Chondroitin Sulfate Content Research Articles

S&T-52 EARLY CHANGES IN SKELETAL MUSCLE AS A STRONG PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKER IN PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Peyronie’s disease (PD) is characterized by the formation of fibrous plaques in the tunica albuginea (TA) of the penis, causing pain and penile curvature during erection, with great impact on quality of life of patients. There is a lack of highly effective medical treatments for PD, mainly because it’s pathophysiology is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to compare possible markers related to alterations and remodeling of extracellular matrix which can be involved on the development of the disease in men with and without PD METHODS: Samples of TA of 10 patients with PD were obtained at the moment of surgical correction of penile curvature. Samples of TA of 10 corpses with normal penis at the physical exam were obtained (control group). Tissues were processed and stained with Hematoxilin, submitted to immunohistochemistry (IHQ) with the following primary antibodies: heparanase (HPSE), heparanase2 (HPSE2), metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP2 and MMP9) and TGF-s. IHQ reaction used peroxidase kit LSAB -peroxidase (DakoCytomation , Copenhagen, Dinamarca). Genic expression of heparanase-1 (HPSE), heparanase2 (HPSE2), metalloprotease 9 (MMP9), syndecan 1 (SYN1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), hyaluronic acid sintetase 1 e 2 (HAS1 e HAS2), hyaluronidases 1 e 2 (HYL1 e HYL2), was done by quantitative RTPCR (qRT-PCR). Statystical analyses were done using software Graph PRISM 5 . Project was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethical Committee of Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, (# 242/2010). RESULTS: Histopathological evaluation showed higher number of cells, reduction of apoptosis events, alteration of the distribution of collagen fibers and diminished number of vessels on TA of patients with PD compared to the controls TA. qRT-PCR analysis showed increased concentration of TGF-s and interleucine1 reduction on HSPE-1 expression and decreased concentration of dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate in patients with PD (p<0.05). However, there were no alterations on HPSE2, MMP2 e MMP9 expressions. Those findings suggest a higher remodeling of extracellular matrix in patients with PD. CONCLUSIONS: In comparison with the controls the TA of patients with PD showed lesser number of vessels and apoptosis events; increased concentration of TGF-s and interleukin-1, reduction of heparanase-1 expression and decreased concentration of dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate.

Chondroitin sulfate interacts mainly with headgroups in phospholipid monolayers

Sulfated glycosaminoglycans are precursors of the extracellular matrix used to treat diseases related to blood clotting and degenerative joint diseases. These medical applications have been well established, but the mode of action at the molecular level, which depends on the interaction with cell membranes, is not known in detail. In this study, we investigated the interaction between chondroitin sulfate (CS) and phospholipid monolayers that mimic cell membranes. From surface pressure isotherms and polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), CS was found to interact mainly with the polar groups of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), with negligible penetration into the hydrophobic tails and only small changes in monolayer elasticity for the packing corresponding to a real cell membrane. The changes in surface pressure and surface potential isotherms depended on CS concentration and on the time allowed for its adsorption onto the monolayer, which points to a dynamic adsorption-desorption process. The charge of the phospholipid was also relevant, since CS induced order into DPPC monolayers while the opposite occurred for DPPG, according to the PM-IRRAS spectra. In summary, interaction with polar groups is responsible for the CS effects on model cell membranes.

Enzyme responsive GAG-based natural-synthetic hybrid hydrogel for tunable growth factor delivery and stem cell differentiation

We describe an enzymatically formed chondroitin sulfate (CS) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based hybrid hydrogel system, which by tuning the architecture and composition of modular building blocks, allows the application-specific tailoring of growth factor delivery and cellular responses. CS, a negatively charged sulfate-rich glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix (ECM), known for its growth factor binding and stem cell regulatory functions, is used as a starting material for the engineering of this biomimetic materials platform. The functionalization of CS with transglutaminase factor XIII specific substrate sequences is utilized to allow cross-linking of CS with previously described fibrin-mimetic TG-PEG hydrogel precursors. We show that the hydrogel network properties can be tuned by varying the degree of functionalization of CS as well as the ratio and concentrations of PEG and CS precursors. Taking advantage of TG-PEG hydrogel, compatible tagged bio-functional building blocks, including RGD peptides or matrix metalloproteinase sensitive domains, can be incorporated on demand allowing the three-dimensional culture and expansion of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). The binding of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in a CS concentration dependent manner and the BMP-2 release mediated osteogenic differentiation of BM-MSCs indicate the potential of CS-PEG hybrid hydrogels to promote regeneration of bone tissue. Their modular design allows facile incorporation of additional signaling elements, rendering CS-PEG hydrogels a highly flexible platform with potential for multiple biomedical applications.

Biomimetic aggrecan solutions show gel-like rheological behavior

Event Abstract Back to Event Biomimetic aggrecan solutions show gel-like rheological behavior Liam Vesey1, Harsh Patel1, Michele Marcolongo1 and Nicolas Alvarez1 1 Drexel University, Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical and Biological Engineering, United States Several cellular based medicine strategies exist to treat degenerative tissue and restore normal function. Over the past few years, it has been demonstrated that a novel family of biomimetic proteoglycans (BPs) is useful in modulating tissue mechanical properties by molecularly engineering the existing extracellular matrix. Biomimetic proteoglycans mimic the structure and composition of natural proteoglycans through a 3D bottle brush molecular architecture. The BPs of interest are composed of a poly(acrylic) acid core with bristles of chondroitin sulfate (CS) (BA-10-CS, 180kDa). We have observed that the starting CS precursor forms viscous solutions at low concentrations. Similar viscosities are also observed for solutions of synthesized BP. We present a systematic study of the rheological behavior of aqueous solutions of the CS precursor and final BPs as a function of aqueous concentration. We use small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) on a DHR-3 rheometer to elucidate the underlying molecular structure of the bulk aqueous solution. Surprisingly, we find that both CS and BP show viscoelastic behavior typical of a gel and atypical for a solution of short chains. The observed rheological viscoelastic behavior is weakly dependent on CS and BP concentration. Furthermore, very little difference is observed between the CS precursor and the BP molecule. Our results suggest that CS molecules, which are composed of several acrylic acid and primary amine groups capable of hydrogen bonding, are forming a supramolecular network that span the sample volume. This is in agreement with other hydrogen bonding systems found in the literature. The surprising point is that the anchoring of CS molecules onto a poly(acrylic) acid core does not appear to alter the overall supramolecular structure. In addition to SAOS, the molecular structure of the CS aggregates are probed using large amplitude oscillatory shear and steady shear to determine the overall strength of the network and reformation time scales. The rheological study is presented alongside practical injection studies aimed at determining viability for injection of through needles between 16 and 33 gage under a controlled load of 1.8 N (less than thumb pressure to the plunger). Volumetric flow rates were calculated from video images of BP solutions of concentrations between 10 and 200mg/mL. Each solution was able to pass through each needle, regardless of solution concentration, material and needle gage. There was reduced volumetric flow rates for the higher concentrations and lower gage needles. The demonstration of flow through large to very small needles will offer minimally invasive injection strategies to a variety of soft tissues. Coulter Foundation Keywords: Biomimetic, mechanical property, polymer brush, biomacromolecule Conference: 10th World Biomaterials Congress, Montréal, Canada, 17 May - 22 May, 2016. Presentation Type: Poster Topic: Naturally-derived materials and biopolymers Citation: Vesey L, Patel H, Marcolongo M and Alvarez N (2016). Biomimetic aggrecan solutions show gel-like rheological behavior. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. Conference Abstract: 10th World Biomaterials Congress. doi: 10.3389/conf.FBIOE.2016.01.01381 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 27 Mar 2016; Published Online: 30 Mar 2016. Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Liam Vesey Harsh Patel Michele Marcolongo Nicolas Alvarez Google Liam Vesey Harsh Patel Michele Marcolongo Nicolas Alvarez Google Scholar Liam Vesey Harsh Patel Michele Marcolongo Nicolas Alvarez PubMed Liam Vesey Harsh Patel Michele Marcolongo Nicolas Alvarez Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Determination of Chondroitin Sulfate Content in Raw Materials and Dietary Supplements by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV Detection After Enzymatic Hydrolysis: Single-Laboratory Validation First Action 2015.11.

A previously validated method for determination of chondroitin sulfate in raw materials and dietary supplements was submitted to the AOAC Expert Review Panel (ERP) for Stakeholder Panel on Dietary Supplements Set 1 Ingredients (Anthocyanins, Chondroitin, and PDE5 Inhibitors) for consideration of First Action Official Methods(SM) status. The ERP evaluated the single-laboratory validation results against AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirements 2014.009. With recoveries of 100.8-101.6% in raw materials and 105.4-105.8% in finished products and precision of 0.25-1.8% RSDr within-day and 1.6-4.72% RSDr overall, the ERP adopted the method for First Action Official Methods status and provided recommendations for achieving Final Action status.

Optimisation of the extraction and purification of chondroitin sulphate from head by-products of Prionace glauca by environmental friendly processes

The goal of the present work was to optimise the different environmental friendly processes involved in the extraction and purification of chondroitin sulphate (CS) from Prionace glauca head wastes. The experimental development was based on second order rotatable designs and evaluated by response surface methodology combined with a previous kinetic approach. The sequential stages optimised were: (1) the enzymatic hydrolysis of head cartilage catalysed by alcalase (55.7°C/pH 8.2); (2) the chemical treatment of enzyme hydrolysates by means of alkaline-hydroalcoholic saline solutions (NaOH: 0.54M, EtOH: 1.17v, NaCl: 2.5%) to end the protein hydrolysis and to precipitate and selectively redissolve CS versus the peptidic material and (3) the selective purification and concentration of CS and the concomitant protein permeation of extracts which were obtained from previous treatment using ultrafiltration and diafiltration (UF–DF) technologies at two different cut-offs.

Roles of chondroitin sulfate in oil-in-water emulsions formulated using bovine serum albumin

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) effects on phase stability and actions in bovine serum albumin (BSA)-stabilized emulsions at different pH values were studied. Emulsion activity and stability were evaluated at CS concentrations ranging from 0 to 0.1% (w/w). BSA-CS emulsions showed unique behaviors under different pH values. CS destabilized emulsion phases drastically at pH 3.0 and gradually at pH 7.0. However, at pH 5.0, CS exerted concentration-dependent effects on emulsion stability and caused a decrease in particle size. CS is negatively charged with concentrationdependency at all pH values. However, different roles were observed when the surface charge of BSA was changed. CS formed interfacial layers via charge interactions with BSA to form complexes that sufficiently saturated the surface of oil droplets and prevented phase-separation via steric hindrance and repulsive forces, especially near the protein isoelectric point.

Spectral study of interaction between chondroitin sulfate and nanoparticles and its application in quantitative analysis

In this work, the interaction between chondroitin sulfate (CS) and gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and silver nanoparticles (SNPs) was characterized for the first time. Plasma resonance scattering (PRS) and plasma resonance absorption (PRA) were used to investigate the characteristics of their spectrum. The results suggested that the CS with negative charge could interact with metal nanoparticles with negative charge and the adsorption of CS on the surface of SNPs was more regular than that of GNPs. The resonance scattering spectra also further confirmed the interaction between CS and SNPs. A new method for detection of CS based on the interaction was developed. CS concentrations in the range of 0.02–3.5μg/mL were proportional to the decreases of absorbance of SNPs. Compared with other reported methods, the proposed method is simple and workable without complex process, high consumption and expensive equipments. The developed method was applied to the determination of the CS contents from different biological origins and the results were compared with those obtained by the method of Chinese Pharmacopeia. The effects of matrix in plasma and other glycosaminoglycans on the determination of CS were also investigated. The results showed that a small quantity of blood plasma had no effect on the determination of CS and when the concentration ratio of CS to heparin was more than 10:1, the influence of heparin on the detection of CS could be ignored. This work gave a specific research direction for the detection of CS in the presence of metal nanoparticles.

Production of Chondroitin Sulphate from Head, Skeleton and Fins of Scyliorhinus canicula By-Products by Combination of Enzymatic, Chemical Precipitation and Ultrafiltration Methodologies.

This study illustrates the optimisation of the experimental conditions of three sequential steps for chondroitin sulphate (CS) recovery from three cartilaginous materials of Scyliorhinus canicula by-products. Optimum conditions of temperature and pH were first obtained for alcalase proteolysis of head cartilage (58 °C/pH 8.5/0.1% (v/w)/10 h of hydrolysis). Then, similar optimal conditions were observed for skeletons and fin materials. Enzymatic hydrolysates were subsequently treated with a combination of alkaline hydroalcoholic saline solutions in order to improve the protein hydrolysis and the selective precipitation of CS. Ranges of 0.53–0.64 M (NaOH) and 1.14–1.20 volumes (EtOH) were the levels for optimal chemical treatment depending on the cartilage origin. Finally, selective purification and concentration of CS and protein elimination of samples obtained from chemical treatment, was assessed by a combination of ultrafiltration and diafiltration (UF-DF) techniques at 30 kDa.

Isolation and structural characterization of chondroitin sulfate from bony fishes

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) was purified from the bones of common fishes, monkfish, cod, spiny dogfish, salmon and tuna, and characterized in an effort to find alternative sources and new peculiar structures of this complex biomacromolecule utilized in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industry. Quantitative analyses yielded a CS content ranging from 0.011% for cod up to 0.34% for monkfish. The disaccharide pattern showed the presence of nonsulfated disaccharide, monosulfated species ΔDi6s and ΔDi4s, and disulfated disaccharides in different percentages. The disulfated species ΔDi2,6dis was present in all CS extracts in a range of 1.3–10.5%. The presence of these disulfated disaccharides may be a useful marker for the marine origin of CS. The newly identified sources would certainly enable the production of CS with unique disaccharide composition and properties.

Mechanical loading regulates human MSC differentiation in a multi-layer hydrogel for osteochondral tissue engineering

A bioinspired multi-layer hydrogel was developed for the encapsulation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) as a platform for osteochondral tissue engineering. The spatial presentation of biochemical cues, via incorporation of extracellular matrix analogs, and mechanical cues, via both hydrogel crosslink density and externally applied mechanical loads, were characterized in each layer. A simple sequential photopolymerization method was employed to form stable poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels with a soft cartilage-like layer of chondroitin sulfate and low RGD concentrations, a stiff bone-like layer with high RGD concentrations, and an intermediate interfacial layer. Under a compressive load, the variation in hydrogel stiffness within each layer produced high strains in the soft cartilage-like layer, low strains in the stiff bone-like layer, and moderate strains in the interfacial layer. When hMSC-laden hydrogels were cultured statically in osteochondral differentiation media, the local biochemical and matrix stiffness cues were not sufficient to spatially guide hMSC differentiation after 21days. However dynamic mechanical stimulation led to differentially high expression of collagens with collagen II in the cartilage-like layer, collagen X in the interfacial layer and collagen I in the bone-like layer and mineral deposits localized to the bone layer. Overall, these findings point to external mechanical stimulation as a potent regulator of hMSC differentiation toward osteochondral cellular phenotypes.

Evaluation of Chitosan-Glycerol Phosphate in Experimental Osteochondral Joint Defects in Horses

The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-term effects of chitosan-glycerol phosphate (chitosan- GP) gel with the articular environment following implantation into experimental osteochondral defects in horses. The animals were submitted to experimental arthroscopy of both tibiotarsal joints for creation of osteochondral defects on the medial aspect of the lateral trochlear ridge. One hindlimb was randomly selected for treatment with chitosan-GP gel, while the contralateral hindlimb served as untreated control. Horses were followed at different time points over 24 months, by clinical, radiographic, ultrasonographic, and synovial fluid analysis. Enlargement of all operated joints occurred in both hindlimbs during the first 30 days. No radiographic signs of osteoarthritis appeared, in treated or untreated joints. Ultrasonography revealed similar defect filling tissue, and synovial fluid with similar characteristics in either treated or untreated control joints, with osteochondral defect areas progressively decreasing. Synovial fluid analysis have shown no differences in the total protein, prostaglandin E2, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid concentrations, and white blood cell count, when comparing treated to untreated control joints. In conclusion, Chitosan-GP is biocompatible with the equine articular environment, and did not cause relevant clinical effects, inflammatory response or toxic effects in the horse joints.

Agrin and perlecan mediate tumorigenic processes in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of cancer in the oral cavity, representing more than 90% of all oral cancers. The characterization of altered molecules in oral cancer is essential to understand molecular mechanisms underlying tumor progression as well as to contribute to cancer biomarker and therapeutic target discovery. Proteoglycans are key molecular effectors of cell surface and pericellular microenvironments, performing multiple functions in cancer. Two of the major basement membrane proteoglycans, agrin and perlecan, were investigated in this study regarding their role in oral cancer. Using real time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), we showed that agrin and perlecan are highly expressed in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Interestingly, cell lines originated from distinct sites showed different expression of agrin and perlecan. Enzymatically targeting chondroitin sulfate modification by chondroitinase, oral squamous carcinoma cell line had a reduced ability to adhere to extracellular matrix proteins and increased sensibility to cisplatin. Additionally, knockdown of agrin and perlecan promoted a decrease on cell migration and adhesion, and on resistance of cells to cisplatin. Our study showed, for the first time, a negative regulation on oral cancer-associated events by either targeting chondroitin sulfate content or agrin and perlecan levels.

The evaluation of endometrial sulfate glycosaminoglycans in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

The aim of this study was to quantify the sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the endometria of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Of the 18 patients recruited for this study, 10 patients with PCOS comprised the PCOS group (PCOSG), and eight patients with regular and ovulatory menstrual cycles comprised the control group (CG). The clinical, biochemical, morphological and endometrial data from both groups were analyzed. Biopsies were performed during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle for the CG and during the persistent proliferative phase for the PCOSG (all women were amenorrheic). In the PCOSG, there was a significant increase in the endometrial concentration levels of heparan sulfate (p = 0.03), but no difference in the concentrations of chondroitin sulfate was determined between the two groups (p = 0.77). Period of time without menstruation (p = 0.001) and body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.04) correlated directly and positively with heparan sulfate concentration. There was no association between heparan sulfate levels and basal insulin values (p = 0.08). High levels of endometrial heparan sulfate in women with PCOS indicate an interference with maternal–fetal recognition, which contributes to infertility; thus, endometrial heparan sulfate may be a predictive marker of future neoplasia risk.

The relevance study of effective information between near infrared spectroscopy and chondroitin sulfate in ethanol precipitation process

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is based on molecular overtone and combination vibrations. It is difficult to assign specific features under complicated system. So it is necessary to find the relevance between NIRS and target compound. For this purpose, the chondroitin sulfate (CS) ethanol precipitation process was selected as the research model, and 90 samples of 5 different batches were collected and the content of CS was determined by modified carbazole method. The relevance between NIRS and CS was studied throughout optical pathlength, pretreatment methods and variables selection methods. In conclusion, the first derivative with Savitzky–Golay (SG) smoothing was selected as the best pretreatment, and the best spectral region was selected using interval partial least squares (iPLS) method under 1 mm optical cell. A multivariate calibration model was established using PLS algorithm for determining the content of CS, and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) is 3.934 g⋅L-1. This method will have great potential in process analytical technology in the future.

Research on Changes of Chemical Compositions in the Simulation of Shark Fin Processing

The aim of this study is to investigate the changes of chemical compositions in the process of simulation shark fin. The simulation shark fin was produced by tilapia fishtail; whose main chemical compositions were collagen and chondroitin sulfate (CS). The study indicated that both of them had different change trend in the process of simulation. The process of softening had main effect on the content of collagen, the higher of ice acetic acid concentration, the lower of the level of collagen. The content of CS was related to the process of obtaining wings, and the high temperature would induce a reduction of CS. The content of collagen and CS could be maintained efficiently by improving the processing technology of simulation shark fin.

Optimisation extraction of chondroitin sulfate from fish bone by high intensity pulsed electric fields

High intensity pulsed electric fields (PEF) was used to extract chondroitin sulphate (CS) from fish bone. Results show that PEF extraction speed is much faster, and the content of CS is much higher compared with traditional methods. Variation of PEF parameters and the content of CS were determined by single factor experiments. The processing conditions were optimised by quadratic general rotary unitised design experiments. The maximum yield of 6.92g/L was achieved under the following conditions: material–liquid ratio of 1:15g/mL, electric field intensity of 16.88kV/cm, pulse number of 9, and NaOH concentration of 3.24%. The purity of CS was analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis. CS purity was high, and the extract did not contain any other glycosaminoglycans. PEF can be widely used to extract CS with non-thermal performance, high speed, and low pollution.

Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis: Expression and Functional Investigations on a Library of Different Chondroitin Sulphate Molecules in Normal and Hypertrophic Ligamentum Flavum

Introduction The hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum is known to be related to degenerative changes that are secondary to the aging process or mechanical instability. However, there has been no study to investigate the effect of chondroitin sulfate on hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum. We aim to investigate the role of chondroitin sulfate on hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum in lumbar spinal stenosis compared with that of lumbar disc herniation. Materials and Methods The concentrations of chondroitin sulfate were analyzed in the surgically obtained ligamentum flavum specimens from lumbar spinal stenosis ( n = 34; mean age 65 years) and disc herniation ( n = 24; mean age = 39.7 years) by immunohistochemical evaluation. The staining intensity and percentage of cells stained were recorded and these figures were converted into a weighted average intensity (WAI). The immunoreactivity score (IRS) was then calculated by multiplying WAI with TPS (total percentage of cells stained). The thickness of the ligamentum flavum was measured with axial T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The biochemical and radiologic results were compared for these two conditions. Results A total of 94% (34/36) of specimens in the lumbar spinal stenosis had a IRS &gt;50 as compared with 72% (16/22) in lumbar disc herniation; this difference is statistically significant ( p = 0.011). The mean thickness of the ligamentum flavum was 3.96 mm (range, 2.67-5.75 mm) in lumbar spinal stenosis and 2.59 mm (range, 1.41-4.17 mm) in lumbar disc herniation; the difference between lumbar spinal stenosis and disc hernation was statistically significant ( p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion The current results suggest that higher expression of chondroitin sulfate might be related to the development of hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum in lumbar spinal stenosis. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Chondroitin sulphate distribution in broiler chicken carcasses

1. The content of chondroitin sulphate (CS), known as a nutraceutical, was estimated in broiler chicken carcasses by analysing sulphated glycosaminoglycan uronic acid in posterior sternum (keel) cartilage and bones from 4 parts (wing, leg, front and hind) of carcasses.2. The results of the present study suggested that approximately 0.63 g CS uronic acid (or 1.9 g as CS) can be extracted from a 1.66 kg whole broiler chicken carcass. The amount of extractable CS from keel cartilage, which has been reported as a valuable source of CS in broiler chicken carcasses, was surprisingly low (<10% of total CS).

A new electrochemical method for the determination of chondroitin sulfate based on its supramolecular interaction with cupferron-lead(II) complex

In this paper, the interaction of cupferron (Cup) and lead (II) complex [Cup-Pb (II)] with chondroitin sulfate (CS) was investigated by linear sweep voltammetric method. In the selected medium of pH 5.5 (acetic acid-hexamine buffer solution), Cup can interact with Pb (II) to form a stable complex of [Cup-Pb(II)], which has a sensitive second order derivative polarographic reductive peak at -0.64V (vs.SCE). After the addition of CS into Cup-Pb (II) complex solution, the reductive peak current decreased without any shift of the peak potential and no new peak appeared, which indicated that an unelectroactive supramolecular complex of CS with [Cup-Pb(II)] was formed. The binding reaction conditions were carefully investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the interaction mechanism was discussed. The decrease of reductive peak current was directly proportional to the CS concentration, thus a new quantitative determination method for CS was established with the linear regression equation as ?Ip?(nA)=36.97 C/mg L-1+12.45 (n=10, ?=0.995). The effects of other substances on the determination were carefully investigated and three synthetic samples were determined with satisfactory results. The binding constant (?s) and the binding number (m) of CS with [Cup-Pb(II)] complex were calculated from the voltammetric data with the results as ?s=1.89?1010 and m?2.5.