less cytotoxic than the iRoot SP and AH Plus extracts after setting. A lower concentration of CRoot SP thus promotes the cell migration capacity of rSCAPs, and it may achieve better tissue repair during root canal treatment.

Phytotoxic effect of Carica papaya extract on seed-borne fungus of African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa Hochst ex. A. Rich. Harms) seeds

Extracts of many higher plants have been reported to exhibit antifungal properties under laboratory experiments. This study was therefore carried out to investigate the effect of Carica papaya plant extracts on the African Yam Bean seed-borne pathogen. The seed health test of African Yam Bean was carried out using the blotter paper method. The experiment was conducted at the Plant Pathology Laboratory of the Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Test of plant extract for inhibition of radial growth of seed-borne pathogen of African yam bean was studied under in vitro experiment at 0%, 50%, 75% and 100% concentrations with 0% as the control. The design was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The test plant extracts of different concentrations were added into Petri dishes containing molten-sterilized Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and swayed gently on the laboratory bench to allow an even mixture These were allowed to gel. Then nine millimeter discs of a seven-day pure culture of Aspergillus flavus were aseptically placed on the centre of the Petri dishes containing the SDA-extract mixture. Records on the radial inhibition effect of the test plant extract were kept for further analysis. Data on radial inhibition of fungus were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results showed that Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus terreus were isolated from incubated African Yam Bean seeds. Carica papaya leaf extract used was very effective and the higher the concentrations of extract, the more effective in the inhibition of radial growth of the test fungus. It could therefore be recommended that farmers should always conduct viability tests on procured seeds before planting. Farmers should rather use plant extract such as the one used in this experiment in controlling seed-borne fungal pathogens of African Yam Bean seeds than synthetic fungicides.