Concentrations Of Endosulfan Research Articles

Monitoring of Pollutants in Waste Water in Some Egypt Drains

This study was conducted to investigate the concentrations of heavy metals and pesticides in waste water from three main drains in Egypt . The drains were Belbais drains , Baher EL – Baker drain and EL – Kalubia drain . Samples were taken from the end of each drain monthly for 12 months from the period of April 2015 to March 2016 to determine heavy metals and for the pesticides residues at February 2016 and Co , Cr , Fe , Mn , B , Pb , Cd , Ni , Zn using flame atomic absorption spectrometry . Results show that the concentrations of some heavy metals exceeded their respective permissible limits in water samples .The average of concentrations for (zinc , manganese and cadmium ) were 0.72 , 0.44, 0.02 mg/ L in EL – Kalubia drain and 0.7 ,0.38 , 0.02 mg/ L in Belbais drain, respectively , while in Baher EL – Baker drain were 0.54 and 0.05mg / L for zinc and cadmium ,respectively . These concentrations were exceeded compared with the recommended maximum concentrations for irrigation . The corresponding figures were different in pesticides residues . Results show that the concentrations of Endosulfan 11 were 0.06 ug / g in Belbais drain ,Endrin were 2.12 ug / gm in EL – Kalubia drain and the Trichlorfen pesticide were 0.01 , 0.19 ug/g in EL – Kalubia and Baher EL – Baker drains, respectively.

Predictors of pesticide concentrations in freshwater trout – The role of life history

Concentrations of halogenated pesticides in freshwater fish can be affected by age, size, trophic position, and exposure history. Exposure history may vary for individual fish caught at a single location due to different life histories, e.g. they may have hatched in different tributaries before migrating to a specific lake. We evaluated correlations of pesticide concentrations in freshwater brown trout (Salmo trutta) from the Clutha River, New Zealand, with potential predictors including capture site, age, length, trophic level, and life history. Life history was determined from otolith (fish ear bone) strontium isotope signatures, which vary among tributaries in the region of our study. Variability in pesticide concentrations between individual fish was not well explained by capture site, age, length, or trophic level. However, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and chlorpyrifos concentrations were distinct in lake-based trout with different life histories. Additionally, one of the riverine life histories was associated with relatively high concentrations of total endosulfans. Linear models that included all potential predictor variables were evaluated and the resulting best models for HCB, chlorpyrifos, and total endosulfans included life history. These findings show that in cases where otolith isotope signatures vary geographically, they can be used to help explain contaminant concentration variations in fish caught from a single location.

Low, Chronic Exposure to Endosulfan Induces Bioaccumulation and Decreased Carcass Total Fatty Acids in Neotropical Fruit Bats.

We investigated the effects of the insecticide endosulfan on energy metabolism and its possible accumulation in fruit bats. Adult male bats (Artibeus lituratus) were exposed for 35days, when they were offered fruit treated with endosulfan (E) and adhesive spreader (AS) in the following concentrations (g/L): 0.0; 0.0 (Control), 0.0; 0.015 (AS), 1.05; 0.015 (E1), 2.1; 0.015 (E2). Concentrations used were those recommended by the manufacturer for fruit crop application (E1) or twice this value (E2). E1 bats showed decreased plasma glucose concentration. Carcass fatty acids were decreased in E1 and E2 bats. Endosulfan bioaccumulation was observed in both liver and adipose tissues from E1 and E2 bats. These results indicate that the chronic exposure of fruit bats to environmentally relevant concentrations of endosulfan can lead to significant bioaccumulation beyond control and also decreased fatty acid content, which may impair the health of this important seed disperser in neotropical forests.

Inducible headkidney cytochrome P450 contributes to endosulfan immunotoxicity in walking catfish Clarias gariepinus

The effect of endosulfan metabolites on fish immune system is not well known. It is also not clear whether endosulfan accumulates in fish immune organs and undergoes metabolic biotransformation in situ. In the present study we investigated the role of headkidney (HK), an important fish immune organ on endosulfan metabolism and the long term effects of endosulfan metabolites on the fish immune system. C. gariepinus (walking catfish) were exposed to 2.884ppb of endosulfan (1/10th LC50) for 30d followed by their maintenance in endosulfan-free water for 30d for recovery. Endosulfan induced time-dependent reduction in the HK somatic index and histo-pathological changes in renal and hemopoietic components of the organ. At cellular level, exposure to endosulfan led to death of HK leucocytes. Gas-liquid-chromatography documented the presence of both α- and β-isomers of endosulfan along with the toxic metabolite endosulfan sulfate (ESS) in the HK of exposed fishes. We report that β-endosulfan accumulates more readily in the HK. Depuration studies suggested the persistence of ESS in the HK. Enzyme-immunoassay and qPCR results demonstrated direct relationship between cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) expression and ESS levels in the HK. Pre-treatment of HKL with CYP1A specific inhibitor α-Naphthoflavone (ANF) led to reduction in CYP1A mRNA, protein levels, and inhibited ESS formation together implicating the role of CYP1A on endosulfan metabolism. When the exposed fish were transferred to endosulfan-free water (⿿recovered fish⿿) it was observed that after 30d of recovery period the concentration of endosulfan and its metabolite in the HK were significantly reduced, compared to 30-d exposed fish. We also observed improvement in HK histo-architecture but no significant recovery in HKL number and viability. Collectively, our findings suggest that HK plays an important role in endosulfan metabolism. We propose that endosulfan induces the activation of CYP1A in HK which led to the generation of persistent metabolite, ESS, resulting in immunotoxicity.

Synergistic influence of Vetiveria zizanioides and selected rhizospheric microbial strains on remediation of endosulfan contaminated soil.

Application of endosulfan tolerant rhizospheric bacterial strain isolated from pesticide contaminated area, Ghaziabad in combination with V. zizanioides for the remediation of endosulfan is described herein. The dissipation of endosulfan from soil was considerably enhanced in the presence of bacterial strain and Vetiveria zizanioides together when compared to the dissipation in presence of either of them alone. Four strains- EAG-EC-12 (M1), EAG-EC-13(M2), EAG-EC-14(M3) and EAG-EC-15(M4) are used for this purpose. V. zizanioides was grown in garden soil spiked with 1500µgg(-1) of endosulfan and inoculated with 100ml of microbial culture of above motioned strains. Effect of microbial inoculation on plant growth, endosulfan uptake and endosulfan removal efficiency were analyzed. The microbial inoculation significantly enhances the growth of test plant and endosulfan dissipation from soil (p<0.05). The addition of bacterial strain M1, M2, M3 and M4 in treated pots showed enhanced root length by 13, 33 35, 20.2 and 4.3%, above ground plant length by 16.38, 35.56, 24.92 and 9.8% and biomass by 33.69, 49.63, 39.24 and 17.09% respectively when compared with endosulfan treated plants. After 135days of exposure, a decline in endosulfan concentration by 59.12, 64.56, 62.69 and 56.39% was obtained in the spiked soil inoculated with bacterial strains M1, M2, M3 and M4 respectively whereas, decrease in endosulfan concentration by 72.78, 85.25, 76.91 and 65.44% in the vegetative spiked soil inoculated with same strains was observed during same exposure period. After 135days of growth period, enhanced removal of endosulfan from experimental soil by 13.66, 20.69, 14.22 and 9.05% was found in vegetative experiment inoculated with same strains when compared with non vegetative experiment. Result of the study showed that use of toletant plant and tolerant bacterial strains could be the better strategy for the remediation of endosulfan contaminated soil.

Spatial distribution, transport dynamics, and health risks of endosulfan at a contaminated site

We analyzed concentrations, distribution characteristics, and health risks of endosulfan (α and β isomers, and endosulfan sulfate) in soils (top soils and soil profiles) and air, at and around a typical endosulfan production site in Jiangsu, China. The air–soil surface exchange flux is calculated to investigate transport dynamics of endosulfan. Concentrations at the production site ranged from 0.01 to 114 mg/kg d.w. in soil and 4.81–289 ng/m3 in air, with very high concentrations occurring at the location of endosulfan emulsion workshop. In the surrounding area, endosulfan was detected in all samples, with concentrations ranging from 1.37–415 ng/g d.w. in soil and 0.89–10.4 ng/m3 in air. In the contaminated site, endosulfan concentrations fluctuated with depth in the upper soil layers, then decreased below 120 cm. Soil and air within a distance of 2.0 km appear to be affected by endosulfan originating from the site. Even the health risk at the location of the endosulfan emulsifiable solution workshop was over seven times the acceptable value, the risk to nearby adults and children was low.

Acute toxicity and gene responses induced by endosulfan in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Endosulfan has been listed as a persistent organic pollutant, and is frequently found in agricultural environments during monitoring processes owing to its heavy use and persistent characteristics. This study was conducted to understand the effects of endosulfan on the development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos by exposing them to a specific range of endosulfan concentrations. Exposing zebrafish embryos to endosulfan for 96 h yielded no acute toxicity until the concentration reached 1500 μg L−1, whereas malformed zebrafish larvae developed severely curved spines and shortened tails. About 50% of zebrafish larvae were malformed when exposed to 600 μg L−1 of endosulfan. Comparative gene expression using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was assessed using endosulfan-exposed zebrafish embryos. CYP1A and CYP3A were significantly enhanced in response to endosulfan treatment. Two genes, acacb and fasn, encoding acetyl-CoA carboxylase b and fatty acid synthase proteins, respectively, were also up-regulated after treating zebrafish embryos with endosulfan. These genes are also involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. The genes encoding vitellogenin and Hsp70 increased in a concentration-dependent manner in embryos. Finally, biochemical studies showed that acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced, whereas glutathione S-transferase and carboxylesterase activities were enhanced in zebrafish embryos after endosulfan treatment. These biochemical and molecular biological differences might be used for tools to determine contamination of endosulfan in the aquatic environment.

Dietary pyridoxine potentiates thermal tolerance, heat shock protein and protect against cellular stress of Milkfish (Chanos chanos) under endosulfan-induced stress

We herein report the protective role of pyridoxine in enhancing thermal tolerance of Milkfish Chanos chanos reared under endosulfan-induced stress. Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were prepared with graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 50, 75 and 100mg/kg). Two hundred and twenty five fishes were randomly distributed into four treatment groups in triplicate, reared under endosulfan-treated water, which were fed with pyridoxine supplemented diet, while the negative control group was reared without endosulfan-treatment and control fed. The concentration of endosulfan in treated water was maintained at a level of 1/40th of LC50 i.e. 0.52μg/L. Dietary pyridoxine supplementation had significant (p<0.01) effect on temperature tolerance viz. CTmax (Critical temperature maxima), LTmax (Lethal temperature maxima), CTmin (Critical temperature minima) and LTmin (Lethal temperature minima) of milkfish. The positive correlation was observed between CT max and LTmax (Y=-1.54+15.6x, R(2), 0.943) as well as CTmin and LTmin (Y=-1.44+1.021x, R(2), 0.941). At the end of the thermal tolerance study, antioxidative status and HSP 70 were significantly reduced in pyridoxine supplemented groups, whereas brain AChE was significantly (p<0.01) elevated compared to positive and negative control. It is concluded that CTmax, LTmax, CTmin and LTmin, antioxidative status, neurotransmitter enzyme and HSP 70 strengthened the enhancement of thermal tolerance of Milkfish.

Use of Ca-alginate immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa for repeated batch and continuous degradation of Endosulfan.

The current investigation is taken up with the aim of studying repeated batch and continuous degradation of Endosulfan, using Ca-alginate immobilized cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from an agricultural soil. The work involves the study of genes and enzymes involved in the degradation of the pesticide and was carried out with an objective of reducing the toxicity of Endosulfan by degrading it to less toxic metabolites. The long-term stability of Endosulfan degradation was studied during its repeated batch degradation, carried out over a period of 35 days. Immobilized cells of Ps. aeruginosa were able to show 60 % degradation of Endosulfan at the end of the 35th cycle with a cell leakage of 642 × 104 Cfu/mL. During continuous treatment, with 2 % concentration of Endosulfan, 100 % degradation was recorded up to 100 mL/h flow rate and with 10 % concentration of the Endosulfan, and 100 and 85 % degradation was recorded at 20 mL/h flow rate and 100 mL/h flow rate, respectively. After degradation of Endosulfan, products were extracted from a large amount of spent medium using two volumes of ethyl acetate and subjected to the LC–MS analysis. Endosulfan lactone and Endosulfan ether were the products of degradation detected by the LCMS analysis. Plasmid curing experiments indicated that genes responsible for the degradation of Endosulfan are present on the chromosome and not on the plasmid, as growth of Ps. aeruginosa was observed on modified non-sulfur medium with Endosulfan after the plasmid was cured with ethidium bromide. The results of PCR indicated that there is no amplified product of ~1350 bp expected for esd gene, in Ps. aeruginosa, although there were some non-specific bands. Enzymatic degradation studies indicated that the enzymes involved in the degradation of Endosulfan are intracellular. With this investigation, it was indicated that immobilized cells of Ps. aeruginosa have the potential to be used in the bioremediation of water contaminated with Endosulfan.

Acute toxicity, biochemical and histopathological responses of endosulfan in Chanos chanos

This study investigated 96h median lethal concentration of endosulfan (99%, pure α: β ratio of 7:3) by conducting static non-renewable acute toxicity bio-assay in Chanos chanos juvenile with average weight (110±5.65g). Further, the effect of different definitive doses (18.5, 19.5, 20.5, 21.5 and 22.5µg/L) of endosulfan on metabolic, heamato-immunoligcal and histopathological response were probed. Anti-oxidative enzymes CAT, SOD and GST showed significant (p<0.01) increase of activity in the liver, gill and brain during exposure to endosulfan in a dose and time dependent manner. The brain AChE activity showed significant (p<0.01) inhibition from 18.5 to 22.5µg/L exposure of endosulfan than the control group. LDH and MDH activity gradually increased with consequent increasing dose of endosulfan exposure in the liver, gill and brain. Similarly, ALT, AST and G6PDH activities in both liver and gill increased with consequent increases in the dose of endosulfan exposure. Immunological profile such as blood glucose and serum cortisol level significantly enhanced while respiratory burst activity declined with consequent increasing doses of endosulfan exposure. Histopathological alteration in the gill demonstrated curling of secondary lamellae, thickening of primary epithelium, shorting of secondary lamellae, epithelial hyperplasia, fusion of secondary lamellae, aneurism, and collapsed secondary lamellae due to dose dependent exposure of endosulfan. Liver histology illustrated cloudy swelling and necrosis with pyknotic nuclei to the moderate dose of endosulfan, whereas higher dose of endosulfan (21.5µg/L) displayed severe necrosis of hepatic cells. Overall results clearly indicate that acute exposure of endosulfan led to pronounced deleterious alterations on biochemical, heamato-immunological, and histopathological responses of C. chanos juvenile.

Dietary pyridoxine promotes growth and cellular metabolic plasticity of C hanos chanos fingerlings exposed to endosulfan induced stress

An attempt was made to assess the effect of dietary pyridoxine supplementation on growth performance and cellular metabolic enzymes of Chanos chanos fingerlings under endosulfan induced stress. Two-hundred and twenty-five fish were randomly distributed into five treatments, each with three replicates and fed four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets with graded levels of pyridoxine for 45 days. Endosulfan concentration in the water was maintained at sublethal level of 1/40th of 96 h LC50 (0.52 ppb). Dietary pyridoxine supplementation significantly enhanced growth performance viz. weight gain (%), specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio of fish compared to control diet fed group. The results of this experiment revealed that the activities of digestive and metabolic enzymes were significantly improved after feeding with dietary pyridoxine supplementation in C. chanos. Significantly increased muscle and brain ascorbic acid content was observed in fish fed diets containing pyridoxine. Histological studies on liver of fish fed pyridoxine-supplemented diet showed the normal architecture of hepatocytes compared to non-pyridoxine fed group. The results obtained in this study revealed that the inclusion of pyridoxine in diet has a protective effect against endosulfan induced stress in C. chanos fingerlings through metabolic enzyme activities and vitamin C content. This study has a potential in ameliorating the toxic effect of endosulfan induced stress using dietary supplementation of pyridoxine.

The effects of endosulfan onP4501A gene expression, antioxidant enzymes activity and histopathological alterations in liver of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicusBorodin, 1987)

The effects of 14 days exposure to sublethal concentrations of endosulfan (10 and 40 μg L−1) were investigated in mRNA- P450 1A expression, antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) activity and histopathological alterations of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) fingerlings with weights of 3–5 g. The results illustrated that the relative mRNA- P450 1A expression level significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. Highest significant increase (P < 0.05) was observed on the first day, then decreased towards day 14 of exposure. The SOD and CAT activity showed a significant increase in fish exposed to different concentrations up to day 7, then activity decreased on day 14 in fish of all treated groups. Although signs of tissue lesions were observed on day 4, they increased from day 7 and reached the highest level on day 14. The magnitude of all changed studied parameters (gene expression, enzymes and histopathological) follows a concentration-dependent manner.

Health risk associated with the consumption of duck egg containing endosulfan residues.

Eight duck farms and a local market in Suphanburi province, Thailand adjacent to paddy fields were selected for this study. The concentrations of endosulfan isomers (α- and β-endosulfan) and endosulfan sulfate in environmental matrices (water, soil, feed) and duck eggs were determined. Human health risk via the contaminated egg consumption was also evaluated. Analysis of environmental matrices found both endosulfan isomers (α- and β-endosulfan) and endosulfan sulfate in most samples. Endosulfan sulfate was predominantly found in all matrices followed by β- and α-endosulfan, respectively. The total endosulfan concentrations were in the following order: feed > soil > water. However, the levels of endosulfan detected were lower than the regulatory maximum residue limit of endosulfan, except in water (>0.200 ng mL(-1)). Endosulfan sulfate in duck egg samples was also predominantly detected in both yolk and albumin. The average total endosulfan residues (∑endosulfan) in yolk (6.73 ng g(-1)) were higher than in albumin (4.78 ng g(-1)). According to principle component analysis, we found that paddy soil surrounding the duck farms is the suspected source of endosulfan contamination in husbandry water which subsequently contaminates duck eggs. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of these endosulfan-contaminated eggs were well below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for endosulfan (6 μg kg(-1) day(-1)). However, the consumption of this contaminated duck eggs should be of concerns in regard to chronic exposure. Therefore, the better environmental managements to reduce endosulfan residues can play a crucial role for decreasing human health risk.

Effects of Endosulfan on Predator-Prey Interactions Between Catfish and Schistosoma Host Snails.

The effect of the pesticide endosulfan on predator–prey interactions between catfish and Schistosoma host snails was assessed in static tank experiments. Hybrid catfish (Clarias gariepinus × C. ngamensis) and Bulinus globosus were subjected to various endosulfan concentrations including an untreated control. The 48- and 96-h LC50 values for catfish were 1.0 and <0.5 µg/L, respectively, whereas the 48- and 96-h LC50 values for snails were 1137 and 810 µg/L. To assess sublethal effects on the feeding of the catfish on B. globosus, endosulfan concentrations between 0.03 and 1.0 µg/L were used. Predation was significantly greater (p < 0.001) in control tanks than in all other treatments. There was progressively decreasing predation with increasing toxicant concentration. Biological control of Schistosoma host snails using fish may be affected in endosulfan-polluted aquatic systems of Southern Africa because it has been found present at concentrations that are indicated to cause lethal effects on the evaluated hybrid catfish and to inhibit the predation of snails by this hybrid catfish.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00244-016-0275-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Identification and level of organochlorine insecticide contamination in groundwater and iridology analysis for people in Upper Citarum cascade

Organochlorines are the main pollutants in the class of persistent organic pollutants which are types of pollutants that are being questioned worldwide due to chronic persistence, toxicity and bioaccumulation. Human around the Citarum River are still using groundwater as a drinking source. It is very risky for people health that consume groundwater because in 2009 the application of organochlorine still found in the Upper Citarum watershed rice field and had potential to contaminate groundwater. Groundwater was analyzed with nine species belonging to the organochlorine pollutants Organic Peristent types. 7 types of organochlorinesAldrin was detected with an average concentration of 0.09 ppb, dieldrin with an average concentration of 24 ppb, heptaklor with an average concentration of 0.51 ppb, with concentrations of endosulfan on average 0.73 ppb, DDT with average concentration of 0.13 ppb, Lindan with an average concentration of 1.2 ppb, endrin with an average concentration of 0.03 ppb. Types with the highest concentration of organochlorine a lindan and endosulfan. Residues of aldrin, dieldrin and heptaklor in groundwater already exceeds the quality standards for drinking water Permenkes 492/2010. Based on the iridology analysis obtained several systems are expected to nervous, immune and reproductive system disorders and toxin deposits under the skin.

Developmental neurotoxic effects of chronic endosulfan exposure in the zebrafish larvae

Event Abstract Back to Event Developmental neurotoxic effects of chronic endosulfan exposure in the zebrafish larvae Nurul F. Ramlan1, NSA Mohd Sata1 and Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim1* 1 Universiti Putra Malaysia, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Malaysia Endosulfan was listed as a member of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) and the usage was banned, yet this pesticide is still widely used in many developing countries. The usage of this pesticide can reach aquatic system through runoff from agricultural areas. Due to their persistent characteristic in the environment, human population are posed to continuous exposure to endosulfan. Consequently, endosulfan was found in the cord blood and breast milk of pregnant women, thus may induced adverse effects to the developing nervous system. In this study, we focused to determine the developmental neurotoxicity effects of chronic embryonic exposure to endosulfan in the zebrafish larvae. The zebrafish embryos were exposed to several concentrations of endosulfan in a semi static condition, where half of the medium was renewed for every 24 h from 5 hours post fertilization (hpf) until hatching. We measured spontaneous tail coiling at 24 hpf; heart rate at 48 hpf and mortality rate at 72 hpf. We found that, endosulfan decreased the spontaneous tail coiling, heart rate and increased the total percentage of mortality as the concentration increased. At 6 days post fertilization (dpf), we measured the swimming activity of individual larva and found that endosulfan significantly decreased the swimming activity behaviour at 40nM-200nM. The zebrafish larvae exposed to endosulfan higher than 200nM were unable to survive until 6 dpf. We further evaluated anxiety behaviour in the group of 5 larvae at 6 dpf exposed to 200nM endosulfan, with and without visual stimuli. Caffeine (100mg/L) was used as an anxiogenic drug. Caffeine increased the anxiety behaviour while endosulfan decreased the anxiety behaviour in the zebrafish larvae. Our result showed that zebrafish embryos can be an alternative research model to study the developmental neurotoxicity testing at high-throughput screenings. Keywords: Zebrafish, in vivo, pesticide, behaviour, Neurotoxic Conference: 14th Meeting of the Asian-Pacific Society for Neurochemistry, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27 Aug - 30 Aug, 2016. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Session Topic: 14th Meeting of the Asian-Pacific Society for Neurochemistry Citation: Ramlan NF, Mohd Sata N and Wan Ibrahim W (2016). Developmental neurotoxic effects of chronic endosulfan exposure in the zebrafish larvae. Conference Abstract: 14th Meeting of the Asian-Pacific Society for Neurochemistry. doi: 10.3389/conf.fncel.2016.36.00165 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 04 Aug 2016; Published Online: 11 Aug 2016. * Correspondence: Dr. Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, UPM Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia, wnwi@upm.edu.my Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Nurul F Ramlan NSA Mohd Sata Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim Google Nurul F Ramlan NSA Mohd Sata Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim Google Scholar Nurul F Ramlan NSA Mohd Sata Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim PubMed Nurul F Ramlan NSA Mohd Sata Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Inhibition of cell growth and induction of inflammation by endosulfan in HUVEC-C cells.

Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides. It has been associated with a wide range of adverse health effects. However, it is unknown whether endosulfan causes endothelial dysfunction. In the present study, we investigated the effects of endosulfan on human vascular endothelial cells. We exposed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC-C) to varying concentrations of endosulfan for 48 h. The results showed that endosulfan lowered cell viability and inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis showed that endosulfan at 60 μM induced G1 cell cycle arrest, a response attributed to down-regulation of CDK6 and pRb dephosphorylation. We observed that endosulfan at 40 and 60 μM induced a considerable percentage of cells to undergo apoptosis, as detected by Annexin-V binding assays. Endosulfan reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential, leading to the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm; meanwhile, endosulfan also inhibited the mRNA expression level of survivin, which resulted in the activation of caspase-3. These results indicated that the intrinsic mitochondria-mediated pathway was involved in apoptotic process. Exposure to endosulfan increased the secretion and mRNA expression levels of inflammation factors interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, suggesting that endosulfan could cause inflammation. Overall, these findings suggested that endosulfan is toxic to HUVEC-C cells, resulting in endothelial dysfunction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1785-1795, 2016.

Integrative genomic and proteomic profiling of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells reveals signatures of endosulfan exposure.

Endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, is known to induce multiple disorders/abnormalities including neuro-degenerative disorders in many animal species. However, the molecular mechanism of endosulfan induced neuronal alterations is still not well understood. In the present study, the effect of sub-lethal concentration of endosulfan (3 μM) on human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) was investigated using genomic and proteomic approaches. Microarray and 2D-PAGE followed by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis revealed differential expression of 831 transcripts and 16 proteins in exposed cells. A gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes and proteins were involved in variety of cellular events such as neuronal developmental pathway, immune response, cell differentiation, apoptosis, transmission of nerve impulse, axonogenesis, etc. The present study attempted to explore the possible molecular mechanism of endosulfan induced neuronal alterations in SH-SY5Y cells using an integrated genomic and proteomic approach. Based on the gene and protein profile possible mechanisms underlying endosulfan neurotoxicity were predicted.

Endosulfan: Its Isomers and Metabolites in Commercially Aquatic Organisms from the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean

&lt;p&gt;The organochlorine pesticide endosulfan is an insecticide and acaricide used on a variety of crops around the world. Its adverse effects on public health and aquatic biota have been widely documented in several studies, which are closely related to their primary route of exposure, by eating food contaminated with this compound. Therefore, it is necessary to concentrate the information in order to analyze and understand its impact on public health. The present objective is to review the characteristics of endosulfan, its isomers and their presence in aquatic organisms of commercial importance in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. The aquatic organisms involved were molluscs, crustaceans and fish. The highest concentrations of endosulfan have been detected in oysters, &lt;em&gt;Crassostrea virginica&lt;/em&gt;, with a maximum value of 99.48±16.21 ng g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. Although the use of this insecticide for pest control worldwide is prohibited, research conducted in the Gulf of México and Caribbean Sea indicate that it is still used, which will affect future public health and consumers.&lt;/p&gt;

Treatment of endosulfan contaminated water with in vitro plant cell cultures

Endosulfan is a Persistent Organic Pollutant insecticide still used in many countries. It is commercially available as mixtures of two diastereomers, α- and β-endosulfan, known as technical grade endosulfan (TGE). A laboratory model based on the use of axenic plant cell cultures to study the removal and metabolization of both isomers from contaminated water matrixes was established. No differences were recorded in the removal of the two individual isomers with the two tested endemic plants, Grindelia pulchella and Tessaria absinthioides. Undifferentiated cultures of both plant species were very efficient to lower endosulfan concentration in spiked solutions. Metabolic fate of TGE was evaluated by analyzing the time course of endosulfan metabolites accumulation in both plant biomass and bioremediation media. While in G. pulchella we only detected endosulfan sulfate, in T. absinthioides the non-toxic endosulfan alcohol was the main metabolite at 48h, giving the possibility of designing phytoremediation approaches.