Concentrations Of Glycol Research Articles

Optimization of Tablet Formulations Containing Green Robusta Coffee Beans (Coffea canephora) Extract with Various Concentrations of Sodium Starch Glycolate As a Disintegrant

Chlorogenic acid, found in robusta green coffee beans, is an antidiabetic agent. It is made into robusta green coffee bean extract tablets which are varied with 3 concentrations of sodium starch glycolate (SSG) as a disintegrant. This paper aimed to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of sodium starch glycolate (4%, 6%, 8%) on the physical characteristics of the granules (particle size distribution, flow properties, angle of repose and compressibility) and tablet dosage characteristics, which include, hardness, friability, and disintegration time of robusta green coffee extract tablets. Robusta green coffee bean extract tablets were made with varying concentrations of sodium starch glycolate (4%, 6%, 8%) using the dry granulation method. The granule test parameters: flow properties test, compressibility test and particle size distribution test, were carried along with the tablet test parameters: hardness test, friability test and disintegration time test. Data were analyzed using the one Way-Anova. From the results of the study, it was found that the concentration of SSG did affect granule properties and tablet hardness. There was a significant difference in the friability test and disintegration time test.
 Keywords: sodium starch glycolate, disintegrant, robusta green coffee bean extract, tablet

Fabrication and characterization of cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membrane and its application for efficient bovine serum albumin separation

AbstractTo solve the easy contamination problem of ultrafiltration membranes during protein separation, a series of cellulose acetate (CA) ultrafiltration membranes with different pore morphology and structure were successfully prepared by combining solution casting, non‐solvent‐induced phase inversion, and pore‐forming agent leached out technologies. The effects of molecule weight and the content of porogen polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the pore morphology, chemical composition, and wettability of the CA ultrafiltration membrane were systematically studied. The feed permeability, bovine serum albumin rejection, and anti‐fouling ability were also investigated. The results showed that the CA10k membrane has the highest pure water flux of 877.5 L/m2h.bar, largest bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection of 96.5% and flux recovery rate of 90.9% when the PEG molecule weight and content are 10 kDa and 10 wt%. Those results showed that the CA ultrafiltration membranes have great application prospects in the BSA separation area.

Glycolate oxidase inhibition by lumasiran varies between patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1

Glycolate oxidase inhibition by lumasiran varies between patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1

Drought tolerance of Aspergillus violaceofuscus and Bacillus licheniformis and their influence on tomato growth and potassium uptake in mica amended tropical soils under water-limiting conditions.

Drought is a significant abiotic stress that alters plant physiology and ultimately affects crop productivity. Among essential plant nutrients, potassium (K) is known to mitigate the deleterious effect of drought on plant growth. If so, K addition or inoculation of potassium solubilizing microorganisms (KSMs) that are tolerant to drought should promote plant growth during water stress. Therefore, in this study, K solubilizing Aspergillus violaceofuscus and Bacillus licheniformis, isolated from saxicolous environments, were tested for their capacity to tolerate drought using different molecular weights (~4000, 6000, and 8000 Da), and concentrations (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, and 1250 mg/L) of polyethylene glycol (PEG) under in vitro conditions. The results showed that high concentrations (750 and 1000 mg/L) of PEG with different molecular weight considerably improved bacterial cell numbers/fungal biomass and catalase (CAT) and proline activities. Moreover, the ability of KSMs alone or in combination to impart drought tolerance and promote plant growth in the presence and absence of mica (9.3% K2O) supplementation was tested in Alfisol and Vertisol soil types under greenhouse conditions. The results revealed that the tomato plants inoculated with KSMs individually or dually with/without mica improved the physiological and morphological traits of the tomato plants under drought. Generally, tomato plants co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with mica were taller (2.62 and 3.38-fold) and had more leaf area (2.03 and 1.98-fold), total root length (3.26 and 8.86-fold), shoot biomass (3.87 and 3.93-fold), root biomass (9.00 and 7.24-fold), shoot K content (3.08 and 3.62-fold), root K content (3.39 and 2.03-fold), relative water content (1.51 and 1.27-fold), CAT activity (2.11 and 2.14-fold), proline content (3.41 and 3.28-fold), and total chlorophyll content (1.81 and 1.90-fold), in unsterilized Alfisol and Vertisol soil types, respectively, than uninoculated ones. Dual inoculation of the KSMs along with mica amendment, also improved the endorrhizal symbiosis of tomato plants more than their individual inoculation or application in both soil types. These findings imply that the A. violaceofuscus and B. licheniformis isolates are promising as novel bioinoculants for improving crop growth in water-stressed and rainfed areas of the tropics in the future.

Interchangeable Biomass Fuels for Paper-Based Microfluidic Fuel Cells: Finding Their Power Density Limits.

Paper batteries are self-pumping emerging tools for powering portable analytical systems. These disposable energy converters must be low-cost and must achieve enough energy to power electronic devices. The challenge is reaching high energy while keeping the low cost. Here, for the first time, we report a paper-based microfluidic fuel cell (PμFC) equipped with Pt/C on a carbon paper (CP) anode and a metal-free CP cathode fed by biomass-derived fuels to deliver high power. The cells were engineered in a mixed-media configuration, where methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, or glycerol is electro-oxidized in an alkaline medium, while Na2S2O8 is reduced in an acidic medium. This strategy allows for optimizing each half-cell reaction independently. The colaminar channel of the cellulose paper was chemically investigated by mapping the composition, which reveals a majority of elements from the catholyte and anolyte on each respective side and a mixture of both at the interface, assuring the existing colaminar system. Moreover, the colaminar flow was studied by investigating the flow rate by considering recorded videos for the first time. All PμFCs show 150-200 s to build a stable colaminar flow, which matches the time to reach a stable open circuit voltage. The flow rate is similar for different concentrations of methanol and ethanol, but it decreases with the increase in ethylene glycol and glycerol concentrations, suggesting a longer residence time for the reactants. The cells perform differently for the different concentrations, and their limiting power densities are composed of a balance among anode poisoning, residence time, and viscosity of the liquids. The sustainable PμFCs can be interchangeably fed by the four biomass-derived fuels to deliver ∼2.2-3.9 mW cm-2. This allows choosing the proper fuel due to their availability. The unprecedented PμFC fed by ethylene glycol delivered 6.76 mW cm-2, which is the benchmark output power for a paper battery fed by alcohol.

Development of controlled nanosphere lithography technology

This work is devoted to the development of nanosphere lithography (NSL) technology, which is a low-cost and efficient method to form nanostructures for nanoelectronics, as well as optoelectronic, plasmonic and photovoltaic applications. Creating a nanosphere mask by spin-coating is a promising, but not sufficiently studied method, requiring a large experimental base for different sizes of nanospheres. So, in this work, we investigated the influence of the technological parameters of NSL by spin-coating on the substrate coverage area by a monolayer of nanospheres with a diameter of 300 nm. It was found that the coverage area increases with decreasing spin speed and time, isopropyl and propylene glycol content, and with increasing the content of nanospheres in solution. Moreover, the process of controllably reducing the size of nanospheres in inductively coupled oxygen plasma was studied in detail. It was determined that increasing the oxygen flow rate from 9 to 15 sccm does not change the polystyrene etching rate, whereas changing the high-frequency power from 250 to 500 W increases the etching rate and allows us to control the decreasing diameter with high accuracy. Based on the experimental data, the optimal technological parameters of NSL were selected and the nanosphere mask on Si substrate was created with coverage area of 97.8% and process reproducibility of 98.6%. Subsequently reducing the nanosphere diameter lets us obtain nanoneedles of various sizes, which can be used in field emission cathodes. In this work, the reduction of nanosphere size, silicon etching, and removal of polystyrene residues occurred in unified continuous process of plasma etching without sample unloading to atmosphere.

Hydrothermal synthesis of flower-like Sc2Mo3O12 and its investigation into negative thermal expansion property

Orthorhombic Sc2Mo3O12 samples have been synthesized using ethylene glycol (EG)-assisted hydrothermal reaction. The influences of hydrothermal temperature, hydrothermal time and additive content of EG on the preparation and negative thermal expansion (NTE) behavior of Sc2Mo3O12 samples were characterized using XRD, SEM, HRTEM, EDX, TMA and HTXRD. Results indicate that flower-like Sc2Mo3O12 with a uniform particle size of 1–2 μm can be synthesized at 120 °C for 2 h by adding 60 ml EG. Hydrothermal temperature, time and additive content of EG have strong influences on the growth and morphology of the Sc2Mo3O12. The average coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) of the Sc2Mo3O12 prepared at 120 °C for 2 h and 200 °C for 24 h are tested to be −6.94 × 10−6 °C−1 and -7.18 × 10−6 °C−1 in 25–700 °C using TMA. HTXRD results indicate that the flower-like Sc2Mo3O12 exhibits anisotropic NTE, and the corresponding CTEs along the a, b and c axes are −6.73 × 10−6 °C−1, 4.98 × 10−6 °C−1 and -4.78 × 10−6 °C−1 in 25–700 °C, respectively, and the corresponding linear CTE is −2.21 × 10−6 °C−1.

Quantitative evaluation of transdermal drug delivery patches on human skin with in vivo THz-TDS.

Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) has been widely used in medical treatments due to various advantages, including delivering drugs at a consistent rate. However, variations in skin hydration can have a significant effect on the permeability of chemicals. Therefore, it is essential to study the changes in skin hydration induced by TDD patches for better control of the delivery rate. In this work, in vivo terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is conducted to quantitatively monitor human skin after the application of patches with different backing materials and propylene glycol concentrations. Changes in skin hydration and skin response to occlusion induced by other patches are investigated and compared. Our work demonstrates the potential application of in vivo THz measurements in label-free, non-invasive evaluation of transdermal patches on human skin and further reveals the mechanism behind the effect.

Extracorporeal treatment for ethylene glycol poisoning: systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup

Ethylene glycol (EG) is metabolized into glycolate and oxalate and may cause metabolic acidemia, neurotoxicity, acute kidney injury (AKI), and death. Historically, treatment of EG toxicity included supportive care, correction of acid–base disturbances and antidotes (ethanol or fomepizole), and extracorporeal treatments (ECTRs), such as hemodialysis. With the wider availability of fomepizole, the indications for ECTRs in EG poisoning are debated. We conducted systematic reviews of the literature following published EXTRIP methods to determine the utility of ECTRs in the management of EG toxicity. The quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendations, either strong (“we recommend”) or weak/conditional (“we suggest”), were graded according to the GRADE approach. A total of 226 articles met inclusion criteria. EG was assessed as dialyzable by intermittent hemodialysis (level of evidence = B) as was glycolate (Level of evidence = C). Clinical data were available for analysis on 446 patients, in whom overall mortality was 18.7%. In the subgroup of patients with a glycolate concentration ≤ 12 mmol/L (or anion gap ≤ 28 mmol/L), mortality was 3.6%; in this subgroup, outcomes in patients receiving ECTR were not better than in those who did not receive ECTR. The EXTRIP workgroup made the following recommendations for the use of ECTR in addition to supportive care over supportive care alone in the management of EG poisoning (very low quality of evidence for all recommendations): i) Suggest ECTR if fomepizole is used and EG concentration > 50 mmol/L OR osmol gap > 50; or ii) Recommend ECTR if ethanol is used and EG concentration > 50 mmol/L OR osmol gap > 50; or iii) Recommend ECTR if glycolate concentration is > 12 mmol/L or anion gap > 27 mmol/L; or iv) Suggest ECTR if glycolate concentration 8–12 mmol/L or anion gap 23–27 mmol/L; or v) Recommend ECTR if there are severe clinical features (coma, seizures, or AKI). In most settings, the workgroup recommends using intermittent hemodialysis over other ECTRs. If intermittent hemodialysis is not available, CKRT is recommended over other types of ECTR. Cessation of ECTR is recommended once the anion gap is < 18 mmol/L or suggested if EG concentration is < 4 mmol/L. The dosage of antidotes (fomepizole or ethanol) needs to be adjusted during ECTR.

Healing Wounds Efficiently with Biomimetic Soft Matter: Injectable Self-Healing Neutral Glycol Chitosan/Dibenzaldehyde-Terminated Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogel with Inherent Antibacterial Properties.

The high prevalence of acquiring skin wounds, along with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains that lead to infections, impose a threat to the physical, mental, and socioeconomic health of society. Among the wide array of wound dressings developed, hydrogels are regarded as a biomimetic soft matter of choice owing to their ability to provide a moist environment ideal for healing. Herein, neutral glycol chitosan (GC) was cross-linked via imine bonds with varying concentrations of dibenzaldehyde-terminated polyethylene glycol (DP) to give glycol chitosan/dibenzaldehyde-terminated polyethylene glycol hydrogels (GC/DP). These dynamic Schiff base linkages (absorption peak at 1638 cm-1) within the hydrogel structure endowed their ability to recover from damage as characterized by high-low strain exposure in continuous step strain rheology. Along with their good injectability and biodegradability, the hydrogels exhibited remarkable inhibition against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. GC/DP hydrogels demonstrated high LC50 values in vivo using zebrafish embryos as a model system due to their relative biocompatibility and a remarkable 93.4 ± 0.88% wound contraction at 30-dpw against 49.1 ± 3.40% of the control. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that developed injectable glycol chitosan/dibenzaldehyde-terminated polyethylene glycol self-healing hydrogels for application in wound healing with intrinsic bacteriostatic properties against the three bacteria.

An Open Platform Microcontroller-Based Laser Refractometer

This exercise encompassed the construction and use of a microcontroller-based laser refractometer. The instrument, which does not require a high skill level to build, primarily consisted of a line laser, optical sensor, several 3-D printed parts and printed circuit boards, and a microcontroller development board. Construction and testing of the device occurred in upper division analytical chemistry courses, either quantitative analysis or instrumental methods, and data analysis of real-world samples took place in the general chemistry laboratory. Open-source software was used to (a) communicate between a laptop and microcontroller and (b) record data in real-time directly to an Excel spreadsheet utilizing visual Basic for applications (VBA) an event driven programming language that is part of Microsoft Office applications. In addition to collecting the data, general chemistry students used Excel to generate a calibration curve and determine the concentration of ethylene glycol in an antifreeze sample. Student engagement was assessed using a Likert-type survey, and the results were analyzed using statistical methods. Laboratory reports and a postlab quiz were used to assess student learning outcomes.

Unraveling the enthalpy of macromolecular crowding.

Concentrated solutions of synthetic polymers are often used to stabilize proteins, but there are few informed models that provide a detailed explanation of the effect. Classic crowding models are based on spherical, colloid-based solution theories, but such models only account for steric effects. To aid in the establishment of new, more informed, model, we acquired an extensive dataset that quantifies the effect of polyethylene glycol molecular weight and concentration on the temperature dependence of protein stability using 19F NMR. More specifically, we investigated the stability of the 7-kDa metastable N-terminal SH3 domain of Drosophila signal transduction protein drk (SH3) in polyethylene glycol solutions and quantified the modified standard-state free energy of unfolding and its enthalpic and entropic components. We used these data to build a new model which shows that interactions of solution components with both the folded and unfolded states must be considered. With this more nuanced understanding, we can better predict how polymers will affect the stability of protein-based drugs, how different biological molecules impact protein stability in cells and perhaps inform the design of even more useful stabilizing agents.

Experimental investigation for heat transfer augmentation method of jet impingement using a fluid of different concentrations of water and ethylene glycol (EG)

In the modern world, with rapid inventions in microscale electronics, devices suffers undesirable internal heat generation and, due to their tiny shapes, undergo large heat flux conditions. This emphasizes the development of effective and efficient heat dissipation methods to boost their performance and keep them in safe working conditions. The jet impingement cooling method is used for cooling purposes in many engineering applications, and is popular for quick removal of heat from the solid surfaces. The present experimental study is an investigation of effect impingement of jet of water and ethylene glycol mixture over a heated surface. The blending of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) with water (H2O) as a base fluid enhances the average (convective) heat transfer coefficient (HTC). The cooling fluid with different concentrations of C2H6O2 varying from 10%, 25%, 50%, and 100% shows higher values of average convective coefficient at similar flow conditions than pure water. The fluid having mixture proportions 50% C2H6O2 and H2O shows an optimum value for heat transfer enhancement in the range of 30% to 75% than pure water at the same flow rates. It can be noted that based on mechanical stability and the cost associated, the experimental results reveal that the optimum value of the concentration of C2H6O2 in water is 50% for maximum heat transfer and at higher values of C2H6O2 hamper the mechanical stability and causes higher pumping power due to increase in viscosity of the fluid.

Screening Spring Wheat Genotypes for TaDreb-B1 and Fehw3 Genes under Severe Drought Stress at the Germination Stage Using KASP Technology.

Drought stress is a major yield-limiting factor throughout the world in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), causing losses of up to 80% of the total yield. The identification of factors affecting drought stress tolerance in the seedling stage is especially important to increase adaptation and accelerate the grain yield potential. In the current study, 41 spring wheat genotypes were tested for their tolerance to drought at the germination stage under two different polyethylene glycol concentrations (PEG) of 25% and 30%. For this purpose, twenty seedlings from each genotype were evaluated in triplicate with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a controlled growth chamber. The following nine parameters were recorded: germination pace (GP), germination percentage (G%), number of roots (NR), shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot-root length ratio (SRR), fresh biomass weight (FBW), dry biomass weight (DBW), and water content (WC). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed highly significant differences (p < 0.01) among the genotypes, treatments (PEG25%, PEG30%) and genotypes × treatment interaction, for all traits. The broad-sense heritability (H2) estimates were very high in both concentrations. They ranged from 89.4 to 98.9% under PEG25% and from 70.8 to 98.7% under PEG30%. Citr15314 (Afghanistan) was among the best performing genotypes under both concentrations for most of the germination traits. Two KASP markers for TaDreb-B1 and Fehw3 genes were used to screen all genotypes and to study the effect of these on drought tolerance at the germination stage. All genotypes with Fehw3 (only) showed a better performance for most traits under both concentrations compared to other genotypes having TaDreb-B1 or having both genes. To our knowledge, this work is the first report showing the effect of the two genes on germination traits under severe drought stress conditions.

Bactericidal effects of a low-temperature acidic electrolyzed water on quantitative suspension, packaging and contact surface in food cold chain

The research and development of high-efficiency low-temperature disinfection technology in all aspects of cold-chain food has begun to receive attention. This paper aims to develop low temperature acidic electrolyzed water (LT-AEW) disinfectant. The anti-freezing temperature, disinfection efficiency and practical application effect were evaluated in detail. The results had shown that the freezing point of AEW can be reduced to −18 °C by adding 25% CaCl2, 20% NaCl, 30% ethylene glycol (EG) and 35% propylene glycol (PG). At the low temperature (−1, −10 and −18 °C), the bactericidal efficiencies of all EG-acidic electrolyzed waters (EG-AEWs) with different EG contents were close. The reason is that although the low temperature environment will reduce the sterilization efficiency of EG-AEW, the addition of EG can promote the increase of HClO content in EG-AEW, thus increasing the sterilization efficiency. As long as the HClO content reached 35.2, 50.8 and 64.3 mg L−1, the killing logarithm (KL) value had achieved 4.50, 4.49 and 5.07 log10(CFU mL−1). Finally, the KL values of EG-AEW against Escherichia coli on the corrugated board and stainless-steel board both exceeded 3 log10(CFU mL−1) at the low temperature, which indicates that EG-AEW can be applied in food cold chain.

Optimization of Gelling Agent and Sunscreen Activity Test of 4-OH-chalcone Gel by In Vitro Method

ABSTRACT&#x0D; The 4-OH-chalcone was suspected to absorb and reduce ultraviolet radiation intensity that exposed to the skin. The 4-OH-chalcone was formulated as gel dosage form using combination of carbopol in content of 0.50-1.00% w/w; propylene glycol in content of 19-20% w/w; and CMC-Na in content of 0.50-1.00% w/w. This study’s purpose was to optimize the three gel bases, evaluate physical properties, physical stability, and activity of 4-OH-chalcone gel as sunscreen by in vitro method. Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method was used to optimize gel base with Design Expert software version 10.0. Activity of 4-OH-chalcone gel as sunscreen was determined spectrophotometrically by determining Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) value, percent transmission of erythema (% TE), and percent transmission of pigmentation (% TP). Data were analyzed statistically with SPSS Statistic software. Optimum formula of 4-OH-chalcone gel with 0.50% w/w carbopol content, 0.50% w/w carboxymethylcellulose sodium content, and 20,0% w/w propylene glycol content has pH of 5.59, viscosity of 37.4 dPa.s, spreadability of 28.8 cm2, adhesive time of 1.28 seconds, SPF value of 28.65, %, TE value of 16.44%, %TP value of 0.24%, and relatively stable physical properties.

The controllable synthesis of NiO/Ni/C nanosheets via pulsed plasma in ethylene glycol solution for oxygen evolution electrocatalysis.

NiO-based composites exhibit high catalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, high-performance NiO/Ni/C nanosheet catalysts were obtained by liquid-phase pulsed plasma (LPP), which was generated between two nickel electrodes in ethylene glycol (EG) solution by a homemade high-voltage pulse power supply. Melted nickel nanodrops were ejected from nickel electrodes which were bombarded by the energetic plasma. Simultaneously, high-temperature nickel nanodrops promoted the decomposition of the organics which were converted in the EG solution by the catalysis of LPP and formed hierarchical porous carbon nanosheets. Due to the high surface energy of the hierarchical porous carbon nanosheets, the spherical particles of Ni/NiO were adsorbed on the surface to compose the NiO/Ni/C composites. The pore size distribution of the composites could be controlled with different EG concentrations. When the EG concentration was 10 vol% (EG30), the composites possessed a H2 + H2 + H3 type pore size distribution and maximum active site area, leading to an exceptional OER activity (289.2 mV overpotential at 10 mA cm-2).

ЭКСТРАКЦИОННАЯ ОЧИСТКА ЛЕГКОГО ГАЗОЙЛЯ КАТАЛИТИЧЕСКОГО КРЕКИНГА ОТ ГЕТЕРОАТОМНЫХ КОМПОНЕНТОВ И ПОЛИАРОМАТИЧЕСКИХ УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ СМЕСЯМИ N-МЕТИЛПИРРОЛИДОН – ЭТИЛЕНГЛИКОЛЬ

The results of single-stage, as well as two- and three-stage cross-current extraction of sulfurous and nitrogenous components, aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbons from light catalytic cracking gas oil with mixtures of N-methylpyrrolidone with ethylene glycol composition 80/20, 70/30 and 60/40 wt. % are presented with a mass ratio of extragent : raw materials 1 : 1 and a temperature of 40 оC. The degree of extraction of sulfur compounds at the ethylene glycol content in the extractant is 30 wt. % as a result of single-stage extraction is 70 %, and with three-stage purification - about 90 %, the cetane index of raffinate increases by more than 13 and 19 points, respectively

Papel do estresse hídrico como estímulo para multiplicação in vitro e seus efeitos na resposta bioquímica em espécies de Vellozia

ABSTRACT Water stress impairs plant growth, resulting in the death of the plant in extreme cases. In vitro studies on stress-tolerant species can serve as the basis for improvement through genetic modifications aimed at minimizing damage and providing a controlled environment for performing biochemical and physiological assessments of plants under stress. The Velloziaceae family includes desiccation-tolerant and fire-resistant species; thus, these species can be used for analyzing protective mechanisms and reproductive responses to stress. We hypothesized that species with adaptability to survival under extremely dry conditions would respond to in vitro water stress through resprouting. This study evaluated the extent of water stress induced by the addition of sucrose, mannitol, or polyethylene glycol, the role of water stress as a trigger for in vitro multiplication, and its effect on biochemical responses in Vellozia jolyi, Vellozia punctulata, Vellozia pyrantha, and Vellozia seubertiana. Independent experiments were conducted by supplementing the following concentrations of sucrose, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol to the MS culture medium: sucrose (30 g L−1 [control], 75 g L−1, and 120 g L−1) and mannitol (0.0 g L−1 and 15.96 g L−1) for V. pyrantha; sucrose (15 g L−1 [control], 45 g L−1, and 60 g L−1) and mannitol (0.0 g L−1 and 7.9 g L−1) for the other species; and polyethylene glycol (50 g L−1, 100 g L−1, and 150 g L−1). When sucrose and mannitol were added, shoots had grown in all species, showing significant differences between treatments only for V. pyrantha. Polyethylene glycol did not induce shoot growth but, instead, diminished plant survival. The highest concentration of polyethylene glycol increased proline levels in V. pyrantha. All four species were resistant to water stress, owing to their ability to survive and reproduce under high concentrations of osmoregulators. Our study provides evidence that proline acts as an osmoprotectant of V. pyrantha.

Application of Aqueous Two-Phase Systems in the Extraction of Bovine Serum Albumin

Request PDF |Protein partitioning in an Aqueous Two-Phase System (ATPS) has been found to be a powerful method for extracting and separating mixtures of biomolecules. In Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, many factors influence the Partition coefficient (K) (which is the ratio of protein concentration in the top phase to that in the bottom phase) and the Recovery percent (Rec%). Two systems of ATPS were used: first, polyethylene glycol (PEG4000)/sodium phosphate (SPH), and second, PEG4000/Dextran. The behavior of Rec% and (K) of pure Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in (ATPS) has been investigated throughout the study of the effects of five parameters: (temperature (T), the concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG4000), the concentration of sodium phosphate or Dextran, pH, and the addition of sodium chloride as a supporting agent). In both systems, pH was the more significant parameter on a Recovery percent (Rec%) and partition coefficient (K). In the first system, the maximum (Rec%) and (K) was 98.08% and 50.99, respectively, at a temperature of 31°C, the concentration of PEG4000 of 1.5 g/10 ml, the concentration of sodium phosphate at 2.4 g/10 ml, pH 10, and the concentration of NaCl at 0.5 M. While in the second system, the parameter that has a more significant effect on (Rec%) and (K) was the temperature. The maximum (Rec%) and (K) were 97.54% and 39.7 respectively at a temperature of 31°C, with a concentration of PEG4000 1.5 g/10 ml, the concentration of Dextran 2.4 g/10 ml, pH 5, and concentration of NaCl at 0.1 M.