Concentrations Of Copper Sulfate Research Articles

Novel Synthesis of Maltol Capped Copper Nanoparticles and Their Synergistic Antibacterial Activity with Antibiotics

This study is the first-ever reported synthesis of maltol capped copper nanoparticles (McCuNPs) using maltol as a capping agent by chemical reduction scheme. Suitable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band was achieved by optimizing parameters such as variable concentrations of copper sulfate, maltol, and sodium borohydride. McCuNPs were characterized by visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. Results revealed that the black-colored McCuNPs exhibited surface plasmon resonance band at 576 nm, and –OH, C–O, and C = O functional groups took part in the reduction of Cu+2 to Cu0. Synthesized McCuNPs were found to be monodispersed and spherical in shaped, with an average size of 50 nm (size range of 50–60 nm). Moreover, McCuNPs remained stable at 4 °C in an aqueous phase for 1 week in a tightly capped vial. The antimicrobial activity of McCuNPs (alone) and in combination with ciprofloxacin⋅HCl (Cip⋅HCl) and streptomycin sulfate (STR⋅SO4) was also investigated against clinical isolates of pathogenic bacterial strains by disc diffusion method. The McCuNPs alone showed zone of inhibitions against all tested strains, whereas its combination with Cip⋅HCl and STR⋅SO4 showed enhanced synergistic effect. However, Cip⋅HCl adsorbed McCuNPs revealed improved inhibition as compared to STR⋅SO4 adsorbed McCuNPs due to its active mode of action against these bacteria.

Synthesis and structure of the coordination complex of copper ion with collagen

The aim of this work is to synthesize, determine the composition and microstructure of complexes of copper (II) sulfate with collagen for use as a dye for textile material. Coordination complexes of copper (II) sulfate with collagen synthesized at different ratios of the initial substances by the interaction of solutions of different concentrations of copper sulfate and collagen of raw skin. With an increase in the salt content, the yield of the reaction product increases. With an excess of collagen, some of it does not bind into a complex and precipitates. With an excess of salt, almost the weight of the collagen binds into a complex and a rhombic single crystal formed. SEM and X-ray phase analysis of the starting materials and complexes carried out. The correspondence of the parameters of the crystal structure in the X-ray spectra of the complexes found for a wide ratio of the starting materials.

The Great Capacity on Promoting Melanogenesis of Three Compatible Components in Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd.

To investigate a possible methodology of exploiting herbal medicine and design polytherapy for the treatment of skin depigmentation disorder, we have made use of Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd., a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been proven to be effective in treating vitiligo. Here, we report that the extract of Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. effectively enhances melanogenesis responses in B16F10. In its compound library, we found three ingredients (butin, caffeic acid and luteolin) also have the activity of promoting melanogenesis in vivo and in vitro. They can reduce the accumulation of ROS induced by hydrogen peroxide and inflammatory response induced by sublethal concentrations of copper sulfate in wild type and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled leukocytes zebrafish larvae. The overall objective of the present study aims to identify which compatibility proportions of the medicines may be more effective in promoting pigmentation. We utilized the D-optimal response surface methodology to optimize the ratio among three molecules. Combining three indicators of promoting melanogenesis, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities, we get the best effect of butin, caffeic acid and luteolin at the ratio (butin:caffeic acid:luteolin = 7.38:28.30:64.32) on zebrafish. Moreover, the effect of melanin content recovery in the best combination is stronger than that of the monomer, which suggests that the three compounds have a synergistic effect on inducing melanogenesis. After simply verifying the result, we performed in situ hybridization on whole-mount zebrafish embryos to further explore the effects of multi-drugs combination on the proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes and the expression of genes (tyr, mitfa, dct, kit) related to melanin synthesis. In conclusion, the above three compatible compounds can significantly enhance melanogenesis and improve depigmentation in vivo.

Micropropagation of Philodendron selloum: Influence of copper sulfate on endophytic bacterial contamination, antioxidant enzyme activity, electrolyte leakage, and plant survival

Endophytic microorganisms is a major constrain to the establishment and growth of tissue culture plants. We report the use of copper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O) to eliminate the endophytic bacteria in Philodendron selloum in vitro cultures. Contaminated shoots were cultured onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 5 mg/L BA and supplemented with different concentrations of copper sulfate at 0, 35, 70 and 140 mg/L for 6 weeks. Copper sulfate at 70 mg/L completely eliminated the endogenous bacteria without decline in plant growth. However, 35 mg/L copper sulfate was optimal for maximum shoot multiplication (25), survival percentage (100%) and growth of plants. Antioxidant enzymes activity of catalase, peroxidases, and polyphenol oxidase were increased because of copper sulfate treatments. Conversely, electrolyte leakage was decreased at low copper sulfate (≤70 mg/L). Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed that plantlets exposed to different levels of copper sulfate were not genetically different from control plants.

Preparation & characterization of CuS thin films via spray pyrolysis technique for photovoltaic applications.

Copper Sulphide (CuS) is a p-type semiconductor material widely used in photovoltaic applications. CuS thin films have been coated on a glass substrate at 300°C by spray pyrolysis technique. Copper Sulphate in different concentrations with constant concentration of Thiourea (without any complexing agent) was used as a precursor to fabricate the films. The different properties of the films were characterized. Their structural properties were done by X-ray diffraction. XRD analysis showed that the films are high crystalline in nature. The morphological properties were done by SEM and EDX. The atomic percentage of CuS particles were recorded by EDX. The optical properties were studied by UV-Spectrometer in visible to infrared region. The band gap value of the film varied from 2.2eV to 2.7 eV with the different concentration of Copper Sulphate.

Synergistic effects of copper and ethylene on resveratrol synthesis in peanuts.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of exogenous copper and ethylene on resveratrol biosynthesis in peanut buds. In this study, different concentrations of copper sulfate and ethephon were used to induce peanut bud roots. Resveratrol content was determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The interaction effects of the two inducers were analyzed using regression and response surface methodology. Results showed that resveratrol biosynthesis increased with the increase in copper sulfate concentration. Resveratrol synthesis showed an increasing trend when the concentration of ethephon was from 5 to 7 mmol/L. The resveratrol content reached a maximum value of 7.7 μg/g when the concentration of ethephon was 7 mmol/L and then decreased with an increase in ethephon. Response surface analysis revealed that the combination of 0.1 mmol/L copper sulfate and 5 mmol/L ethephon was effective and resulted in the induction of resveratrol biosynthesis in peanut buds.

Green Synthesis, Structural and Optical Properties of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles using Malva Parviflora

Green Synthesis of cupric Oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using the plant extract is an emerging field of extensive applications. In the present study, the CuONPs were carried out by reducing copper sulfate solution by the aqueous Malva parviflora leaves extract, where this plant is used as a reducing and capping agent. The precursor salt solution and reducing agent were mixed in a 1:4 volume ratio at 50 oC and pH=9. According to the UV-VIS spectrum, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band was observed at 262 nm. UV-VIS spectroscopy also was employed to estimate the band gap energy of CuO nanoparticles, in which the optical band gap was varied depending upon the particle size and copper sulfate concentration. The XRD was found that synthesized CuONPs were Amorphous structure. FT-IR spectrum revealed that the presence of flavonoid may be the significant cause of reducing and capping of CuONPs. Furthermore, the mechanism of CuO nanoparticle formation has also been discussed.

Biosynthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Streptomyces MHM38 and Its Biological Applications

Biosynthesis methods employing microorganisms have emerged as an eco-friendly, clean, and viable alternative to chemical and physical processes. The present study reports the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using cell-free culture supernatant of marine Streptomyces sp. MHM38. For the optimized production of CuONPs, the influence of some parameters, such as the concentration of copper sulfate (CuSO4), reaction time, filtrate to substrate ratio, and pH, was studied. 5 mM of CuSO4 was optimal for nanoparticle (NP) production. Well-defined CuONP formation occurred after 60 min of incubation when an equal volume of filtrate (cell-free supernatant) to substrate (CuSO4 solution) was added. UV-visible spectroscopy analysis of CuONPs exhibited a peak at 550 nm, which corresponds to the surface plasmon resonance of CuONPs. Most of the particles were spherical and were 1.72–13.49 nm when measured using a transmission electron microscope. The antimicrobial activity of CuONPs was determined using a well diffusion method against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Escherichia coli ATCC 8939, fungi (Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, and Aspergillus niger), and yeast (Candida albicans ATCC 10237). The highest antimicrobial activities were recorded against Candida albicans ATCC 10237, whereas Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 and Escherichia coli ATCC 8939 showed the less activity. The biochemical findings of the CuONP groups were significant ( p < 0.05 ) with diminished levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total and direct bilirubin, urea, and creatinine compared with the paracetamol group. Nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants of the CuONP groups were significantly elevated ( p < 0.05 ) in SOD and GSH levels, and exceptionally low nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MAD) levels were found for the paracetamol group. The histopathological examination of the CuONP groups assured the impact of improving CuONPs against paracetamol-induced liver damage.

Physiological and biochemical traits of yeasts from soils of various ecosystems of East Antarctica

The diversity of psychrophilic / psychrotolerant microorganisms from Antarctica is a preferred subject of study by microbiologists, in turn, the communities of endolithic and hypolithic yeast cultures are practically not studied, and the literature on the biotechnological potential of such microorganisms should cover important biomolecules in addition to cold-adapted enzymes. In order to study the characteristics and biopotential of yeast cultures isolated from soil samples of East Antarctica, a number of physiological and biochemical tests were carried out. This article provides a list of the studied morphological characteristics, and also describes the results of the study of enzymatic activities and biochemical properties. In the course of research, it was revealed that Antarctic yeast isolates have a wide range of enzymatic activities when growing on agar media: most isolates were characterized by the presence of lipolytic, amylolytic, DNase, urease activities and the production of esters; a much smaller number of isolates were capable of manifesting proteolytic, cellulolytic and pectolytic activities, the release of organic acids and the formation of starch-like compounds. The study of tolerance to stress showed the presence of resistance of the studied cultures to the effects of ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 254 nm and low concentrations of copper sulfate in the environment. A qualitative assessment of the level of glycogen in yeast cells by staining with Lugol's solution showed that one culture is capable of accumulating glycogen in significant amounts. Additionally, the ability of yeast cells to accumulate lipids with increasing age of cultures was shown. The destruction of the surface of the mineral motor oil by the culture broth made it possible to identify yeast isolates with high destructive activity. This experience allows us to consider Antarctic yeast cultures as promising producers of biologically active compounds. The variety and spectrum of physiological activities of the investigated isolates allows us to consider them as promising producers of biological compounds for use in medicine and biotechnology.

Replacement of Copper Cyanide by Copper Sulfate on Electroless Brass Plating Process

Environmentally friendly processes and health protection are industrial requirements nowadays. Surface finishing industry demands the improvement of the composition of bath solutions, and specifically, reduction or elimination of the use of toxic substances to simplify complexity on wastewater treatment. This work presents results on the replacement of copper cyanide by copper sulfate in the composition of an electroless brass plating bath used on zamak alloy coating. The effect of the concentration of copper sulfate on the morphological and brass film color characteristics was studied. Characterization of plated pieces was made by scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, L*, a*, b* color parameters and by spectrophotometry and electrochemical techniques. Results indicate that copper cyanide can be successfully substituted, being possible to control the color of brass plating on this new process.

Effect of Copper Sulfate and Sulfuric Acid on Blind Hole Filling of HDI Circuit Boards by Electroplating

Here, in a certain high density interconnect (HDI) printed circuit board, the effect of copper sulfate and sulfuric acid on the filling effect of a blind hole with a certain diameter and depth was investigated by making a blind hole using a CO2 laser drilling machine, filling the blind hole via electroplating by simulating the electroplating line in a Halin cell, and observing the cross-section of a micro blind hole after polishing using metallographic microscope, as well as the effect of hole filling, are evaluated. The results show that, under the conditions of a certain plating solution formula and electroplating parameters (current density and electroplating time), the sag degree decreases with the increase in the copper sulfate concentration. When the concentration of copper sulfate increases from 210 g/L to 225 g/L, the filling effect is good and the sag degree is about 0. However, with the increase in sulfuric acid concentration, the sag increases gradually. When the sulfuric acid concentration is 25–35 g/L, both the sag and copper coating thickness are in a small range. Under appropriate electroplating conditions, a better blind hole filling effect can be obtained. The volume of blind hole has a certain effect on the diffusion and exchange of copper sulfate and sulfuric acid, as well as on the concentration distribution of additives.

Bioengineering of non-pathogenic Escherichia coli to enrich for accumulation of environmental copper

Heavy metal sequestration from industrial wastes and agricultural soils is a long-standing challenge. This is more critical for copper since copper pollution is hazardous both for the environment and for human health. In this study, we applied an integrated approach of Darwin’s theory of natural selection with bacterial genetic engineering to generate a biological system with an application for the accumulation of Cu2+ ions. A library of recombinant non-pathogenic Escherichia coli strains was engineered to express seven potential Cu2+ binding peptides encoded by a ‘synthetic degenerate’ DNA motif and fused to Maltose Binding Protein (MBP). Most of these peptide-MBP chimeras conferred tolerance to high concentrations of copper sulphate, and in certain cases in the order of 160-fold higher than the recognised EC50 toxic levels of copper in soils. UV–Vis spectroscopic analysis indicated a molar ratio of peptide-copper complexes, while a combination of bioinformatics-based structure modelling, Cu2+ ion docking, and MD simulations of peptide-MBP chimeras corroborated the extent of Cu2+ binding among the peptides. Further, in silico analysis predicted the peptides possessed binding affinity toward a broad range of divalent metal ions. Thus, we report on an efficient, cost-effective, and environment-friendly prototype biological system that is potentially capable of copper bioaccumulation, and which could easily be adapted for the removal of other hazardous heavy metals or the bio-mining of rare metals.

PECULIARITIES OF METALIZATION OF PULLED POLYETHYLENE

The results of experimental studies of the peculiarities of metallization of granular polyethylene are presented. The influence of concentration factors on the metallization process of zinc-activated polyethylene granules of brand Liten PL-10 was investigated. It is established that by changing the concentration of copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide, as well as the degree of loading of polymeric raw materials, it is possible to effectively regulate the amount of recovered copper on granules of polyethylene, and therefore the thickness of the metal layer formed on them. The use of the method of preliminary processing of activated polyethylene granules in a solution of copper sulfate can significantly reduce the induction period and increase the rate of recovery of copper ions.

The Role of Salmonella Genomic Island 4 in Metal Tolerance of Salmonella enterica Serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- Pork Outbreak Isolate USDA15WA-1.

Multidrug-resistant (MDR; resistance to >3 antimicrobial classes) Salmonella enterica serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- strains were linked to a 2015 foodborne outbreak from pork. Strain USDA15WA-1, associated with the outbreak, harbors an MDR module and the metal tolerance element Salmonella Genomic Island 4 (SGI-4). Characterization of SGI-4 revealed that conjugational transfer of SGI-4 resulted in the mobile genetic element (MGE) replicating as a plasmid or integrating into the chromosome. Tolerance to copper, arsenic, and antimony compounds was increased in Salmonella strains containing SGI-4 compared to strains lacking the MGE. Following Salmonella exposure to copper, RNA-seq transcriptional analysis demonstrated significant differential expression of diverse genes and pathways, including induction of at least 38 metal tolerance genes (copper, arsenic, silver, and mercury). Evaluation of swine administered elevated concentrations of zinc oxide (2000 mg/kg) and copper sulfate (200 mg/kg) as an antimicrobial feed additive (Zn+Cu) in their diet for four weeks prior to and three weeks post-inoculation with serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- indicated that Salmonella shedding levels declined at a slower rate in pigs receiving in-feed Zn+Cu compared to control pigs (no Zn+Cu). The presence of metal tolerance genes in MDR Salmonella serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- may provide benefits for environmental survival or swine colonization in metal-containing settings.

Effect of CuSO4 on the growth of Brassica juncea L.

Seeds of Black Mustard (Brassica juncea) were sowed in a paper cup with copper sulfate at different concentration. This experiment aimed to determine the effect of the variation in concentration of copper sulphate on the germination and growth of seeds of Brassica juncea. We wanted to establish which is the highest concentration of copper that the seeds of Black Mustard can tolerate. Seedlings growth investigation and measurements were made after 5 days. The seed germination rate was low to no for the high concentration and for control that increased dramatically with the decrease in concentration. At high concentration, no growth was seen.

TOXICITY TEST OF INDIVIDUAL AND COMBINED TOXIC EFFECTS OF GLYPHOSATE HERBICIDE AND HEAVY METALS ON CHICKEN EMBRYOS

The aim of this study was to determine the individual and combined toxicity of Glialka Star herbicide (glyphosate 360 g/l) and heavy metals (copper and cadmium) on the development of chicken embryos. On the first day of incubation, chicken eggs were injected by 0.1 ml of the test materials. The applied concentration of copper and cadmium sulphate was 0.01% and that of herbicide Glialka Star was 2%. The chicken embryos were examined on day 19 by the followings: rate of embryo mortality, body mass, type of developmental anomalies by macroscopic examination. The body weight was evaluated statistically by oneway ANOVA combined with Dunnett post-test, the embryo mortality and the developmental anomalies were analysed by Fisher test. Our teratogenicity study revealed that the combined administration of heavy metals (copper, cadmium) and glyphosate (K-salt) containing herbicide formulation caused significant reduction in the body weight of embryos and a significant increase in the rate of embryonic mortality and the incidence of developmental anomalies. The joint toxic effect of heavy metals and Glialka Star is an additive effect compared to the individual toxicity of the test materials.

Facile, controllable, chemical reduction synthesis of copper nanostructures utilizing different capping agents

This investigation reports a simple, controllable, chemical reduction method for the formation of copper nanoparticles by reducing copper sulfate with sodium hypophosphite in ethylene glycol using different capping agents: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyethylene glycol 2000 (PEG2000), and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000). The synthetic parameters influencing the purity, size, and morphology of the copper nanoparticles such as reaction time, reaction temperature, reaction solvent, initial copper sulfate concentration, and capping agent were investigated. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results revealed that pure copper nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of 28 nm were successfully prepared in the presence of PEG4000 capping agent, at 70 °C, and in 45 min. The formation mechanism of the as-prepared Cu nanoparticles was also proposed.

Effects of copper oxide nanoparticle on gill filtration rate, respiration rate, hemocyte associated immune parameters and oxidative status of an Indian freshwater mussel

Waterbodies of India support a wide range of molluscs including Lamellidens marginalis, a pearl forming edible mussel of ecological significance. Report of copper oxide nanoparticle toxicity in Indian molluscs is limited in scientific literature. L. marginalis is a gill respiring filter feeder, which is toxicologically vulnerable to exposure of copper oxide nanoparticles liberated from electrical, textile and polymer industries. Experimental exposure of copper oxide nanoparticles for 7 days yielded a decrease in gill filtration rate, respiration rate, total count and phagocytic response of hemocytes, the chief immunoeffector cells of L. marginalis. Nanoparticle exposure resulted in decrease of phagocytic response of mussel hemocytes. Decrease in nitric oxide generation and phenoloxidase activity were recorded in L. marginalis exposed to 0.5, 1 and 5 mg copper oxide nanoparticles per litre of water for 7 and 14 days. Superoxide anion generation in hemocytes was increased under the exposure of copper oxide nanoparticles. Increase in superoxide anion and decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were indicative to oxidative stress in mussels. Copper oxide nanoparticle induced shift in filtration and respiration rate along with the hemocyte associated immune parameters were suggestive to an acute immunophysiological stress in L. marginalis. We estimated the functional performance of gill and physiological status of aquatic respiration in L. marginalis exposed to copper oxide nanoparticles. A parallel set of estimation of each parameter was carried out in L. marginalis exposed to identical copper sulphate concentrations to record and compare the ionic toxicity of copper in the same specimen.

Comparative Analysis of Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae, Poales) and Pisum sativum L. (Fabaceae, Fabales) Resistance to Heavy Metals

Heavy metals are most common soil pollutants, including agricultural land. At the same time, the level of heavy metal pollution can significantly exceed the standards. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are most important crops. At the same time, no comparative analysis of their resistance to high concentrations of heavy metals has been carried out. In connection with this, the resistance of T. aestivum and P. sativum seedlings to the chronic effects of lead and copper salts in the range of lethal concentrations for T. aestivum was comparatively evaluated (0.15, 0.30 and 0.60 g/L of copper sulfate; 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/L of lead nitrate) in experimental conditions. All studied concentrations of the toxicants caused a decrease in seed germination of T. aestivum relative to the control by 19–38% and 23–58% when exposed to lead nitrate and copper sulphate, respectively, which indicated the manifestation of lethal effects. All studied concentrations of both toxicants caused a significant reduction in the root system length (from 69% to 25 times) and shoot height (by 25–76%) as compared with the control level in T. aestuvum seedlings, and also led to an increase in the intensity of lipid peroxidation in seedling shoots, indicating the development of a stress reaction. At the same time, the studied concentrations of heavy metal salts, which were lethal for T. aestivum, did not cause almost any disturbances of the studied parameters in P. sativum, except for a decrease in the root system length after lead nitrate exposure. Thus, seed germination, growth processes of the root system and shoot, as well as peroxide homeostasis in P. sativum seedlings were much more resistant to the studied concentrations of lead nitrate and copper sulfate as compared with these parameters of T. aestivum.

Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of sol-gel coating on Cu-plated fabrics

In this work, we developed the electromagnetic shielding effective (EMI SE) polyester woven fabrics by simple electroless plating with copper. Subsequently, it was coated with various precursors to investigate their influence on the EMI SE values. In addition, we studied the effect of copper sulfate concentration and the number of dips required to improve the EMI SE values. The results of the experiment confirm that the Cu particle deposition on the fabric has a strong influence on the EMI SE values. EMI shielding is directly proportional to the concentration of copper particles as well as the sol-gel coating process. However, the EMI SE value of sol-gel coated Cu-plated fabric depends on the type of precursor. Among the precursors, Triethoxyphenylsilane provides two times higher EMI SE values than the Cu-plated fabrics which is a novel effect. The morphology of deposited copper particles was studied by employing SEM analysis in order to find the durability of copper particles on the polyester fabric surface. It was observed that the copper particles that are coated on the fabric pores have no significant decrease in air permeability due to partial coverage.