Concentrations Of Different Fractions Research Articles

꾸지뽕나무 추출물의 생리 활성(제1보)

꾸지뽕나무는 한국과 중국에서 전통 한방약재로 오랫동안 사용되어 왔다. 본 논문은 꾸지뽕나무의 잎,줄기, 뿌리부분의 에탄올 추출물의 물, 에탄올, 에칠아세테이트 용해성 분획물에 대한 생리활성에 관한 실험결과이다. 이들 분획물들의 다양한 세포들의 성장에 대한 영향을 검토한 결과, 잎, 줄기, 뿌리의 에칠아세테이트 분획물이 macrophage(RAW 264.7 cell), melanoma cell(B16-F10 cell), fibroblast cell(CCD-986sk cell), lung carcinoma cell(A549 cell) 들의 성장을 현저하게 억제시키는 세포독성을 나타내었다. 자유라디칼 DPPH (di(phenyl)- (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) iminoazanium)를 소거할 수 있는 분획물의 농도를 비교한 결과, 잎과 뿌리의 물분획물 그리고 뿌리의 에탄올분획물이 다른 분획물들에 비해 라디칼을 소거하는 항산화효과가 더 우수한 것으로 나타났다. Cudrania tricuspidata has been used for a long time as a traditional herb medicine in Korea nad China. This paper has shown the experimental results about the physiological activities of water-, ethanol-, ethyl acetate-soluble fractions from ethanolic extracts of leaves, stems and roots of Cudrania tricuspidata. The effects of these fractions on the growth of various cells have exhibited that the ethyl acetate fractions from leaves, stems and roots inhibited significantly the growths of macrophage(RAW 264.7 cell), melanoma cell(B16-F10 cell), fibroblast cell(CCD-986sk cell), and lung carcinoma cell(A549 cell). The water and ethanol fractions of leaves and ethanol fraction of stems demonstrated better antioxidant activities scavenging radicals than other fractions when compared with the concentrations of different fractions for scavenging free radical DPPH (di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) iminoazanium).

Trace metal fractionation in the Pichavaram mangrove–estuarine sediments in southeast India after the tsunami of 2004

The geochemistry of coastal sediments of southern India was altered after the tsunami in 2004. A five-step sequential extraction procedure was applied to assess the effects of tsunami on mobility and redistribution of selected elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn). Ten surface sediments and three cores were analyzed for different metal fractions (exchangeable, carbonate, reduced, oxidized, and residual). Total metal concentrations increased in mangrove sediments after the tsunami, but their spatial distribution did not show significant variation (except Mn). The sediments were mixed by the tsunami, and there was lack of variation in metal concentrations in different fractions with depth (except Pb and Mn). High concentrations of Pb and Zn occurred in the oxide fractions, whereas Cu, Cr, Cd, and Ni were high in the organic and sulfide-rich fractions. Metals in the residual fraction (lattice bound) had the highest concentration suggesting their non-availability and limited biological uptake in the system. Most of the metals (except Mn) do not constitute a risk based on the different geochemical indices.

Release kinetics and distribution of boron in different fractions in some calcareous soils

The aim of this study was to evaluate the release kinetics, speciation, and fractionation of boron (B) in some calcareous soils of western Iran. Ten surface soil samples were incubated with 100 mg B kg−1 for a week at field capacity moisture. After air drying of samples, the trend of B release was experimented using sequential extraction with 10 mM CaCl2. B speciation in soil solution was calculated for the first and the last steps of extraction by the visual MINTEQ program. The distribution of B among five fractions including exchangeable (F1), specially adsorbed (F2), bound by Fe–Mn oxides (F3), organically bound (F4) and residual (F5), was determined in control and spiked soils. The results indicated that the release rates were initially rapid followed by a slower reaction and the main proportion of the added B was extracted by CaCl2. The release kinetics of B was described well with Elovich, parabolic diffusion, power function, and first-order equations. The speciation results revealed that the uncharged boric acid (H3BO30) was the dominant species in soil solutions. In control soils, B concentration in different fractions decreased in the following order: F5 > F1 > F2 > F3 > F4. In spiked soils, however, the largest and the smallest fractions were exchangeable and residual, respectively. This implies that B transformation from soluble to less mobile and non-labile forms is not a rapid process and requires more than a week. The significant relationship observed between kinetic parameters of power and parabolic equations and organically bound B fraction and OM content indicated that organic matter played an important role in B adsorption and release in calcareous soils.

Mersin Körfezi-Erdemli Kıta Sahanlığı Yüzey ve Dip Sularında İnorganik ve Organik Fosfor Formlarının Zaman ve Mekan Ölçekli Değişimleri

The aim of this study was to understand spatial and temporal variations of inorganic and organic forms of phosphorus in the surface and deep waters of Erdemli shelf zone of the Mersin Bay. For this goal, time- series hydrographical and phosphorus data were obtained monthly at the three selected stations between December 2001 and December 2003. The present results have shown that the concentrations of different fractions of total phosphorus displayed a decreasing trend from nearshore to shelfbreak zone of the bay. Total phosphorus (dissolved+particulate) in the shelf water was dominated by dissolved-P fraction (TDP:56-97%) and dissolved organic-P (DOP) was principally the major constituent of the TDP in the shelf water. Similarly, particulate organic-P (POP) dominates the particulate-P (PP) pool; however, the contribution of particulate inorganic-P (PIP) to PP pool was more pronounced in the nearshore zone fed by riverine inputs.

Effects of Sludge and pH Adjustment on Cd Speciation in Soil and Growth and Cd Accumulation in Pak Choi

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of soil pH adjustment and treatment with sludge on plant growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in Chinese cabbage (pak choi) grown in Cd-contaminated soils. Soil was artificially spiked to raise its final Cd concentration to 10 mg/kg, adjusted to different pH values, and then supplemented with 5% sludge: either biosolids (BS) from wastewater treatment or sludge from drinking water treatment (WTS). Pak choi seeds were sown and the seedlings potted in the treated soil, then grown in a greenhouse for 45 days. The added Cd was present mainly in the exchangeable fraction and its concentration correlated to Cd accumulation in the roots and shoots. Adjustment of pH and application of sludge affected the Cd concentration in different fractions. Addition of WTS and adjustment to pH 7.0 inhibited growth and Cd accumulation in the pak choi. Addition of BS increased the soil nutrient content and thus enhanced growth and Cd accumulation. If pak choi were the only form of vegetable intake, consumption of pak choi grown in the Cd-spiked soils used in this study would exceed the maximum acceptable intake (60 μg/day) proposed by the World Health Organization.

Potential threat of heavy metals in re-suspended dusts on building surfaces in oilfield city

Abstract 30 re-suspended dust samples were collected from building surfaces of an oilfield city, then re-suspended through PM2.5, PM10 and PM100 inlets and analyzed for 10 metals including V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. Metals concentrations in different fractions and locations were studied. Metals sources were identified by cluster and primary component analysis. The potential risk to human health was assessed by human exposure model. Results showed that Zn, Mn, Pb and Cu were higher in all the three fractions. V, Cr, Mn and Co ranged close to the background values of Chinese soil indicating that they were mainly from crustal materials. Concentrations of Zn, Mn, Pb, V, Cr, Ni, Co and Cd were higher in old district than that in new district for the three fractions. The PM2.5/PM10, PM10/PM100 and PM2.5/PM100 ratios were higher for Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, As and Cr (all higher than 1.0), and lower for Co, Mn and V (all less than or close to 1.0) which meant that anthropologic sources associated metals were more easily accumulated in finer particles than metals from crustal materials. Spatial variations indicated that the ten metals peaked at surroundings near railway station, gas stations, industrial boilers and machine manufacturing plant implying the influence of local vehicle emission, fossil fuel combustion and industrial activities as well as crustal materials which was verified by cluster analysis and primary component analysis results. Ingestion of dust particles appeared to be the main route of exposure to re-suspended dust. Hazard Indexes of As were both highest for children and adult which could be a potential threat to human health for non-cancer effect and it also exhibited the highest values for cancer effect as 1.01E-06, 7.04E-07 and 7.21E-07 for PM2.5, PM10 and PM100, respectively.

The carbon and macroelement budget in the bog ecosystems of the middle taiga in Western Siberia

The article provides quantitative values of the main biological processes and experimental data for the production and destruction processes and the process of translocation. There are considered data on carbon, nitrogen and potassium element storages in the phytomass, mortmass and bog ecosystem production of the middle taiga in Western Siberia. Storages of elements are determined by their concentration in different fractions of ecosystem plant matter. In the bog ecosystems N, K and Mg decrease by two and three times while transporting from phytomass into mortmass and P and Ca are accumulated in mortmass. There is a great difference in element concentrations in phytomass in different ecosystem types. Element storages are determined by phytomass volume much more than on concentration and increase in ecosystem line: oligotrophic hollows → ridges. All these features depend on species composition of the community and on chemical composition of predominant plants.

Heavy metals uptake by vegetables growing in sewage irrigated soil: relationship with heavy metal fractionation in soil

Concentrations of the heavy metals Cd, Ni, Cr, Zn, Mn, Co and Cu in soils and vegetable samples (i.e. green chili and gourd) taken from six vegetable fields in the vicinity of Lahore, Pakistan were measured. These soils have been irrigated for a long time with untreated sewage effluents. A control site was selected that has history of fresh canal water irrigation. The sequential extraction procedure developed by Tessier was adopted to demarcate five metal fractions: exchangeable, acid soluble, reducible, oxidizable and residual. The extractants and digests were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The fractionation procedure showed that all the metals were dominant (>50%) in the residual phase in control as well as in waste waster irrigated soils. The concentrations of all the metals in edible parts of the vegetables collected from wastewater irrigated soils, were above critical levels. The total metal concentrations in wastewater irrigated soils followed the order Mn> Co> Zn> Cr> Ni> Cu> Cd, while in control soils the ord er was Mn> Zn> Ni> Co> Cr> Cu> Cd. In order to understand the uptake of metals from soil to vegetables, correlation analyses were performed between metal concentrations in different fractions of soil and their concentrations in vegetables. Correlation analysis was performed at 95% and 99% confidence level. The meaningful significant negative correlation was observed between CdF5–Cdchili,CrTotal–Crgourd,MnF5–MnChili,Gourd, CoF5, Total–Cochili, CuTotal–CuChili which indicate the non availability of total content and residual fraction to studied vegetables. The positive correlation was observed between CdFl-CdChiU, CdFl–Cdgourd, NiFi, F3–NiGourd, CrFi, F3, F4–CrChiU, CrF2–CrGourd, ZnFi, F2–ZnGourd, MnF3–MnChili, MnFi–MnGourd, CoF2–CoChili, CuFi–CuChili. The positive correlation, especially for the first (exchangeable) second (acid soluble) and for the third (reducible) extraction steps, was obtained which indicate the bioavailability of these metal fractions to plant.

Zinc speciation in sediments from a polluted river, as an estimate of its bioaccesibility

In the present study, the BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) sequential procedure has been applied to determine the zinc partition in sediments taken from a river situated in the Southwest of Romania, in a region subject of intense mining activities. The sampling was performed during three sampling expeditions, organized in the spring, summer, and autumn, 2007. The zinc concentration in different fractions was normalized, its concentration being related to the concentrations of some metals (such as Al or Fe) that are naturally present in sediments. The zinc-contaminated sediments from the investigated area have been evaluated by means of combining the analysis data from the BCR sequential extraction with the normalization to the Al content. The most important zinc collector in the samples taken during the three sampling expeditions is the easily soluble fraction, next being amorphous iron and manganese hydrated oxides fraction, followed by organic matter fraction.

Speciation of dissolved copper within an active hydrothermal edifice on the Lucky Strike vent field (MAR, 37°N)

The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of different fractions of dissolved copper (after filtration at 0.45 μm) along the cold part of the hydrothermal fluid-seawater mixing zone on the Tour Eiffel edifice (MAR). Dissolved copper was analyzed by stripping chronopotentiometry (SCP) after chromatographic C 18 extraction. Levels of total dissolved copper (0.03 to 5.15 μM) are much higher than those reported for deep-sea oceanic waters but in accordance with data previously obtained in this area. Speciation measurements show that the hydrophobic organic fraction (C 18Cu) is very low (2 ± 1%). Dissolved copper is present mainly as inorganic and hydrophilic organic complexes (nonC 18Cu). The distribution of copper along the pH gradient shows the same pattern for each fraction. Copper concentrations increase from pH 5.6 to 6.5 and then remain relatively constant at pH > 6.5. Concentrations of oxygen and total sulphides demonstrate that the copper anomaly corresponds to the transition between suboxic and oxic waters. The increase of dissolved copper should correspond to the oxidative redissolution of copper sulphide particles formed in the vicinity of the fluid exit. The presence of such a secondary dissolved copper source, associated with the accumulation of metal sulphide particles, could play a significant role in the distribution of fauna in the different habitats available at vents.

Serum protein electrophoresis in retired racing Greyhounds

Retired racing Greyhounds are becoming common as pets. Because of their unique physiology, results of routine laboratory tests are frequently outside the reference interval for dogs. Compared with other breeds, Greyhounds have low serum protein concentrations, but the concentrations of different serum protein fractions have not been reported. Our objectives were to evaluate the results of serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) in healthy, retired racing Greyhounds and compare them with a control group of age- and gender-matched non-Greyhound dogs. Agarose gel electrophoresis was done using a standard method; the gels were stained with amido black and scanned with a Cliniscan 2 densitometer (Helena Laboratories, Beaumont, TX, USA). Protein fractions were identified by visual inspection of the electrophoretogram. A Student's t-test assuming equal variances was used to compare the concentration of the different fractions between groups. The concentrations of total protein, total globulins, and alpha-1-, alpha-2-, beta-1-, and beta-2-globulins were significantly lower and the albumin to globulin (A:G) ratio was significantly higher in Greyhounds than in non-Greyhound dogs (P < .05). There was no significant difference in albumin or gamma-globulin concentrations. Low serum protein concentrations in Greyhounds are the result of low concentrations of a- and b-globulins. These results should be kept in mind when evaluating both healthy and sick Greyhounds. Additional studies are needed to identify the individual proteins associated with low alpha- and beta-globulin concentrations in Greyhounds.

Organic Matter Fractions Involved in Degradation and Humification Processes During Composting

The changes in the different organic matter (OM) fractions of lignocellulosic wastes during composting were studied and related to OM humification parameters and compost maturation degree. For this purpose, four mixtures of lignocellulosic materials (lemon tree prunings, cotton waste, brewery waste, olive husk, olive leaves and the solid fraction of olive mill wastewater) were composted in a static pile system with forced ventilation. The evolution of the parameters humic acid to NaOH-extractable organic carbon proportion or PAH (HAC/EXC × 100), humic to fulvic acid ratio (HAC/FAC), cation exchange capacity to total organic carbon ratio (CEC/TOC), and water-soluble organic carbon to organic nitrogen ratio (HOC/Organic-N), clearly reflected the increase in the degree of humification and stability of the OM during the composting process in all four mixtures. The concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates was significantly correlated with PAH, HAC/FAC and the HOC/Organic-N ratio in only two mixtures along the composting processes. In general, there were statistically significant correlations between the polyphenol concentration in different fractions (water soluble, NaOH extractable, and fulvic and humic acids) and the humification parameters and maturity indices, especially with PAH, HAC/FAC and HOC/Organic-N, which shows the participation of these compounds in the synthesis of humic substances. On the other hand, the lignocellulosic compounds, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, seem to play an important role in the increase of cationic exchange sites in the OM, as can be seen from their correlation with CEC/TOC ratio.

Availability of cu and zn to plants growing on and off a malachite site

Single solvent and sequentital solvent extraction methods were used for analysing Cu and Zn concentrations in different fractions of alkaline soils occurring on, nearby, or off a malachite (Cu2(OH)2(CO3)2 outcrop in Barcelona (North‐East Spain). Copper and Zn concentrations in the fractions were correlated to the concentrations of these metals in plant species that spontaneously occur on the soils. The usefulness of extraction methods for determining Cu and Zn availability to plants on alkaline soils and the strategies of plants for adapting to soils with a wide range of Cu concentrations is discussed.

Retention and chemistry of aluminium in groundwater discharge areas

The concentration of different fractions of Al were measured in seven micro (3–4 m 2) discharge areas using extraction methods on the upper layer of the soil. The areas were situated in two catchments subjected to different levels of acidic deposition. The Al fractions were determined by separate extractions with 1m KCl, 0·5m CuCl 2 and 0·2 m (NH 4) 2C 2O 4. The fractions associated with the different extraction reagents are preferentially exchangeable, organically bound and amorphous hydroxide, although a complete separation cannot be made. The total amount of Al was determined after dry ashing. The results show that the levels of total Al in the peat were high when compared to ombrotrophic peatlands. The quantity and characteristics of the organic material and the acidity of the soils in the discharge zone could be decisive in determining which fractions of Al occur. The high levels of total Al in the soil indicate that the discharge zone could be an important trap for the element.

Changes in cyclic 3'5'-adenosine monophosphate tissue concentration and net fluid transport in the cat's small intestine elicited by cholera toxin, arachidonic acid, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and 5-hydroxytryptamine.

We have analysed tissue cyclic 3'5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration in different fractions of the cat's small intestinal mucosa during secretion elicited in vivo by four different secretagogues: cholera toxin (administered intraluminally), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP; given i.a.), arachidonic acid (AA; administered intraluminally) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; given i.a.). Cholera toxin was found to increase cAMP concentration in the villi but not in the crypts. The VIP, AA and 5-HT did not influence tissue cAMP concentration despite a profuse net fluid secretion. Hexamethonium inhibited secretion elicited by cholera toxin and AA but did not significantly influence tissue cAMP concentration. There is strong evidence for the view that villus and crypt regions of the small intestinal mucosa have different functions, secretion taking place in the crypts and absorption in the villi. However, the lack of cAMP increase in the crypts reported in this study suggests that cholera toxin in this model does not reach the crypts. The results are not in agreement with a role for cAMP in mediating secretion from the crypts, but are compatible with a role of cAMP in inhibiting absorption in the villi. It is suggested that the observed fluid secretion from the crypts elicited by cholera toxin, AA and 5-HT is to a major part mediated by intramural enteric reflexes.

Seasonal Changes in the Inorganic Nutrient Concentrations in Deschampsia Caespitosa (L.) Beauv. in Relation to its Tolerance of Contrasting Soils in the Chiltern Hills

An analysis is presented of the inorganic nutrient relations of three populations of Deschampsia caespitosa growing on an acid mull, a calcimorphic brown earth and chalk rubble respectively. Nutrient concentrations in different fractions of the tussocks generally reflected the contrasting availabilities of exchangeable ions in the corresponding soils. However, pronounced seasonal patterns in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and, to a lesser extent, magnesium concentrations tended to be inversely related to a seasonal progression in the proportion of live shoot material per tussock. A concentration peak in winter was attributed to translocation from dying tissues to younger tissues and another in spring was attributed to ion uptake. Tolerance of oligotrophic soils in D. caespitosa is discussed in relation to its mode of growth and the adaptive value of internal nutrient cycling.

Changes in enzymic activity and distribution of acid-soluble, amino acid-nitrogen in soil during nitrogen immobilization and mineralization

During a period of immobilization of nitrate- 15N and mineralization of organic N in a sandy-loam, changes were recorded in: (a) the concentration of an added carbon source, glucose- 14C: (b) evolution of 14CO 2: (c) bacterial populations; (d) distribution and concentration of newly-synthesized, acid-soluble, amino acid- 15N; and (e) distribution and activities of several oxidative and hydrolytic enzyme systems. Added glucose- 14C was rapidly metabolized by the soil microflora. After 1.5 day's incubation, when only 3.6 per cent of the added glucose was present, 68 per cent of the 14C remained in the soil-microbial system. During this period there was a marked increase in viable bacterial numbers and an almost complete immobilization of nitrate- 15N. On continued incubation, microbial metabolites were oxidized at decreasing rates, the more rapid phase corresponding to a period of net decline in the viable bacterial population. Soil was fractionated by a relatively mild procedure into components containing: (a) extractable proteins; (b) extractable amino acids and peptides; (c) particulate material containing microbial cells, cell debris and material bound to larger soil particles; and (d) microbial metabolites mainly bound to soil colloids. Although the total, acid-soluble, amino acid- 15N remained relatively constant for about 50 days, there were marked changes in their concentration in different fractions, especially in the extracts and in the fraction containing fine colloidal material. However, the relatively large decline in labelled, acid-soluble, amino acid- 15N occurred during the active phase of oxidation of microbial metabolites when little net mineralization of labelled compounds occurred. Increases in enzymic activities generally coincided with increased viable bacterial populations although there were some exceptions, notably casein and benzoyl arginine amide-hydrolysing enzymes. The stabilities of the newly-formed enzymes varied markedly. The greatest relative changes in activity occurred with the casein-hydrolysing enzymes. Their activity reached a maximal value after the main flush of bacterial growth, was short-lived and was to a large extent extractable. The formation and disappearance of this extracellular proteolytic activity coincided approximately with that of a secondary peak of extractable, newly-synthesized, protein- 15N. In general however, changes in enzymic activity could not be identified with changes of protein- 15N concentrations of the different fractions.

Haemolymph proteins and yolk formation in the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae

The soluble proteins of the ovary of Leucophaea were separated with disk electrophoresis on acrylamide gels at different times during vitellogenesis, and the concentrations of different fractions were compared to the corresponding fractions of haemolymph proteins. Most of the haemolymph proteins can also be detected in the ovaries. This together with structural evidence derived from electron microscope studies makes it highly probable that haemolymph proteins are taken up as whole molecules into the oöcytes during yolk formation. However, this uptake is a selective process: not all proteins are absorbed and those which are absorbed are taken up at different rates which do not correspond to their concentrations in the haemolymph. Furthermore there are more soluble proteins in the ovaries than in the haemolymph and their number increases during oöcyte maturation from 15 to 21. Therefore some proteins are synthesized in the oöcytes or in the follicle cells or the proteins which are taken up are modified in different ways. Also there is evidence for some proteins becoming insoluble in the course of yolk formation. A typical ‘female protein’ which is present only in the haemolymph of females during oöcyte maturation seems to be incorporated at highest rates into the oöcytes, where at one time it makes up the highest proportion of all soluble proteins.

An apparatus for pupillography with intermittent infrared light

This study evaluated the antinociceptive and anti-edema properties of fractions of Coriandrum sativum Linn. (Apiaceae/Umbelliferae) leaves in mice. Ethyl acetate fractions (FAc) were obtained from dichloromethane extracts prepared from dried C. sativum (CS) leaves and stems. The effects of different concentrations of FAc on mice were observed using the open-field test, formalin-, capsaicin-, and carrageenan-induced paw edema tests, and the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test. Results from the carrageenan-induced paw edema test were subjected to a linear regression analysis and data from other assays were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test (followed by the SNK post hoc test). Dihydrocoriandrin (34.5%), coriandrin (14.4%), vitamin E (4.6%), and stigmasterol (7.9%) were identified in FAc. The number of squares the mice crossed in the open field test was decreased by 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg FAc (i.p.). The administration of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg FAc induced fewer abdominal writhes than the control. In the formalin test, neurogenic pain was reduced by 20 mg/kg morphine and 30 and 100 mg/kg FAc, but not 5 mg/kg dexamethasone or 10 mg/kg FAc. Formalin-induced inflammatory pain was decreased by morphine, dexamethasone, and 30 and 100 mg/kg FAc. Morphine and 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg FAc significantly decreased the reaction time during the capsaicin test. Dexamethasone reduced both early and later phases of carrageenan-induced edema. Both 30 and 300 mg/kg FAc induced less edema than the control throughout the experiment. FAc showed antinociceptive, anti-edema and anti-inflammatory properties and it may be considered as a potential phytotherapeutic agent in the future.