Concentrations Of Ethanolic Extract Research Articles

Amoebicidal and Cytotoxic Activity of Propolis collected from Different Regions in Turkey on Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the amoebicidal effects of propolis collected from different regions in Turkey on Acanthamoeba trophozoites. Method: The propolis was collected from different geographic sites (Van, Erzurum, Gümüşhane, Ordu, Rize, and Muğla) in Turkey. Different concentrations of propolis ethanolic extract (in quantities from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 mg/mL) and the same volume of trophozoites in 100 μl culture were blended for the identification of the amoebicidal efficiency of propolis. Results: The growth of trophozoites stopped in Turkish propolis extracts with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50)/48h for 5 mg/mL extract solution. Propolis showed more potent inhibitory effects on Acanthamoeba trophozoites at concentrations of 7, 6, 5, 4, and 3 mg/mL for 72 h. Propolis extract substantially inhibited human bronchial epithelial cells, especially at higher concentrations (7, 8, and 16 mg/mL). Propolis can kill Acanthamoeba trophozoites at a concentration (of 3-6 mg/mL) but is safe for human bronchial epithelial cells at the same concentrations after 72 h treatment, this paves the way for propolis to be an alternative source of therapeutic drugs in the treatment of Acanthamoeba spp. Conclusion: Acanthamoeba infection still cannot be treated with drugs. In this study, propolis collected from different regions of Turkey showed amoebic and cytotoxic activities. Propolis extract, which is a natural product that can be used against Acanthamoeba trophozoites can be an alternative source of therapeutic drugs in the treatment of Acanthamoeba, supported by in vivo studies.

In Vivo and in Silico Assessment of Ameliorative Effects of Xylopia aethiopica on Testosterone Propionate-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Abstract Xylopia aethiopica (XAE) is a commonly used herbal medicine and contains rich active ingredients for a variety of biological activities. The study aimed to explore the role of XAE in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In the study, testosterone propionate-induced BPH in albino rats was established and treated with different concentrations of ethanol extract of XAE leaf. After treatment, the rats were sacrificed, and the body and prostate weights were recorded. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and acid phosphatase (ACP) levels in the blood samples were also determined. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was conducted to assess the active chemical compounds. Docking analysis was performed to screen chemical compounds by evaluating their binding affinity with two pro-BPH protein targets (cellular prostatic ACP and PSA). Our data showed the presence of 44 chemical compounds in XAE leaf extract. The body and prostate weights, as well as the levels of PSA and ACP, were significantly increased in BPH induction, and the changing trend was significantly reversed by additional XAE treatment. Interestingly, PSA and ACP levels in XAE-treated groups were reduced to almost the same levels as those in the healthy control. Docking analysis identified four top-posed compounds: β-amyrin, α-amyrin, α-amyrenone, and lupenone with stronger binding energies to prostatic ACP being −9.8, −8.3, −8.4, and −8.6, respectively, compared with the standard drug finasteride (−8.3). Furthermore, the two-dimensional analysis revealed strong interactions through hydrogen bonding, covalent interactions, and several van der Waal forces between the lead compounds and the target proteins. Notably, there was a recurrence interaction between similar residues Asn-1062, Lys-1250, Lys-1059, and Phe-1060 on the protein targets and the lead compounds. The study first revealed the role of XAE in BPH therapy and will help in drug design based on the lead compounds discovered in this work.

Evaluation Anti-Acne Gel Combination of Ethanol Extract of Cayenne Pepper Leaves and Ethanol Extract of Soursop Leaf

Evaluation Anti-Acne Gel Combination of Ethanol Extract of Cayenne Pepper Leaves and Ethanol Extract of Soursop Leaf

Formulasi dan Evaluasi Serum Gigi Ekstrak Etanol Siwak (Salvadora persica L.)

Dental health is a common problem in society. Traditionally, siwak is used to prevent bleeding gums and has antimicrobial effects. In this study, a tooth serum was made from ethanol extract of siwak and its preparations were evaluated and its antibacterial effect was tested. The method used in this research was experimental and three formulations were made with different concentrations of ethanol extract of siwak, formulation 1 (21%), formulation 2 (42%), and formulation 3 (63%). The results of the preparation evaluation showed that the three formulations were not significantly different compared to the control based on organoleptic test, viscosity, pH, dispersion, and stability test. The antimicrobial effect test showed that the three formulations were able to inhibit streptococcus mutans. After the research, the conclusion that can be taken is that the three formulations of the tooth serum ethanol extract of siwak are pharmaceutically stable and formulation 3 showed the best antibacterial effect.

Evaluation of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory properties of leaves of Ocimum basilicum L.

In India, a wide variety of medicinal plants are reported and utilized by people for the treatment of various diseases for a long time. The present study deals with quantitative analysis of phytochemicals like total phenols, tannins, and flavonoids as well as in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum L. The values of total phenols, tannins, and flavonoids were found to be 5.02±0.06 µg Gallic acid equivalent/mg, 7.80±0.05 µg Gallic acid equivalent/mg, and 6.00±0.06 µg quercetin equivalent/mg alcoholic extract respectively. The antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay. The highest antioxidant activity of plant extract was observed at 60 µg/ml and maximum inhibition was recorded at 55.12%. The IC50 value of plant extract was found to be 24.81 µg/ml. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was measured by the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. The hypo tonicity-induced HRBC were exposed to different concentrations of ethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum L. and HRBC membrane lysis and membrane stabilization percentages were calculated against diclofenac sodium. The ethanolic extract exhibited significant HRBC membrane stabilization compared to diclofenac sodium; 98±0.57% membrane stabilization was observed at a dose of 1000 µg/ml.

Determination of antioxidant activity and phenolic and flavonoid content of Ocimum basilicum L. callus cultures obtained by different plant growth regulators

In this study, binary combinations of five plant growth regulators (PGR) were used for the cultivation of Ocimum basilicum L. calluses. Antioxidant properties, phenolic and flavonoid contents of O. basilicum L. calluses were determined by keeping the concentrations and solvents of PGR constant.The total phenolic content of ethanol extracts of O. basilicum L. calluses was between 1.044 ±0.188 and 0.417 ±0.049 mg of GAE/g; total phenolic content of methanol extracts was between 2.547 ±0.110 and 0.701 ±0.095 mg of GAE/g. The total flavonoid content of ethanol extracts was between 2.058 ±0.122 and 0.446 ±0.063 mg of quercetin/g, whereas the total flavonoid content of methanol extracts was between 3.010 ±0.336 and 0.341 ±0.041 mg of quercetin/g. The antioxidant content of ethanol extracts was between 2.826 ±0.141 and 5.736 ±0.201 mmol/g of Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and the antioxidant content of methanol extracts was between 4.186 ±0.394 and 1.050 ±0.211 mmol/g of TEAC.

Uji Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Akar Tawas Ut (Ampelocissus Rubiginosa Lauterb) pada Eschericia Coli dan Staphylococcus aureus Secara In Vitro

The used of antibiotics to control bacterial growth has a negative impact such as antibiotics resistance. Began to look for alternative materials from nature, including saponins, flavonoids, catechins and tannins which are known to be contained in the roots of Tawas Ut (Ampelocissus rubiginosa Lauterb). This plant has been used empirically by the people of Central Kalimantan, namely as a medicine for wounds and diarrhea. The efficacy of alum root has not been scientifically proven. The antibacterial properties of this plant have the potential as a source of antibacterial compounds for the growth of E. coli and S. aureus in vitro. The research method used was the Kirby Bauer Antibacterial Testing method. The ethanol extract of alum ut root has antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, with an extract concentration of 250 mg∙ml-1 giving the highest average clear zone value of 12.33 mm in E. coli and S. aureus, and was able to give a clear zone with the lowest concentration of 12.5 mg∙ml-1 of 11.33 mm in E. coli and 11.67 mm in S. aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ut alum root ethanol extract on E. coli and S. aureus was 15.6 mg∙ml-1.

EFECTO ANTIBACTERIANO IN VITRO DEL EXTRACTO ETANÓLICO DE Cuminum cyminum SOBRE Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175

Dental caries is currently one of the diseases with the highest prevalence and focus of research in public health, one of themain organisms involved is Streptococcus mutans. In this regard, Cuminum cyminum(cumin) has active compounds with antimicrobial properties that suggest its potential for the treatment of dental caries in a less toxic way than current commercial products, which can produce side effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial effect of C. cyminumethanolic extract at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 20% with their dilutions at 25%, 50%, and 75% each, on a strain of S. mutans. Susceptibility testing was performed using the KirbyBauer disc diffusion method, and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was determined by colony-forming unit (CFU) counting. The results showed that the 20% concentration of ethanolic extract diluted at 50% and 75% was very sensitive, while the pure extract was extremely sensitive against S. mutans. The minimum inhibitory concentration to inhibit the entire S. mutansATCC 25175 strain was the 20% concentration diluted at 25%. The 5% and 10% concentrations did not completely inhibit the S. mutansATCC 25175 strain at any of their dilutions. In conclusion, cumin extracts showed an in vitro antibacterial effect on S. mutans ATCC 25175, with the 20% concentration extract being the most effective and its 25% dilution being the minimum inhibitory concentration of all the evaluated dilutions.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test of Mangosteen Fruit Ethanol Extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn) Against Escherichia coli Bacteria

This study was conducted to determine the Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (AST) of the Mangosteen fruit ethanol extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn) against Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. The study used an experimental research design and made different concentrations of Mangosteen fruit ethanol extract, with concentrations consisting of: Tube 1, 100% (no distilled water), Tube 2, 75% (250 uL [0.25 mL] of distilled water), Tube 3, 50% (500 uL [0.5 mL] of distilled water), and Tube 4, 25% (750uL [0.75 mL] of distilled water). The positive control contains the antibiotic (Gentamicin), and negative control which is made of distilled water. The researchers used a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) as statistical analysis. The computed P-value in treatments is <0.0001 that indicates that there is a significant difference in the zone of inhibition of E. coli against various concentrations of Mangosteen Fruit Ethanol Extract. While the computed P-value in trials is 1.0000 that indicates that there is no significant difference in the zone of inhibition of E. coli against various concentrations of Mangosteen Fruit Ethanol Extract. It is therefore concluded that the different concentrations of Mangosteen Fruit Ethanol Extract has no effect in inhibiting the growth of E. coli. Meanwhile when it comes to the effectiveness of concentrations (100%,75%,50%,25% of Mangosteen Fruit Ethanol Extract) in the inhibitory zone for antimicrobial E. coli, the result shows that it is ≤ 12 hence all of the concentration falls under Resistant category on the Kirby-Bauer Method.

The Effect of Xanthium strumarium Root Extracts on Growth Inhibition of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer SK-OV-3 Cell Line: A Metabolomics-Based Study

Background: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a deadly gynecological cancer among women worldwide. Ministering ovarian cancer with classic chemotherapy medications can cause various side effects. Thus, in recent years, the anticancer potential of medicinal plants has been noticed in complementary cancer treatment due to their high efficacy and low toxicity. The anti-proliferative potential of Xanthium strumarium leaf and seed extract against several cancer cell lines was reported; however, there is no report on the effect of its root so far. Objectives: In this study, the antitumor effect of X. strumarium root extract was evaluated on the SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cell line, and metabolic alterations were identified. Methods: Cancer cells were cultured and ministered with different concentrations of ethanolic root extract. The antitumor effect of the root extract was determined by MTT assay, and cell metabolites was extracted. Finally, the metabolome profile was characterized and analyzed by 1H NMR-based metabolomics. Results: The IC50 value of the root extract of X. Strumarium was 30 µg/mL after 48 hours, which exhibited anticancer activity against SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and biotin metabolism were the most affected metabolic pathways involved in the growth inhibition of cancer cells. Conclusions: In the current study, the ethanolic root extract of X. Strumarium reveals antitumor activity against SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells and could affect vital metabolic pathways.

Antibacterial Efficacy of Vernonia Amygdalina (Bitter Leaf) on Some Bacteria Isolated from Locally Produced Soymilk Sold in Different Markets in Enugu Metropolis

This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial efficacy of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) on some bacteria isolated from locally produced soymilk in different markets in Enugu metropolis. The test organisms were identified using standard microbiological methods. The antibacterial activities of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) were carried out by agar well diffusion method. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the plant were used at varying concentrations of 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, 1.56, and 0.76 mg/ml, respectively. The two extracts were found to show antibacterial activity. However, the ethanolic extract had more activity than the methanolic extract. The inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of the ethanolic extract varied from 4 – 20 mm, while that of the methanolic extract varied from 4 -16 mm for all the bacteria tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethanolic and methanolic extracts varied with bacteria; 1.56 mg/ml respectively for Staphylococcus aureus, 3.125 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml for Escherichia coli, 6.25 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml for Salmonella spp, 3.125 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml for Klebsiella spp, and 3.125 mg/l for the typed strains (E. coli NCTC 12241, K. pneumoniae NCTC 13368). The ciprofloxacin (50mg/ml) used as a standard antibiotic compared well with the plant extracts at 200 mg/l. The phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, and tannins. This study shows that plant extract can be used as an alternative to conventional antibiotics.

An Inhibition effect of immersion in effervescent garlic ethanol extract (Allium sativum L.) against Staphylococcus aureus growth on heat cured acrylic

Denture stomatitis is an infection of the mucosa caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) accumulating on the denture. Garlic (Allium sativum) contains antibacterial compounds that can be used as an alternative denture cleanser. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibition effect of immersion in effervescent garlic ethanol extract (Allium sativum) against Staphylococcus aureus growth on heat cured acrylic dental plate. This research was a laboratory experiment in vitro using 40%, 50%, and 60% effervescent garlic ethanol extract. The samples were 12 pieces (n = 12) of heat cured acrylic plates which were divided into 3 treatment groups then incubated in S. aureus suspension for 24 hours and then immersed in an effervescent garlic ethanol extract for 6 hours. Bacterial colonies were counted using a colony counter and the data were analyzed using the One-way ANOVA and LSD Post hoc tests. The statistical analysis showed that the number of S. aureus colonies decreased along with an increased concentration of garlic ethanol extract. The results of the analysis showed that the 60% effervescent garlic ethanol extract had a significantly lower mean number of colonies compared to the 40% and 50% effervescent garlic ethanol extracts (p ≤ 0.05). This research concluded that effervescent garlic ethanol extract prevented the growth of S. aureus on the heat cured acrylic dental plate.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SEDIAAN SABUN PADAT TRANSPARAN EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN CABE RAWIT (Capsicum Frutescens L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Propionibacterium acne

Cayenne pepper leaves (Capsicum frutescens L.) can traditionally be used as an alternative treatment for acne from natural ingredients. This study aims to determine the effectiveness and concentration of the transparent solid soap formulation ethanol extract of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frustescens L.) leaves in inhibiting the growth of acne-causing bacteria (Propionibacterium acne). The method used in this research is experimental. Making cayenne pepper leaf extract (Capsicum Frutescens L.) by maceration method using 96% ethanol then making a transparent solid soap formulation and testing the effectiveness of antibacterial using disc paper diffusion method against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone for bacterial growth so that it can known Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The concentration of Cayenne pepper leaf extract and the transparent solid soap formula used were (FI) 1%; (FII) 2%; (FIII) 3% and blanks (K+) Ranee soap and (K-) extractless soap. Evaluation of the physical quality of transparent solid soap preparations includes: organoleptic test, pH test, foam power test. From the test results, the average transparent solid soap preparation with a concentration of 1% produced an inhibition zone of 10.7 mm, a concentration of 2% produced an inhibition zone of 11.8 mm, and a concentration of 3% produced an inhibition zone of 12.6 mm. Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) which produced the best ethanol extract of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) leaves was found at a concentration of 1% with a Width of Inhibitory Power (LDH) of 10.7 mm. The One Way Anova test obtained a significance value of 0.000 &lt;0.05, so the results were significant, so there were significant differences between treatments. This means that the use of cayenne pepper leaf extract (Capsicum frutescens L.) has an effect on the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria.

The Relative Quantification of Hedgehog Signalling Components of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hepg-2) Cells Treated With Sorghum bicolor Leaf Stalk Ethanolic Extract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent type of primary liver cancer. Patients with advanced HCC have a dismal prognosis due to the limited therapy choices available. Hence, this present study evaluates the cytotoxic potential of the ethanolic crude extract of Sorghum bicolor leaf stalk (SBELSE) against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPG2) cell line, and its effect in the expression of its Hh signaling component-GLI1 and PTCH. The leaf stalk of Sorghum bicolor (SB) was pulverized and extracted with 70% ethanol. HEPG2 cells were treated with different concentration of ethanol extract of SBELSE which was subjected to 2-fold serial dilution to achieve a graded concentration (9.77-5000 µg/ml). Cell viability was performed using CCK-8 assay. The cells were treated with 8 µg/mL and 23 µg/mL concentration of SBELSE for 48 hour, after which RNA was isolated for downstream gene expression studies using RT-qPCR. The expression level of GLI1 and PTCH genes in cell line was examined relative to the untreated group. SBELSE exerted a cytotoxic effect on HEPG-2 cells with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 150 µg/mL. After 48 hours of treatment and evaluation, Expression of GLI1 and PTCH genes was seen in all cell group but was increased in groups treated with 8µg/mL concentration of S. bicolor extract than in the control group. The findings of this study suggest the possibility of the extract to contain agonistic component that might support cancer cell proliferation.

Antimicrobial Activity of Sempervivum tectorum L. Extract on Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Otitis Externa of Dogs.

The present study investigated the antimicrobial activity, total phenolic content, and proanthocyanidin concentration of ethanolic extracts from fresh leaves of Sempervivum tectorum L. The extracts were phytochemically analyzed and evaluated for antimicrobial activity. The broth microdilution method was used to assess antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria isolated from ear swabs taken from dogs with otitis externa. Many compounds were present in the ethanolic aqueous extracts, which exhibited a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. They showed strong antibacterial activity against standard clinical Gram-positive strains such as S. aureus and Gram-negative strains such as P. aeruginosa. In our study, the obtained quantity of total phenolic compounds in the ethanol:water extract of leaves was 126.17 mg GAE/g. The proanthocyanidin concentration in the tested Sempervivum tectorum L. extracts was 15.39 mg PAC/g material. The high contents of total phenolics and proanthocyanidin indicated that these compounds contribute to antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of the tested S. tectorum L. extracts ranged from 1.47 to 63.75 µg/mL, starting with 1.47 µg/mL and 1.75 µg/mL against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 strains, respectively. Likewise, S. tectorum L. ethanol extract demonstrated a bacteriostatic effect against S. aureus clinical isolate with a median MIC of 23.25 µg/mL and MBC of 37.23 µg/mL; and bactericidal against S. aureus ATCC 25923 with the median MIC of 20.33 µg/mL and MBC of 37.29 µg/mL. In the Gram-negative P. aeruginosa clinical and standard strains, the expressed MIC and MBC values were 24.234 and 20.53 µg/mL for MIC, and 37.30 and 37.02 µg/mL for MBC, respectively.

Ethanolic Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) Leaf Extract Improves the Quality of Cryopreserved Goat Semen

Portulaca oleracea contains a wide range of chemical constituents, including flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, fatty acids, terpenoids, sterols, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. These chemical constituents are linked to the plant’s diverse pharmacological properties, such as antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Therefore, this study is aimed at evaluating the effect of adding two concentrations (50 or 100 μg/mL) of Portulaca oleracea leaf ethanolic extracts in a native form (POLE) or nanoformulation (POLENF) on the antioxidant status of sperm medium to improve goat sperm freezability. Semen was evaluated postequilibration (5°C for 2 h), postthawing, and 2 h postincubation (37°C and 5% CO2). Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of 30 compounds in POLE, including phenolic acids and flavonoids and their glucosides. Total flavonoids were higher in POLE than in POLENF. Both extracts showed strong free radical scavenging capacity by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate assay, which was higher for POLENF than POLE, whereas the antioxidant activity by the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay had no differences. In comparison to free extender, the addition of POLE (100 μg) or POLENF (50 and 100 μg) significantly improved sperm motility and viability postequilibration and postincubation and antioxidant status of sperm medium postthawing. All POLE and POLENF concentrations significantly improved motility, viability, membrane integrity, and apoptosis of spermatozoa postthawing. Enzyme activities of AST, ALT, and LDH in sperm medium postthawing were not affected by treatments. In comparing different types and concentrations of POLE with free extender, the addition of POLENF (100 μg/mL) to goat semen extender gave the most valuable results as an effective free radical scavenger and antiapoptotic during cryopreservation.

The Anti-Mitotic Effects of Annona Muricata Extracts to Allium Cepa Root Meristems

Guyabano (Annona muricata) harbors a wide array of bioactive compounds that confer significant therapeutic properties. In an attempt to uncover its anti-cancer properties, we investigated the antimitotic effects of guyabano seed extracts on onion (Allium cepa) root meristems.&#x0D; Methods&#x0D; The present study utilized the Posttest Only Control Group Design. Onion root meristems were exposed to four distinct concentrations of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of guyabano seeds for 48 hours. For baseline conditions, the negative control group was treated with water whereas the positive control group received methotrexate.&#x0D; Results&#x0D; Among the various concentrations of guyabano seed extract treatments, the 800mg/100mL concentration exhibited the lowest mean mitotic index (MMI) in both aqueous and ethanolic solutions (40.33±24.50 and 32.00±9.85, respectively). However, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the aqueous and ethanolic treatment concentrations when compared to the negative and positive controls (P=0.40).&#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; The antimitotic effects of aqueous and ethanolic seed extracts of guyabano on onion root meristems were found to be insignificant. However, the lower MMI of both aqueous and ethanolic concentrations of 800mg/100 mL guyabano compared to positive control (methotrexate) warrants further research to assess the antimitotic effects of guyabano.&#x0D;

Antibacterial Activity and Inhibition Mechanism of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) Ethanol Extract Against Pathogenic Bacteria

Pathogenic bacteria can interfere with the body health by producing toxic substances, damaging body tissues, multiplying and killing healthy body cells. Therefore, it is crucial to explore safe alternative treatment strategies, such as developing natural bactericidal agents to eradicate infections. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) has potential as an antibacterial, so it is important to study its activity in inhibiting pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity and inhibition mechanism of red ginger extract as an inhibitor of pathogenic bacterial infection. Methods such as dilution, Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion, and an inhibition test mechanism using a spectrophotometer and SEM were conducted in this study. Red ginger ethanol extract can inhibit the growth of Salmonela thypi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus mutans at a concentration of 500 µg/mL, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a concentration of 250 µg/mL. Further observation of bacterial cell leakage showed that the higher the red ginger ethanol extract concentration, the higher the bacterial cell leakage. Based on SEM results, the quantity of S. thypi, S. epidermidis, and S. mutans after treatment with red ginger ethanol extract decreased, and the cell wall became wrinkled and destroyed. The ethanol extract of the red ginger rhizome can be recommended as a future antibacterial agent, especially for infections caused by pathogenic bacteria.

Comparative Phytochemical Profiling of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C. Seed Extracts for Effective Storage of Cowpea Seeds

Background: Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C.), is unique legume which has numerous phytochemical with distinct properties. So, this research work was performed to explore and quantify the bioactive compound from different extracts of winged bean seeds through GC-MS and to assess the bio-efficacy on cowpea seed to protect them against deterioration and bruchid. Methods: The bioactive compounds of winged bean seed extracts (from different solvents, viz., water, ethanol and hexane) were analysed by GC-MS and the bio-efficacy of identified superlative extract on maintaining the quality of cowpea seed var. VBN 3 was done using accelerated ageing method. Result: The GC-MS results showed the attendance of 30 different compounds in different extracts of the winged bean seeds. Of the different compounds eluted from extract, the ethanolic seed extract revealed the existence of distinct phytocompounds such as d-mannitol,1,4-anhydro-(1.59%), diethyl phthalate (27.21%), n-hexadecanoic acid (4.54%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (9.71%), oleic acid (14.16%), octadecanoic acid (4.89%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid and 2-phenyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl ester (1.05%) which possess significant antioxidant and insecticidal properties. Among the different concentration of ethanolic extract, cowpea seeds treated with 2.5% of ethanolic seed extract of winged bean showed the highest germination (94%) and vigour index I (4436) compared to other treatments while the control recorded lowest germination (88%) and vigour index (3572) at initial day. As ageing progresses, seed germination percent and vigour index of 2.5% ethanolic extract treated seeds dropped to 63% and 1845 while, it is 42% and 953 in case of untreated seeds. The bio-efficacy study of ethanolic extract against bruchid revealed the LD90 value (2.5%) of winged bean seed extract. This study clearly shows that ethanolic extract of winged bean seeds have many bioactive compounds with distinct properties that maintain the seed quality under storage.

Comprehensive Comparisons between Grafted Kynam Agarwood and Normal Agarwood on Traits, Composition, and In Vitro Activation of AMPK.

Agarwood, a highly valuable resin/wood combination with diverse pharmacological activities but scarce supply, has a long history of being used as a medicine in several medical systems. Grafted Kynam agarwood (GKA) has been cultivated successfully recently and has the qualities meeting the definition of premium Kynam agarwood. However, there are few comprehensive comparisons between GKA and normal agarwood in terms of traits, global composition, and activity, and some key issues for GKA to be adopted into the traditional Chinese medical (TCM) system have not been elaborated. The two types of agarwood samples were evaluated in terms of trait characteristics, physicochemical indicators, key component groups, and global compositional profile. Furthermore, a molecular docking was performed to investigate the active ingredients. In vitro activity assays were performed to evaluate the activation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by GKA and normal agarwood. The results revealed that, overall, the traits, microscopic characteristics, chemical composition types, and bioactivity between GKA and normal agarwood were similar. The main differences were the content of resin (ethanolic extract content), the content of key component groups, and the composition of the different parent structural groups of 2-(2-phenethyl) chromones (PECs). The contents of total PEC and ethanol extract content of GKA were significantly higher than those of normal agarwood. The MS-based high-throughput analysis revealed that GKA has higher concentrations of sesquiterpenes and flindersia-type 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones (FTPECs) (m/z 250-312) than normal agarwood. Molecular docking revealed that parent structural groups of FTPECs activated multiple signaling pathways, including the AMPK pathway, suggesting that FTPECs are major active components in GKA. The aim of this paper is to describe the intrinsic reasons for GKA as a high-quality agarwood and a potential source for novel drug development. We combined high-throughput mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis to infer the different components of the two types of agarwood. Then we combined virtual screening and in vitro activity to construct a component/pharmacodynamic relationship to explore the causes of the activity differences between agarwood with different levels of quality and to identify potentially valuable lead compounds. This strategy can also be used for the comprehensive study of other TCMs with different qualities.