Concentrations Of Adenine Research Articles

The Diterpene Isopimaric Acid Modulates the Phytohormone Pathway to Promote Oryza sativa L. Rice Seedling Growth.

Many plant secondary metabolites are active and important in the regulation of plant growth. Certain plant-derived diterpenes are known to promote plant growth, but the pathways by which this promotion occurs are still unknown. Activity screening revealed that the plant-derived diterpene isopimaric acid exhibits growth-promoting activity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Furthermore, 25 μg/mL of isopimaric acid promoted the growth of 15 self-incompatible associated populations from different rice lineages to different extents. Quantitative analyses revealed a significant decrease in the concentration of the defense-related phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) following treatment with isopimaric acid. Correlation analysis of the phytohormone concentrations with growth characteristics revealed that the length of seedling shoots was significantly negatively correlated with concentrations of 3-indole-butyric acid (IBA). Moreover, the total root weight was not only negatively correlated with ABA concentrations but also negatively correlated with concentrations of isopentenyl adenine (iP). These data suggest that isopimaric acid is able to influence the phytohormone pathway to balance energy allocation between growth and defense in rice seedlings and also alter the correlation between the concentrations of phytohormones and traits such as shoot and root length and weight. We provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of isopimaric acid as a plant growth regulator for rice.

The impact of altered dietary adenine concentrations on the gut microbiota in Drosophila.

The gut microbiota influences host metabolism and health, impacting diseases. Research into how diet affects gut microbiome dynamics in model organisms is crucial but underexplored. Herein, we examined how dietary adenine affects uric acid levels and the gut microbiota over five generations of Drosophila melanogaster. Wild-type W1118 flies consumed diets with various adenine concentrations (GC: 0%, GL: 0.05%, and GH: 0.10%), and their gut microbiota were assessed via Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Adenine intake significantly increased uric acid levels in the GH group > the GC group. Despite no significant differences in the alpha diversity indices, there were significant disparities in the gut microbiota health index (GMHI) and dysbiosis index (MDI) among the groups. Adenine concentrations significantly altered the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota. High adenine intake correlated with increased uric acid levels and microbial population shifts, notably affecting the abundances of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. The gut microbiota phenotypes included mobile elements, gram-positive bacteria, biofilm-forming bacteria, and gram-negative bacteria. The significantly enriched KEGG pathways included ageing, carbohydrate metabolism, and the immune system. In conclusion, adenine intake increases uric acid levels, alters gut microbiota, and affects KEGG pathways in Drosophila across generations. This study highlights the impact of dietary adenine on uric acid levels and the gut microbiota, providing insights into intergenerational nutritional effects.

Processing browning and increasing multiplication and rotting of Peach rootstock cv. Garnem by using antioxidants and plant growth regulators in vitro

The study aimed to find an accurate propagation program for the rootstock of peach Prunus persica cv. Garnem. The apical shoots and nodes of this rootstock were used as explants for the stages of initiation and multiplication, and they were planted on MS medium after adding different concentrations of Active Charcoal (AC), Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP), and Benzyl adenine (BA). The shoots were planted for the purpose of rooting on MS medium containing different concentrations of salts (1/4 MS, 1/2 MS and full MS salts) with different concentrations of IBA. In the establishment phase, the apical shoots grown on medium supplied with AC were given the highest response rate, the highest average length of plantlet, and the highest number of leaves. The best multiplication of explants in terms of the number of shoots and their length were obtained when cultivated on a medium supplemented with BA at 1 and 2 mg.L-1, whereas the application of BA at 1 mg. L-1 to the cultivated nodes gave the highest number of leaves. The best rooting percent was obtained when plantlets were s treated with 2 mg. L-1 was applied to 1/4 MS medium. The highest number of roots was obtained from plantlets grown in 1/2 MS medium treated with IBA at 3 mg.L-1, whereas the longest root was obtained from plantlets grown in 1/2 MS medium treated with 1 mg.L-1IBA.

#2556 Therapeutic monitoring in patients with APRT deficiency using UPLC-MS/MS-based plasma assay

Abstract Background and Aims Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency is a rare disorder of purine metabolism, characterized by urinary excretion of the poorly soluble 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (DHA), leading to nephrolithiasis and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Treatment with xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) inhibitor, allopurinol or febuxostat, reduces DHA excretion and slows or halts CKD progression. The aim of the study was to optimize and validate an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)-based assay for simultaneous quantification of DHA, adenine, allopurinol, oxypurinol and febuxostat in human plasma, for monitoring of pharmacotherapy in patients with APRT deficiency. Method The UPLC-MS/MS-based assay was optimized employing the chemometric approach design of experiments, using the software Modde Pro 13 (Sartorius, Umeå, Sweden). The assay was validated and used for absolute quantification of DHA, adenine, allopurinol, oxypurinol and febuxostat in plasma samples from both untreated and treated APRTd patients and healthy controls. Results Accuracy and precision were within ±15% for all analytes, and the analytes were stable in plasma for 12 months at −80°C. The median (range) concentration of DHA in plasma samples from six APRT deficiency patients was 204.0 (187.2–315.8) ng/mL when they were untreated and 69.2 (below the limit of quantification [BLQ]–131.6) ng/mL when treated with allopurinol (400 mg/day), and BLQ when febuxostat (80 mg/day) was the therapeutic agent. The median (range) plasma adenine concentration was 238.1 (218–502) ng/mL in the untreated patients, and 561.1 (418–2104) and 856.0 (726–1711) ng/mL in those on treatment with allopurinol and febuxostat, respectively. DHA was not detected in plasma samples from healthy controls. The median (range) plasma concentration of allopurinol, oxypurinol and febuxostat in patients receiving XOR inhibitor therapy was 1657 (BLQ-3266) ng/mL, 8102 (4778–34906) ng/mL and 109 (BLQ-1657) ng/mL, respectively. Conclusion The UPLC-MS/MS-based assay provides accurate and precise quantification of DHA, adenine, allopurinol, oxypurinol and febuxostat in human plasma. Measurement of plasma DHA is being implemented as a diagnostic test for APRT deficiency and the full assay for monitoring of XOR inhibitor treatment in patients with the disorder.

EFFECT OF BIO HEALTH, TECAMIN MAX AND BENZYL ADENINE ON GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF SWEET ORANGE SEEDLINGS

This investigation was aimed to study the effect of soil application of Bio health and foliar application with Tecamin max and Benzyl adenine on growth characteristic of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) seedlings during two successive seasons (2020 and 2021). Bio health was added with three concentrations (0, 6 and 12 g.L-1) to the soil and foliar application of Tecamin max with three concentration (0, 5 and 10 ml.L-1), Benzyl adenine with three concentration (0, 100 and 200 mg. L-1) on the sweet orange seedlings which were brought from private nursery in Duhok city and have two- years old and nearly uniform in growth vigor. The results proved that all parameters such as increases in plant high, stem diameter, branch numbers, single leaf area, total chlorophyll as soon as leaves carbohydrate and leaves dry weight in both seasons were increased significantly as compared with control, accept Tecamin max had no significant effect on leaves carbohydrates and leaves dry weight, Benzyl adenine no significant effect on leaves dry weight on both seasons, Furthermore, combination among high concentration of Bio health, Tecamin max and Benzyl adenine improved all parameters in comparison with the control.

Effect of spraying Benzyl adenine (BA) and adding nitrogen fertilizer on yield of Avena sativa L.

The field experiment was conducted in the second agricultural research station located in the Al-Bandar area, which is affiliated with the College of Agriculture at Al-Muthanna University. This Study was conducted during the winter season 2022-2023 was conducted during the 2022-2023 winter agricultural season. The experiment investigated the relationship between two factors. The first factor is nitrogen, which was applied at four distinct four levels (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha-1). After emergence, during the elongation stage, and at the Booting stage, nitrogen was applied in three separate batches. Benzyl adenine is the second factor examined in this study. Four Different concentrations of benzyl adenine were applied to the plant at 0, 100, 150, and 200 mg L-1. The benzyl adenine was applied in two Different concentration, with the first batch being applied during the elongation phase and the second batch being applied during the Booting phase. The application consisted of completely saturating the plant with a spray. The experiment was carried out with randomized complete block design using split plot with three replicates. The Main plots were sprayed with varied concentrations of benzyl adenine, while the Sub- plots received varying levels of nitrogen fertilization. The results showed Significant differences in the Nitrogen application, especially in the Significant of 120 kgN.ha-1 In the following characteristics (number of grains Per panicle, weight of 1,000 grains, grains yield, biological yield), it gave averages of 105.6 grains panicle-1 , 38.36 g, 6.27 ton ha-1, 25.41 ton ha-1), and at 40 kg N ha-1, it was greater than the number of panicle of 429.8 m2. The results also indicated significant effect in the spraying of Benzyl adenine and the highest average treatment of 200 mg L-1 (1,000 grain weight) and gave an average of 37.68 g The interaction between factors under study showed the combination (120 kg N ha-1 x 200 mg L-1 BA) gave averages of 41.49 g in grain weight.

Effect of the source of the plant part and plant growth regulators on the establishment and multiplication of vegetative branches of Rosmarinus officinalis L. in vitro

This search was carried out in the plant tissue culture laboratory at the College of Agriculture at the University of Kerbala from 2021 to 2022. The study included the use of in vitro technology in the use of plant parts and different combinations in the emergence and multiplication of farms vegetative branches of rosemary, the study was carried out in two stages after performing the sterilization process: the first included the emergence of vegetative farms by planting the growing tops and side nodes on the MS nutrient medium with different concentrations (0 , 1, 2, 3 mg.L-1) BA, and the second stage was carried out by cultivating the growths resulting from the nodes grown in the previous stage on the (MS) media, that was prepared with various concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 mg.L-1) BA and ( 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4mg.L-1) NAA, The results of the study showed the superiority of the apical, as it achieved a response rate of 57.5% compared to the lateral shoots, which recorded a response rate of 37.5%, and the con. of 1 mg.l-1 BA was superior and achieved a response rate of 80% comparison with the neutral treat that earn a response rate It reached 15%, and the results showed that the same concentration of benzyl adenine at a concentration of 2 mg.l-1 achieved of higher average in the number and length of branches (4.74 branches.plantlet-1, 4.12 cm), while the concentration achieved 3 mg .l- 1 of it had the higher rate of leaves number and the Fresh and Dry weight of the branches (15.24 leaves.plantlet-1, 2986 mg and 1823 mg), respectively, comparison with the neutral treat that achieved the lower average, and the concentration 0.2 mg.L-1 NAA exceeded in achieving The highest average number of branches, leaves, fresh &dry weight of branches was (4.16 branches.plantlet-1 and 14.21 leaves.plantlet-1, 2606 mg and 1594 mg) respectively, while the concentration exceeded 0.4 mg.L-1 NAA in achieving the highest rate The length of the branches reached 3.74 cm. All experiments were carried out using CRD (utterly randomized design). Keywords: explants type ; plant growth regulators ; micro propagation ; rosemary ; tissue culture

The longitudinal biochemical profiling of TBI in a drop weight model of TBI

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide, particularly among individuals under the age of 45. It is a complex, and heterogeneous disease with a multifaceted pathophysiology that remains to be elucidated. Metabolomics has the potential to identify metabolic pathways and unique biochemical profiles associated with TBI. Herein, we employed a longitudinal metabolomics approach to study TBI in a weight drop mouse model to reveal metabolic changes associated with TBI pathogenesis, severity, and secondary injury. Using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, we biochemically profiled post-mortem brain from mice that suffered mild TBI (N = 25; 13 male and 12 female), severe TBI (N = 24; 11 male and 13 female) and sham controls (N = 16; 11 male and 5 female) at baseline, day 1 and day 7 following the injury. 1H NMR-based metabolomics, in combination with bioinformatic analyses, highlights a few significant metabolites associated with TBI severity and perturbed metabolism related to the injury. We report that the concentrations of taurine, creatinine, adenine, dimethylamine, histidine, N-Acetyl aspartate, and glucose 1-phosphate are all associated with TBI severity. Longitudinal metabolic observation of brain tissue revealed that mild TBI and severe TBI lead distinct metabolic profile changes. A multi-class model was able to classify the severity of injury as well as time after TBI with estimated 86% accuracy. Further, we identified a high degree of correlation between respective hemisphere metabolic profiles (r > 0.84, p < 0.05, Pearson correlation). This study highlights the metabolic changes associated with underlying TBI severity and secondary injury. While comprehensive, future studies should investigate whether: (a) the biochemical pathways highlighted here are recapitulated in the brain of TBI sufferers and (b) if the panel of biomarkers are also as effective in less invasively harvested biomatrices, for objective and rapid identification of TBI severity and prognosis.

Features of large cranberry &lt;i&gt;(Oxycoccus macrocarpus)&lt;/i&gt; hybrids propagation in &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; culture

The present study is aimed at developing a micropropagation system for five intervarietal hybrids of Oxycoccus macrocarpus promising for cultivation in Western Siberia. All studies on the development of in vitro propagation techniques were carried out on the example of the intervarietal hybrid О. macrocarpus Bergman × Pilgrim. Ben Lear × Bergman, Ben Lear × Pilgrim, Pilgrim × Bergman, and Pilgrim × Ben Lear hybrids were propagated in vitro using the technology developed for Bergman × Pilgrim. Seed germination of the hybrids in in vitro culture ranged from 35.29 to 80.00%. At the mass reproduction stage, it was found that concentrations of 2-isopentyl adenine 0–10 μM did not affect the reproduction rate. The tested pH values (4.5–7.5) did not cause the death of Bergman × Pilgrim hybrid, indicating its stability in this pH range. Active root formation on the media with cytokinin (100.0%) was observed, and therefore a separate stage of rooting of microshoots was not required. During the ex vitro adaptation phase, it was found that the use of sphagnum moss as a substrate served as an effective technique. The plant viability was 86.0–93.0%. Significant differences after the adaptation stage were shown: in shoot number between Bergman × Pilgrim (1.21 pcs./shoot) and Ben Lear × Bergman (7.00 pcs./shoot) hybrids, in root length between Bergman × Pilgrim (19.7 mm), Ben Lear × Bergman (39.4 mm) and Pilgrim × Bergman (53.4 mm). The use of in vitro methods for propagation and selection of genotypes is an effective approach and can be applied in programs to obtain intervarietal hybrids of O. macrocarpus.

Exploiting Purine as an Internal Standard for SERS Quantification of Purine Derivative Molecules Released by Bacteria.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a highly sensitive technique used in diverse biomedical applications including rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST). However, signal fluctuation in SERS, particularly the widespread of signals measured from different batches of SERS substrates, compromises its reliability and introduces potential errors in SERS-AST. In this study, we investigate the use of purine as an internal standard (IS) to recalibrate SERS signals and quantify the concentrations of two important purine derivatives, adenine and hypoxanthine, which are the most important biomarkers used in SERS-AST. Our findings demonstrate that purine IS effectively mitigates SERS signal fluctuations and enables accurate prediction of adenine and hypoxanthine concentrations across a wide range (5 orders of magnitude). Calibrations with purine as an IS outperform those without, exhibiting a 10-fold increase in predictive accuracy. Additionally, the calibration curve obtained from the first batch of SERS substrates remains effective for 64 additional substrates fabricated over a half-year period. Measurements of adenine and hypoxanthine concentrations in bacterial supernatants using SERS with purine IS closely align with the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry results. The use of purine as an IS offers a simple and robust platform to enhance the speed and accuracy of SERS-AST, while also paving the way for in situ SERS quantification of purine derivatives released by bacteria under various stress conditions.

Vibrational assignments of cyclic dimers and inter-monomers of adenine relating FT-IR, FT-Raman and UV spectra with SQMFF and DFT calculations

In this work, three different cyclic dimers and a tetramer of adenine taken from the experimental structure determined by X-ray diffraction have been studied by combination of experimental FT-IR, FT-Raman and UV–Visible spectra with hybrid B3LYP/6–311++G** and scaled quantum mechanical force field (SQMFF) calculations in order to perform the complete assignments of bands observed in the vibrational spectra. The characteristics of different N-H···N interactions of those three cyclic structures together with the group of IR bands observed between 2865 and 2599 cm−1 have been elucidated considering the tetrameric structure. The cyclic dimers and the tetramer of adenine confirm that the bands observed between 2865 and 2599 cm−1 are not due to N-H···N interactions but to bands of combination, as was previously suggested. The experimental available deuterated IR and terahertz spectra have allowed the complete assignments of regions of higher and lower wavenumbers. Good correlations were acquired comparing the theoretical IR, Raman and UV spectra of three species and the tetramer with the analogous experimental ones, suggesting the presence of all species in both phases. Vibronic bands are observed in the electronic spectra when adenine concentration is increased in aqueous solution evidencing the presence of monomer, tautomers and dimers, as reported by different studies. Similar characteristics of H bonds interactions are predicted for dimers 1 and 2 but different from the dimer 3, as revealed by using NBO and AIM calculations. Different scaled force constants values were found for the cyclic dimers 1 and 2, as compared to the corresponding to dimer 3.

In Vitro Propagation of Two Tomato Hybrids (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) Via Tissue Culture Technique

This investigation was carried out at the Tissue Culture Lab., Biotechnology Research Center (BTRC) in Tripoli, Libya in 2009 to establish a micro propagation protocol for two hybrids of Tomato in which several factors were studied including the effect of concentration of growth regulator on shoot multiplication, and rooting of explant on MS media. Shoot tips were cultured into (MS medium) with different concentrations of benzyl adenine (BA) + 0.5 mg/l (IAA) compared with MS basal medium as a control treatment. Generally, the results showed that there were no significant differences between several concentrations of (BA+IAA) on the number of leaves and shoot length. The obtained results illustrated was M1 gave high number of shoots/explant, shoot length, and leaves number for two hybrids of Tomato which were 1.90, 3.89, 4.48 respectively compared with the control. The results showed that there were no significant differences between Tomato hybrids on shoot length and the number of shoots. The best result for leaves number was hybrid HH-56 which gave 4.54 leaves. From the foregoing results, MS media supplementing IAA at 0.2 mg/l was the best treatment for rooting stage of hybrid HH-56 and Hybrid AZHAR F1. The plantlets were transferred to plastic cups containing peatmoss + sand at 1:1 (V/V). Acclimatization of plantlets were successfully.

The effect of growth regulators on micropropagation of medicinal plant Chrysanthemum hortorum hort by using plant tissue culture technology

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of various concentrations of growth regulators added to the MS on the propagation of Chrysanthemum plants outside the living body, a study was conducted in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala. The findings of study can be summed up as follows:The best treatment for sterilizing the vegetative parts was by using a concentration of 4.5% of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 15 minutes. The concentration of the benzyl adenine gave 2 mg L-1 highest percentage in the number of shoots, length and number of sheets of 6.80 sections -1 and 4.30 cm and 25.00 leaves, respectively, comparison by the comparative processing given by Lowest rates, when grow shoot tips measurement of 1 cm on the MS media. When growing vegetative shoots from the multiplication stage on the MS nutrient media, which is equipped with various concentrations of NAA for rooting, the concentration exceeds 1 mg L-1 of it to achieve the highest percentage of rooting, the number and length of roots, the length of the shoot, and the fresh and dry weight of the shoot reached 100%, respectively, 18.50 root, 5.50 cm, 13.30 cm, 2.80 and 0.98 mg), compared with the control.&#x0D;

Laser-textured Pd-Au hierarchical superhydrophobic micro-arrays for ultralow SERS detection

Ultra-trace identification of the limited quantity of diluted analyte solutions requires the condensation of target analytes utilizing the superhydrophobic analyte enrichment effect and are extremely desirable for improving the detection sensitivity. Herein, the identification of ultra-trace analyte concentrations employing laser-textured palladium-gold (Pd-Au) hierarchical superhydrophobic micro-arrays as surface-enhanced Raman sensors (SMA-SERS) is reported. The double ns-laser fast scanning strategy produces hierarchically arranged micro-strip and micro-pyramidal arrays over the large surface areas composed of nano-scale inter-particle gaps, enabling the numerous three-dimensional plasmonic hot-spots due to the uniform formation of Au nanoparticles' aggregates/clusters. Under the optimized fabrication parameters, the resultant hybrid SMA-SERS sensors exhibit periodic micro-pyramidal arrays with excellent inherent superhydrophobicity (Contact angle, CA∼171°) and consequently superior SERS performance with uniform (RSD∼10%) signal detectability down to the ∼34.2 fM (3.42×10−14 M) MB molecules utilizing analyte enrichment effect. The accumulation of analytes within the smaller dried spots (Contact diameter, CD∼1.13 mm) results in increased spatial density of analytes and subsequently enables the ultra-low detectability of MGO, DTTCI, PA, AN, adenine, and l-tryp molecules down to ∼3.57 pM, 0.34 fM, 0.31 nM, 0.44 µM, 0.25 nM, and 97.7 nM concentrations, respectively. The multiplexed identification of target (AN and adenine) analytes is explored utilizing serial-deposition of analytes and depict the simultaneous detection of target analytes down to ∼10−7 M (AN) and 10−9 M (adenine) concentrations. The double ns-laser fast scanning strategy provides dual-scale surface roughness in the SMA-SERS substrates and offers ultrahigh sensitivity for the identification of the low amount of analytes utilizing the superhydrophobicity-induced analyte enrichment effect.

Effect of Coconut Water and Benzyl Adenine with Different Concentrations on Potato Tissue Culture (Solanum tuberosum L.) Var. Granola

This study aimed to determine the effect of giving coconut water and the right concentration of benzyl adenine in MS media for potato tissue culture of Granola variety. The study was carried out from November to January 2022, in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Pattimura University, Ambon. This study used a 2-factor completely randomized design (CRD); the first factor was the concentration of coconut water 0 with 100 ml/l, and the second factor was the concentration of BA consisting of 0.1,2,3,4 mg/l. The study was conducted with 7 replicates and each replication consisted of 5 explants in each culture bottle, so that there were 350 cultures as the unit of observation. The variables observed in this study included the number of shoots, the number of internodes, the number of branches, and the number of roots per plantlet. The results showed that the concentration of coconut water 0 and 100 ml/l had an effect on the number of internodes and the number of roots at 4 weeks after planting. Benzyl adenine at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/l had an effect on the variable number of shoots at 8 WAP and the number of internodes at 2 - 8 WAP; which also applies to the number of roots. Whereas, the interaction between both factors affected the number of internodes at 4, 6, and 8 weeks, which also applies to the number of roots.

Effect of Explants Type and Plant Growth Regulators on the Stimulation and Multiplication of Vegetative Branches of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. in Vitro

The study included the use of plant tissue culture technology in the use of plant parts and different combinations in the emergence and multiplication of farms of the vegetative branches of the fenugreek plant(1,2,3)mg.l-1 BA, and the second stage was carried out by cultivating the growths resulting from the nodes grown in the previous stage on the MS medium, which was prepared with different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3) mg.l-1 BA and (0.0,0.1,0.2,0.4)mg.L-1 NAA. The study’s results showed that the concentration of 2 mg.L-1 BA achieved a response rate of 80% compared to the peaks that did not respond. The results also showed that the same concentration of benzyl adenine achieved the highest rate in the number and length of branches, and the number of leaves reached 8.69.plant-1, 4.00 cm, 26.33 leaves.plant) respectively, compared with the control treatment that achieved the lowest rate, and the concentration 0.2 mg.l-1 NAA excelled in achieving the highest rate of the number of branches and leaves reached (7.49 branches. plant-1 and 21.50 leaves.plant-1) respectively. In comparison, the concentration of 0.4 mg.l-1 NAA excelled in achieving the highest average length of branches, reaching 3.92 cm.

Anticoagulant effect of Feijoa sellowiana extracts generated by different biotechnological techniques

Blood clotting has become one of the most dangerous side effects associated with Corona virus, as well as the high level of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Therefore, it has become necessary to use medicinal plants that are biologically safe and containing anti-clotting compound. Feijoa sellowiana represents a prolific source diverse compounds that may have thrombolytic activity. Therefore, the main research point is the production and scaling up of a target contents that have anticoagulants by using biotechnological techniques; calli production, and bioreactors and assessed their activity through in-vivo study. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium enriched with varying concentrations of benzyl adenine (BA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was used to cultivate calli and cell suspension cultures from F. sellowiana seeds. Bioreactors were employed to boost active constituent's production. Moreover, the bioreactor physical factors such as effect of controlled or uncontrolled pH medium were investigated. The leaves of the main plant were extracted by ethanol 70% and polar and non-polar extracts were also prepared. The ethanol extract of calli and cells resulting from bioreactors were also prepared. All prepared extracts were subjected to chemical analysis by HPLC, in-vitro antioxidant assays, in-vivo anticoagulant activity and histopathological examination. Calli and cell suspension cultures were produced by using MS medium fortified with 1 mg/L BA+ 0.1 mg/L NAA. It was found that culturing of cell cultures in a bioreactor with uncontrolled pH and aeration at the value of 0.5 L/min gave the maximum and economical fresh and dry weights of the plants. After evaluation of all extracts; it was found that the calli ethanol extract for each plant was the highest value of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents either quantitatively or qualitatively. All extracts of Feijoa had antioxidant activity. The IC50 of the DPPH of Feijoa calli extract was 13.45 μg/mL, it was also confirmed by FRAP and ABTs values. Feijoa calli extract decreased platelet aggregation by suppression of thrombin, extended aPTT, PT, bleeding and clotting times. It was safer than warfarin medication. From these findings the authors can conclude that Feijoa had highly anticoagulant activity and the calli production achieved the goal of the enhancement of the phenolic constituent and thus their activity.

Meteorites and the RNA World: Synthesis of Nucleobases in Carbonaceous Planetesimals and the Role of Initial Volatile Content

Prebiotic molecules, fundamental building blocks for the origin of life, have been found in carbonaceous chondrites. The exogenous delivery of these organic molecules onto the Hadean Earth could have sparked the polymerization of the first RNA molecules in Darwinian ponds during wet-dry cycles. Here, we investigate the formation of the RNA and DNA nucleobases adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine, and thymine inside parent body planetesimals of carbonaceous chondrites. An up-to-date thermochemical equilibrium model coupled with a 1D thermodynamic planetesimal model is used to calculate the nucleobase concentrations. Different from previous studies, we assume the initial volatile concentrations more appropriate for the formation zone of carbonaceous chondrite parent bodies. This represents more accurately cosmochemical findings that these bodies have formed inside the inner, ∼2–5 au, warm region of the solar system. Due to these improvements, our model represents the concentrations of adenine and guanine measured in carbonaceous chondrites. Our model did not reproduce per se the measurements of uracil, cytosine, and thymine in these meteorites. This can be explained by transformation reactions between nucleobases and the potential decomposition of thymine. The synthesis of prebiotic organic matter in carbonaceous asteroids could be well explained by a combination of (i) radiogenic heating, (ii) aqueous chemistry involving a few key processes at a specific range of radii inside planetesimals where water can exist in the liquid phase, and (iii) a reduced initial volatile content (H2, CO, , and CH2O) of the protoplanetary disk material in the parent body region compared to the outer region of comets.

Effect of Growth Regulators on Seedlings Growth of Apricot (prunus Armeniaca L.)

This study was conducted during the growing season of 2021 and 2022 in horticulture station located at Akre city center Duhok Iraqi Kurdistan region, the study was aimed to investigate the effect of growth regulators on seedling growth of apricot and determined the best concentration of Gibberellin, Benzyl adenine and Kinetin to improve vegetative growth of seedling of apricot . so it consisted of three concentration of GA3 (0, 250 and 500 mg.L-1), BA (0,150 and 300 mg.L-1), KIN (0,150 and 300 mg.L-1) on some vegetative growth characteristics of apricot seedlings (Prunus armeniaca L.).The best results include the following. apricot seedlings sprayed with different concentrations of GA3 significantly affected and gave the seedling height, number of leaves, dry weight, single leaf area and total chlorophyll. Also, seedling sprayed with different BA concentration effected significantly and gave the highest seedling diameter, number of leaves, single leaf area, and dry weight. Whereas seedling spray with different KIN concentrations significantly affected on seedling diameter and total chlorophyll. Generally, interaction between GA3 and KIN and interaction between GA3 and BA and the interaction between BA and KIN was effected significantly on most growth parameters. The best result was in the treatment (GA3 500 mg.L-1 + BA 300 mg.L-1 + KIN 150 mg.L-1) which significantly affected on all growth parameters (seedling height, seedling diameter, single leaf area, total chlorophyll, number of leaves and dry weight)

Toward RNA Life on Early Earth: From Atmospheric HCN to Biomolecule Production in Warm Little Ponds

The origin of life on Earth involves the early appearance of an information-containing molecule such as RNA. The basic building blocks of RNA could have been delivered by carbon-rich meteorites or produced in situ by processes beginning with the synthesis of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the early Earth’s atmosphere. Here, we construct a robust physical and nonequilibrium chemical model of the early Earth’s atmosphere. The atmosphere is supplied with hydrogen from impact degassing of meteorites, water evaporated from the oceans, carbon dioxide from volcanoes, and methane from undersea hydrothermal vents, and in it lightning and external UV-driven chemistry produce HCN. This allows us to calculate the rain-out of HCN into warm little ponds (WLPs). We then use a comprehensive numerical model of sources and sinks to compute the resulting abundances of nucleobases, ribose, and nucleotide precursors such as 2-aminooxazole resulting from aqueous and UV-driven chemistry within them. We find that 4.4 billion years ago the limit of adenine concentrations in ponds for habitable surfaces is 0.05 μM in the absence of seepage. Meteorite delivery of adenine to WLPs can provide boosts in concentration by 2–3 orders of magnitude, but these boosts deplete within months by UV photodissociation, seepage, and hydrolysis. The early evolution of the atmosphere is dominated by the decrease in hydrogen due to falling impact rates and atmospheric escape, and the rise of oxygenated species such as OH from H2O photolysis. The source of HCN is predominantly from UV radiation rather than lightning. Our work points to an early origin of RNA on Earth within ∼200 Myr of the Moon-forming impact.