Detergent Concentration Research Articles

Effects of Detergents on the Spectral Features of B820 Bacteriochlorophyll a in Light-Harvesting Complex 3.

Excitonic coupling of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a in light-harvesting (LH) proteins of purple photosynthetic bacteria is key for efficient photon capture and energy transfer. Environmental factors can affect the spectral features of these BChl a pigments and investigating these effects can provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the photosynthetic spectral tuning. The present study analyzes the spectral alterations of the Qy band of B820 BChl a within the LH3 protein in relation to the type and concentration of detergents in the buffer. Changing the detergent from lauryl dimethylamine N-oxide (LDAO) to n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside (DDM) caused a red shift in the B820 Qy band accompanied by hyperchromism; these spectral alterations were completely reversed by exchanging back from DDM to LDAO. These results reflect the different effects of harsh vs mild detergents on the perturbation of LH3. The B820 Qy band did not change when LDAO or NaCl concentration was altered, suggesting that electrostatic effects by external components have little influence on the spectral features of B820 BChl a in LH3.

Optimization of a detergent-based protocol for membrane proteins purification from mammalian cells

Membrane proteins constitute around 20–30 % of the proteins encoded by mammalian genes, are involved in many cell functions, and represent the majority of drug targets. However, the isolation of membrane proteins is challenging because of their partial hydrophobicity, requiring detergents to extract them from cell membranes and stabilize them in solution. Many commercial kits use this principle, but they are expensive, and their chemical composition is not known. In this work, we propose a fast, detergent-based protocol for the purification of membrane proteins from murine and human cells. This protocol is based on three steps: cell washing to remove cell culture medium proteins, cells permeabilization using digitonin to remove the intracellular components, and cell membranes disruption using Triton X-100 to solubilize membrane proteins and keep them in solution. We measured the total protein yield using our protocol with two different detergent concentrations and compared it to a commercial kit. We further assessed membrane protein enrichment by comparing markers for specific cellular components using SDS-PAGE/western blot and identifying specific proteins by qualitative mass spectrometry. Our protocol led to a final protein yield analogous to the commercial kit and similar membrane protein purity, while resulting significantly cheaper compared to the commercial kit. Furthermore, this process can be applied to a different number and types of cells, resulting scalable, versatile, and robust. The possibility to perform downstream mass spectrometry analysis is of particular importance since it enables the use of “omics” techniques for protein discovery and characterization. Our approach could be used as a starting point for the isolation of membrane proteins for pharmacological and biochemical studies, or for the discovery of new druggable or prognostic markers.

Impact of ASFV Detergent Inactivation on Biomarkers in Serum and Saliva Samples.

African swine fever (ASF) is a notifiable viral disease of domestic and wild suids. Despite intensive research efforts, the pathogenesis of the disease is still far from being understood. Analysis of biomarkers in different body fluids may supplement traditional pathogenesis studies. As reliable protocols are often established in laboratories with lower biosafety, the reliable inactivation of samples is crucial. The objective of this study was to find a procedure that inactivates the virus while preserving the biomarkers for downstream analyses. To this means, three different inactivation protocols were employed, namely Tergitol-type NP-40 (NP-40), polyoxyethylene-p-t-octylphenol (Triton X-100) and one with 95 °C heating. It could be demonstrated that all samples treated with 0.5% (v/v) concentration of both detergents showed an absence of virus infectivity. The same was true for heated samples. However, heated serum was not suitable for analyses. Next, the impact of treatment on biomarker readouts was assessed. While all protocols had an impact on the detection of biomarkers, correlation was retained. In particular, NP-40 may be the desired detergent for more accurate measurements while achieving efficient virus inactivation. Based on these studies, samples can be reliably inactivated for most biomarker analyses, and thus broader interdisciplinary cooperation is possible.

Effectiveness of Sludge Microbial Consortia in the Bioremediation of Detergent-Containing Launderette Wastes

This project investigated the potential of microbial consortia obtained from several sources to reduce or eliminate detergent concentration in the wastes of launderette businesses found in the capital city of Bali. Before being used as active starters, the consortium of microbiota contained in the 3 waste sources was enriched in a medium containing (g/l); 1 glucose, 0.05 K2HPO4, 0.05 KH2PO4, 0.05 (NH4)2[Fe(SO4)2].6H2O, 0.01 MgSO4, 0.01 yeast extract, 1800 mL distilled water, and 200 mL of wastewater of launderette industries. An important parameter used to indicate microbial growth was the level of the volatile solid substrate (VSS) in the enrichment medium. The microbial culture that showed the highest VSS only was further investigated in the main experiments by observing its effectiveness in reducing detergent linear alkyl-benzenesulfonates (LAS) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of launderette wastes. In this project, microbial consortia developed from detergent-containing launderette wastes were the most active starter to decrease the COD and LAS detergent content following 7 days of exposure. This starter (microbial consortia developed from this launderette waste) showed the highest value of VSS when compared to those collected from other sources, and this was reached on day 4. In the main experiment, 85.5% and 91.9% reduction of LAS and the COD of the wastes, respectively, were observed following exposure of the launderette waste with this culture starter. This indicated that these microbial consortia have the possibility to be developed as a potential starter in larger scales of detergent bioremediation.

The Effect of Powder Detergent Water on Shrinkage Cracks of Soil Due to Drying

In this study, the effect of powdered detergent content in grey water on the evaporation and cracking characteristics of soils used in agricultural irrigation was investigated. Soil samples treated with different concentrations of detergent solutions (mass of powder detergent to soil mass of 0, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.6%, and 3.2%) were used in laboratory evaporation testing to obtain the variation water content and cracking images during the evaporation process. Through image processing technology, the crack ratio and fractal dimensions of the cracks were used as evaluation indexes to quantitatively analyze the crack development of samples during the evaporation process. The results show that the water content of the soil samples treated with the detergent solution slightly increases compared to the control soil sample with no detergent. The maximum difference in water content between the samples with and without 0.8% detergent is 7.8%. The total time of the appearance of initial cracks of soil samples treated with detergent was shorter at a higher water content. The final crack ratio and fractal dimensions of the samples treated with different detergent solutions were all larger than the control sample. The soil samples with 1.6% and 3.2% detergent have precipitation of the grains during the evaporation process and form a flocculent layer on the surface of the sample. The dispersion of the soil samples was enhanced significantly after testing. The purpose of this study is to provide some valuable insights into application and management of grey water irrigation in arid and semi-arid areas.

Response Surface Methodology for Optimization Membrane Disruption Using Thermolysis in Lipase Lk2 and Lk3

Lk2 and Lk3 were thermostable recombinant lipase and highly expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). However, Lk2 and Lk3 accumulated as an inclusion body. To further characterize both recombinant lipases, the soluble enzyme must be obtained first. This study aimed to optimize the disruption of the cell membrane in order to obtain soluble and active lipases. The effects of temperature lysis, pH, and SDS concentration on lipolytic activity Lk2 and Lk3 were investigated using a three-factor Box-Behnken design response surface methods. The optimum condition for the temperature variables at 50°C, pH 8, and 0.34% SDS which gave a lipolytic activity of 0.9 U for Lk2. Meanwhile, Lk3 lipolytic activity of 0.9 U obtained at the temperature of 50°C, pH 8, and 0.1% SDS. This result showed efficient one-step membrane disruption methods using thermolysis with addition of a low concentration of detergent at pH 8. The methods used were effective and applicable in the production of active and soluble thermostable recombinant lipase.

A Close Examination of the Detergent Destruction Method for Aerobic Treatment of Wastewater High in Detergent (WHD) Content

Detergent wastewater has to be treated to prevent water pollution, especially for the reclamation of large quantity of laundry waste water for reuse. A detergent destruction method removes detergent by using it to breakdown the activated sludge so as to prevent foaming when aerated in an SBR. Many research studies had reported methods and effects of increasing sludge reduction. A close examination of detergent destruction method to treat WHD has agreed well with the literature that activated sludge disintegration by consuming the detergent in waste water has significantly reduced the activated sludge amount by mixing with and without aeration. The high rate of sludge reduction with detergent destruction is comparable to sludge reduction with ultrasonic and other methods. This provides an economical and efficient way to breakdown sludge in improving the waste water treatment process.

Non-ionic hybrid detergents for protein delipidation

Non-ionic detergents are important tools for the investigation of interactions between membrane proteins and lipid membranes. Recent studies led to the question as to whether the ability to capture protein-lipid interactions depends on the properties of detergents or their concentration in purification buffers. To address this question, we present the synthesis of an asymmetric, hybrid detergent that combines the head groups of detergents with opposing delipidating properties. We discuss detergent properties and protein purification outcomes to reveal whether the properties of detergent micelles or the detergent concentration in purification buffers drive membrane protein delipidation. We anticipate that our findings will enable the development of rationally design detergents for future applications in membrane protein research.

Effect of Laundry Parameters on Micro Fiber Loss during Washing and Its Correlation with Carbon Footprint

ABSTRACT Nowadays, with the fast growing fashion trend, a surge in fashion demand is there. In future, this demand may expect to increase further in multifold. A particular apparel design is not being used for longer period due to the fast changing fashion and this will cause the shedding of micro fibers. Most of the clothes are blends of polyester (synthetic fibers) and cotton (natural fibers) (P/C: 70:30) and when wash these clothes, the shed fibers coming out and pollute the environment. These shed fibers poses a major threat to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem and also human health. The experimental study was performed on washing machine, considering three parameters – time (duration of washing), detergent concentration of washing liquor and mechanical stress level, to study the shed fibers. The study shows that the major contributing parameter causing more fiber loss was found to be 1% (lower) detergent concentration, this was perhaps due to decrease in inter-fiber friction. On the other hand, high micro fiber loss was achieved at higher mechanical stress and processing time. Also, the increased mechanical stress, increases the friction between the fabric and drum. Thus increases the electricity consumption. The combined impact of time and detergent concentration, increase the fiber loss. With higher processing time and lower detergent concentration, increases the micro fiber loss. The increased processing time and mechanical stress increases the micro fiber shedding and electricity consumption.

Detection and quantification of anionic detergent in milk using rhodamine 6gdye and toluene solvent

In the present study different proportion of synthetic milk (2, 4, 8 10 and 15 %) was blended with natural milk and tested for detergent qualitatively as well as quantitatively successfully using Rhodamine 6G dye and Toluene solvent. In positive milk samples, the colour of the solvent changed from transparent to pink, and the intensity of colour increased with an increase in detergent concentration. In contrast, the colour of the solvent layer in the control milk sample remained transparent. Quantity of detergent determined by uptake of benzethonium chloride. This new method was sensitive enough to detect as low as 16 mg of detergent per 100 ml of adulterated milk.

Effect of Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic Characteristics of B. cereus Spores on Their Resistance to Detergents

Bacillus cereus spores have the ability to adhere to solid surfaces, including stainless steel, a material widely used in food industries. Adhesion of spores allows recontamination during food processing, and cleaning and disinfection are largely used by industries to control them. Hence, this study aims to assess the detachment capacity (or removing activity) of detergents based on sodium hydroxide, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and chlorine against two adhered B. cereus spores (one hydrophobic and other hydrophilic) to stainless steel surfaces. Microorganism adhesion on the surfaces reached 5.5 log CFU/cm2 for the two strains studied. Two protocols composed of combinations of chemical compounds, concentration, temperature, and contact time were tested. The inactivation kinetics shapes were convex and modeled by the Weibull model. The effects of temperature and biocide concentration were quantified using a Bigelow-like model. The temperature applied during the cleaning-in-place treatment is an important factor acting on the speed of inactivation or detachment of B. cereus spores. However, this efficiency depends on the hydrophobic characteristics of B. cereus spores. The concentration of detergent and acid also affects the inactivation rate, whereas the characteristic of hydrophobicity does not intervene for the chlorine alkaline treatments.

Stabilisation of Ozone in Water for Microbial Disinfection

In current times of increasing global decontamination concerns, sustainable and environmentally-friendly technologies that possess rapid and effective disinfection capabilities are necessary for public health and safety. In this study, we evaluate the potential of ozone-based technology to reveal its immense potential in disinfection applications. Ozonated water generated by an electrolytic method was utilised to quantify ozone retention as a function of mineralogical composition for microbial decontamination. The impacts of temperature and detergent concentration on ozone concentration are critically analysed, as well as ozone’s decomposition and stain removal characteristics. In addition, fabric swatches inoculated with known concentrations of environmental microbes (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus fumigatus) are washed with ozonated water to ascertain the impact of wash duration on bacterial removal efficiency. The results show significant improvement in the stability and retention potential of ozone in mineral water at low temperature and in the presence of a detergent. The experiments demonstrate first-order decomposition kinetics of ozone in aqueous formulations. The disinfection potency of ozone is also substantiated by a significant removal of microbiota on the fabric utilised (up to 7 log reduction for the bacteria analysed), thus making it effective for sterilisation applications. This also reduces the need for toxic chemicals or chemicals with toxic by-products (e.g., chlorine) for large-scale decontamination operations in various industries.

Pengolahan Air Limbah Domestik Menggunakan Teknologi Biofilm dengan Media Potongan Bambu untuk Penurunan Kadar Deterjen, COD, BOD, dan Amonia

ncreasing the amount of domestic waste water which is not balanced by the increase in receiving water bodies both in terms of capacity and quality, causes the amount of waste water entering the water body to exceed the carrying capacity and carrying capacity. Then domestic wastewater in the residential environment for the future has the potential to become a fairly serious threat to pollution of the aquatic environment. Based on the results of the study it was found that the percentage of pollutant levels decreased against expotentially tested parameters with the incubation period. The greatest effectiveness occurred at the incubation time on the second day, decreasing detergent content from 34.88 mg / L to 8.10 mg / L with the reactor effectiveness value of 76.78%. COD levels decreased from 310.77 mg / L to 60.37 mg / L with a reactor effectiveness value of 80.57%. BOD levels decreased from 282.55 mg / L to 50.32 mg / L with a reactor effectiveness value of 82.19% and a decrease in ammonia content from 157.77 mg / L which was 53.81 mg / L with a reactor effectiveness value of 65.89%.

Cytotoxic effects of different detergent containing children's toothpastes on human gingival epithelial cells

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate possible cytotoxic effects to gingival epithelial cells exposed to children toothpastes containing different detergent.MethodsTissues required for the isolation of human gingival epithelial cells were obtained by biopsy during the extraction of the impacted third molar tooth. Toothpaste solutions of different concentrations were prepared from five different children’s toothpastes with different detergent contents. Isolated gingival epithelial cells were stimulated with experimental groups consisting of toothpaste solutions (Colgate, Sensodyne, Splat, Nenedent, Perlodent) at different concentrations and a control group consisting of complete Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium. After the experiments, cell viability was evaluated using flow cytometry. 2 Way ANOVA was used to see the interaction effect of the main effects of toothpaste solution and concentration factors. Pairwise comparisons were made by Tukey post hoc tests. In the study, the significance level was taken as 0.05.ResultsAs a result of the analysis, it was seen that the toothpaste solution and concentration factors and the interactions of these 2 factors were effective on the viable, early apoptotic, late apoptotic and necrotic cell rates. The statistically highest live cell ratios were detected in Splat’s toothpaste solutions (90.14% at 0.4% concentration) after the control group (90.82%) and the group with the lowest viability values was determined in Colgate group (75.74% at 0.4% concentration) (p < 0.05).ConclusionsAccording to the results of the study, it was observed that toothpastes containing SLS affected the viability of cells more negatively than toothpastes with other detergent contents.

The Effect of Kitchen Detergent on the Anaerobic Degradation of Recovered Food Waste Solid from Food Waste Disposers

In Republic of Korea, waste disposer-treated food waste can be recovered from the waste disposer wastewater before it is discharged into the sewer system. The solid phase in the waste disposer-treated food waste can be subjected to anaerobic digestion. However, it contains kitchen detergent that can inhibit the anaerobic digestion process. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the degradation and phase distribution of kitchen detergent and the effect of the detergent on the anaerobic degradation of the solid phase in the waste disposer-treated food waste. 47-58% (w/w) of detergent existed in the recovered solid phase. According to biochemical methane potential tests, 70% (w/w) of the detergent had been anaerobically degraded and 4-5% and 26-30% (w/w) of the liquid and solid phases remained, respectively. In the range of 0-300 mg/L of kitchen detergent, the maximum methane generation rate slowed as the concentration increased and the maximum methane production was statistically the same. When the detergent concentration was 450 mg/L, the maximum methane production of the recovered food waste decreased by 22.8% (v/v). These indicate that the inhibition on the methane potential would not happen due to degradation of the detergent for an estimated probable concentration of 101.4 mg/L. When considering the expected detergent concentration in the disposer wastewater, the recovered food waste can be used as an anaerobic digestion substrate without inhibiting methane recovery.

Assessing detergent-mediated virus inactivation, protein stability, and impurity clearance in biologics downstream processes.

Detergent-mediated virus inactivation (VI) provides a valuable orthogonal strategy for viral clearance in mammalian processes, in particularfor next-generation continuous manufacturing. Furthermore, there exists an industry-wide need to replace the conventionally employed detergentTriton X-100with eco-friendly alternatives. However, given Triton X-100 has been the gold standard for VI due its minimal impact on protein stability and high inactivation efficacy, inactivation by other eco-friendly detergents and its impact on protein stability is not well understood. In this study, the sugar-based detergent commonly used in membrane protein purification, n-dodecyl-β- d-maltoside was found to be a promising alternative for VI. We investigated a panel of detergents to compare the relative VI efficacy, impact on therapeutic quality attributes, and clearance of the VI agent and other impurities through subsequent chromatographic steps. Detergent-mediated inactivation and protein stability showed comparable trends to low pH inactivation. Using experimental and modeling data, we found detergent-mediated product aggregation and its kinetics to be driven by extrinsic factors such as detergent and protein concentration. Detergent-mediated aggregation was also impacted by an initial aggregation level as well as intrinsic factors such as the protein sequence and detergent hydrophobicity, and critical micelle concentration. Knowledge gained here on factors driving product stability and VI provides valuable insight to design, standardize, and optimize conditions (concentration andduration of inactivation) for screening of detergent-mediated VI.

Potensi Penggunaan Eco Enzyme pada Degradasi Deterjen dalam Air Limbah Domestik

Environmental pollution is one of the factors causing environmental damage. The environment can accept a certain level of pollutant load and can neutralize it within a certain period. But along with the development of human activities, the amount and level of pollutants are increasing inversely with the capacity of the environment and the ability of the environment to neutralize pollutants. One of the factors causing environmental pollution is domestic wastewater. This research uses orange waste to be processed into the eco enzyme. Making eco enzyme lasts for 3 months. Eco enzyme is made using orange waste, brown sugar, water in a ratio of 3:1:10, and fermentation time is 3 months. This study aims to determine whether the eco-enzyme of orange waste can be used to reduce the concentration of detergent in domestic wastewater. The method used in this research is an experimental method with a laboratory scale. From the experiments carried out, primary data will be obtained. Based on the eco-enzyme characterization of orange waste used, it is known that the concentration of detergent is 0.2534 mg/L. The concentration of detergent in domestic waste is 2.1464 mg/L. The concentration of detergent in domestic waste after added eco-enzyme of orange waste 5% becomes 0.68 mg/L and 10% becomes 0.30 mg/L with a detention time of 7 days.

Water consumption optimization in cardboard industry by experimental design

AbstractThis work was performed into a cardboard plant in order to reduce the freshwater consumption. Statistical experimental design was applied to investigate the effect of cleaning program, ink colour class and detergent concentration on ink circuit cleaning operation of flexographic printing machines. The results indicated that the proposed models fitted well with residual ink removal and cleaning water consumption (R2 &gt; 0.99). For a better residual ink removal of the first colour class, it is suitable to employ cleaning program number 1 with 2% of detergent. However, if a residual ink of second colour class has to be removed, cleaning program number 2 and 2% of detergent are appropriate. At the optimum conditions, the volume of water required for residual ink removal from flexographic machines can be reduced by up to 26%. These results can contribute to the development of water consumption reduction models in cardboard plants and clean production implementation.

Identification of compendial nonionic detergents for the replacement of Triton X-100 in bioprocessing.

We have systematically investigated six compendial nonionic detergents as potential replacements for Triton ×‐100 in bioprocessing applications. Use of compendial raw materials in cGMP bioprocessing is advantageous for a variety of reasons including material specifications developed to meet stringent pharmaceutical product quality requirements, regulatory familiarity and comfort, and availability from vendors experienced supplying the biopharmaceutical industry. We first examine material properties of the detergents themselves including melting point and viscosity. Process performance and product contact in real‐world bioprocess applications are then investigated. Lastly, we test the detergents in virus inactivation (VI) experiments with recombinant proteins and adeno‐associated virus. Two of the detergents tested, PEG 9 Lauryl Ether and PEG 6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides, showed favorable properties that make them attractive for use as potential Triton X‐100 replacements. Process performance testing indicated negligible impact of the detergents on product yield, purity, and activity compared to a control with no detergent. Importantly, both PEG 9 Lauryl Ether and PEG 6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides demonstrated very fast VI kinetics with complete inactivation of XMuLV observed in less than 1 min at a target 1% detergent concentration. Potential advantages and disadvantages of both candidate detergents for use in cGMP bioprocessing are summarized and discussed.

Evaluation of wheat tolerance during germination and early growth stages to detergent-contaminated water

Abstract Drought is the major challenge of the present century in agricultural areas. Water scarcity has led to the use of contaminated water. The objective of the study was to determine the tolerance of wheat, Sirvan cultivar, to detergent contaminated water and drought at germination and early growth stages. The research included germination and pot experiments. In the germination experiment, laundry detergent concentrations of 0.05 g L−1, 0.5 g L−1, and 5 g L−1 were used to produce contaminated water and isoosmotic potential of polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used to produce water stress. In the pot experiment, the concentrations used in the germination experiment were applied with two irrigation intervals of 2 and 4 days. The results showed that at an osmotic potential of −0.217 MPa of laundry detergent and PEG, all germination traits were drastically reduced, but radicle length and length-based seed vigor were reduced at an osmotic potential of −0.035 MPa of detergent. A laundry detergent concentration of 5 g L−1 combined with drought reduced plant height, leaf area, fresh weight of leaves and stems, and relative water content of leaves. The seed germination stage was more sensitive to the laundry detergent than the early growth stage. It is recommended to irrigate wheat (Sirvan variety) at the germination stage with water that is not contaminated with detergent.