Acid Concentration Research Articles

Construction of black phosphorus/metal-organic framework composites for electrochemical detection of uric acid

The detection of uric acid (UA) concentration is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of related diseases. In this work, we used a static precipitation strategy to prepare a surface carbonized cobalt-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) composite black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNS) electrode material for electrochemical detection of UA. The results showed that the sensor had a linear detection range of UA concentration from 1 to 2000 μM in acetate buffer with pH=5.6. In addition, the sensor still maintains a peak current response of 91.9 % after one month, indicating its good stability and anti-interference performance. The enhancement of sensing performance is attributed to the fact that the composite material retains the excellent electronic transport properties of BPNS. At the same time, the composite of MOFs makes the specific surface area and porosity of the material increase, so that the stability of BPNS is significantly improved. This work will provide new ideas for the construction of stable and efficient UA electrochemical sensors.

Evolution characteristic and mechanism of microstructure, hydraulic and mechanical behaviors of sandstone treated by acid-rock reaction: Application of in-situ leaching of uranium deposits

The main difficulty in understanding the effects of chemical-physical composite stimulation for low-permeability sandstone-type uranium deposits is clarifying the influence of acidification on pore response mechanism and permeability-mechanical properties evolution during loading-deformation-failure process. Therefore, the acid-rock reaction experiment was first performed, the multiple testing methods (X-ray Diffraction, thin-section identification, high-pressure mercury intrusion porosimetry, stress-seepage coupling experiment) were then conducted, the evolution laws and mechanisms of reservoir physical characteristics after acidification were finally clarified. Results show that after the acid-rock reaction, the contents of calcite, feldspar and kaolinite of samples are decreased and the quartz content is increased, the permeabilities of samples are all promoted, the peak strength, elastic modulus, and shear modulus of samples are reduced and the Poisson’s ratio is raised. The acid-rock reaction changes the energy storage performance and promotes the plasticization of samples. It is suggested to adopt a lower sulfuric acid concentration (2 g/L) and longer reaction time (>45 d) for the ISL of uranium deposits. This work has important theoretical and practical significance for an in-depth understanding of the enhanced mining of low-permeability sandstone-type uranium deposits.

Density and coefficients of Jones–Dole equation for viscosity measurement of l-isoleucine, l-proline, and l-glutamine in aqueous KCl solution at 298.15–323.15 K

The present studies reported the experimental data on thermophysical properties such as density and viscosity of aqueous solutions of different amino acids namely l-isoleucine, l-proline, and l-glutamine in 1.5 mol/L KCl solution at different temperatures ranging from 298.15 to 323.15 K. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate interactions between amino acids and KCl solution at dilute concentrations. For understanding amino acid and KCl solution interactions, we will investigate ion–ion and ion–solvent interactions. It has been observed that the density and viscosity rise with amino acid concentration and decrease with temperature. Using the Jones–Dole equation, the viscosity A and B coefficients have been determined. The viscosity B-coefficient values for all the three amino acids in aqueous electrolyte system are depicted as positive. The positive values of B-coefficient indicate a strong alignment of the solvent molecules with solute molecules. The amino acid l-glutamine acts as a structure breaker solute. This structure breaking effect of l-glutamine on solvent may be attributed to the domination of hydrophilic nature of amide group. l-isoleucine and l-proline act as structure maker in electrolyte system.

Restoration of the Ultrastructural Integrity of the Dermal Collagen Network by 12-Week Ingestion of Special Collagen Peptides.

This pilot study investigated the effects of a 12-week administration of a nutritional supplement containing special collagen peptides on the structural and molecular properties of the collagen fiber network in the human skin. For the assessments, the suction blister method and electron microscopical comparisons were used. Three suction blisters were generated on the inner forearm of each test subject before and after the 12-week administration of the nutritional supplement. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to meticulously investigate the structural characteristics of the skin's collagen network, including the length and diameter of collagen fibers within the suction blister roof. Furthermore, the analysis included immunohistochemistry and fluorescence light microscopy to study hyaluronic acid within the extracellular matrix. Additional assessments encompassed changes in various epidermal parameters. Nine female participants within the age range of 43.7-61.8years (mean: 52.5 ± 5.9years) completed the study in accordance with the study protocol. Compared with baseline, the 12-week supplementation regimen led to a statistically significant average increase in the collagen fiber network size of 34.56% (p < 0.0001). Additionally, collagen fiber cross-linking and fiber length were substantially increased. The ingestion of the supplement also resulted in an 18.08% elevation in epidermal hyaluronic acid concentration (p < 0.0001). No adverse events were recorded during the study. Using an innovative approach, this study demonstrated the ability of a targeted nutritional supplement to effectively restore the ultrastructural integrity of the dermal collagen network, which is typically disrupted by the natural aging process of the skin. These findings not only corroborate existing data regarding the positive effects of oral collagen peptides on skin structure and function but also contribute to our understanding of ultrastructural morphological aspects of changes in the skin's collagen network. Supplementation can induce regeneration of the collagen fiber network in the human skin. German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS-ID DRKS00034161- Date of registration: 06.05.2024, retrospectively registered.

Antioxidant and anticancer activities on HT-29 colon cancer cells of protein isolate extracted from Cordyceps militaris fruiting body using diverse isolation methods

The present research examines different techniques for isolating proteins from Cordyceps militaris fruiting body powder (COR), namely ammonium sulfate precipitation (ASP), organic solvent precipitation (OSP), and isoelectric precipitation (IEP). ASP yielded the highest protein content (78.90 %), effectively concentrating proteins, while OSP and IEP also produced substantial yields (57.41 % and 69.06 %, respectively). Color analysis revealed differences among isolates, with ASP resulting in a darker hue. ASP and IEP showed higher red and yellow components, respectively. Essential amino acid content was significantly higher in ASP isolate compared to COR, indicating effective amino acid concentration. Thermal analysis revealed different decomposition temperatures and enthalpy values among isolates. OSP displayed the highest phenolic content, while IEP exhibited the highest flavonoid content. Antioxidant assays showed ASP to have the highest DPPH-RSA and ABTS-RSA, while IEP showed the highest FRAP value. ASP demonstrated anticancer activity against HT-29 colon cancer cells inducing cell death apoptosis and inhibiting cell migration, with an IC50 of 360.63 µg/mL, comparable to Paclitaxel. These findings suggest that Cordyceps militaris protein isolate, particularly from ASP, has significant antioxidant and anticancer potential, supporting its potential as a natural alternative to synthetic drugs with fewer side effects.

740. RABEPRAZOLE PROTECTS REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS DUE TO BILE IN RAT MODEL

Abstract Aims we studied the effect of proton pump inhibitor(PPI)(Rabeprazole) therapy on esophageal bile reflux in esophagitis after total gastrectomy. (Methodology) Sixteen 8-week old male Wistar rats were underwent total gastrectomy and esophagoduodenostomy to induce esophageal reflux of biliary and pancreatic juice. In 5 rats the sham operation induced a midline laparatomy alone (Sham). One week following surgery, they were treated with saline (Control) (n=8) PPI (Rabeprazole)(n=8)(30mg/kg/day) ip for 2 weeks. 3 weeks after operation, all rats were killed and the esophagus was evaluated histologically. Esophageal injury was evaluated by macroscopic, microscopic findings and expression of COX2 and PGE2. We performed the measurement of bile acid in the esophageal lumen and common bile duct. Results At 3 weeks after surgery, duodenal reflux induced esophageal erosions and ulcer formation. The macroscopic ulcer score and microscopic ulcer length were significantly reduced by PPI. The enhanced expression of COX2 and PGE2 in the control group was also markedly inhibited in the PPI group. Really, there is no difference between control group and PPI group in bile acid concentration from the common bile duct. PPI does not inhibit the secretion of bile acid from the common bile duct. But, the bile acid activity in the esophageal lumen was significantly increased in the control group, and this increase was significantly inhibited in the PPI group. Conclusion These results indicate that bile acid, which is inhibited by Rabeprazole, plays an important role in the mucosal damage induced by duodenal reflux.

Uric acid and risk of incident heart failure in individuals with cardiovascular disease

Background and aimsUric acid has been positively associated with the risk of developing heart failure in the general population. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for heart failure and further contributes to the risk of heart failure among the already at-risk cardiovascular disease (CVD) population. This study aimed to evaluate the association between uric acid and incident heart failure in individuals with established CVD. Methods and resultsIncluded were 18,438 adults with established CVD but free of heart failure at baseline, from the Kailuan Study. Incident heart failure cases were ascertained by medical records. Cause-specific Cox proportional hazards regression models were applied to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of heart failure according to uric acid tertiles. Over a median follow-up of 6.1 years, we identified 1,215 incident heart failure cases. Higher uric acid was associated with a higher risk of incident heart failure, with adjusted HR for the last vs. first tertile of 1.50 (95%CI:1.30-1.73). Higher uric acid concentrations were associated with an increased risk of heart failure in individuals with coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, and ischemic stroke, but not in those with hemorrhagic stroke. Moreover, the observed association between uric acid and heart failure risk was more pronounced in individuals diagnosed with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction subtype compared with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. ConclusionsIn individuals with CVD, uric acid was positively associated with the risk of heart failure, in a dose-response manner.

Hydrophobic interaction-induced self-assembly of V-type lotus starch with butyric acid into stable structures: Regulation by butyric acid concentration

V-amylose is a modified helical structure capable of interacting with butyric acid (BA), which typically shows limited affinity for native amylose. The encapsulation of BA within V-amylose enhances its enzymatic resistance while facilitating the delivery of BA to the gut, where it can exert beneficial health effects. Consequently, enhancing the incorporation of BA into starch-based food is a crucial strategy for achieving these objectives. The concentration of guest BA plays a critical role in the hydrophobic interaction-induced complexation with V-amylose, and understanding the structural changes involved in this process is essential for the design of optimal products. In this study, V-amylose derived from high-amylose lotus starch was utilized to form complexes with BA. The structure and in vitro digestibility of the complexes formed at varying BA concentrations were investigated. The results demonstrate that higher BA concentrations weakened the hydrophobic interactions in the V-amylose system. Nevertheless, the highest complex index (i.e., 11.7 g/100 g) of V-amylose was attained at a 50 % BA concentration, indicating a balance between BA-regulated hydrophobic aggregation and the density of BA during complexation. These V-amylose complexes produced with elevated BA content exhibited high crystallinity and molecular order, along with enhanced thermal stability and resistance to enzymolysis. These findings support the feasibility of loading BA into V-amylose and provide valuable insights into the hydrophobic complexation regulated by BA concentration.

Evaluating the impact of Torulaspora delbrueckii and amino acid concentration on the nitrogen metabolism of Oenococcus oeni

This study investigates the impact of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Torulaspora delbrueckii inoculation strategies and amino acid supplementation on nitrogen metabolism and malolactic fermentation (MLF) performance in Oenococcus oeni. Oenococcus oeni has low demand of nitrogen and typically prefers peptides over amino acids. In this work we studied the nitrogen metabolism (proteins, peptides, amino acids and biogenic amines (BA)) of three O. oeni strains. Higher initial amino acid concentrations generally accelerated MLF, particularly with the PSU-1 strain, which exhibited stuck fermentation in some conditions with low initial amino acid concentration related with coinoculation of yeasts. Nitrogen metabolism in O. oeni showed a preference for peptide-bound amino acids, and gene expression analyses highlighted a general upregulation in response to increased amino acid concentrations. BA production, particularly cadaverine and putrescine, was strain-dependent and associated with the presence of the odc gene. Besides, the production of 2-phenylethylamine was related with alcoholic fermentation (AF) inoculation strategy. Overall, the study demonstrates the complexity of nitrogen metabolism in O. oeni, emphasizing that it is influenced by both the yeast species used in AF and the initial amino acid composition, highlighting the importance of peptide composition, offering a potential tool for optimizing MLF in winemaking.

Dynamic detection of soluble intermediates during methanol electrooxidation

Methanol electrooxidation at a Pt band electrode is studied in a microfluidic flow cell (MFFC) with simultaneous electrochemical detection of formic acid at a down-stream sensor (detector) Pd electrode. Detection of formic acid at the Pd electrode is possible through either a fast voltammetry or a potential step procedure. In both cases, maximizing the detection signal (oxidation current) requires Pd oxide formation and reduction before detection. Pd oxide formation is needed to oxidize surface-bound carbonaceous species while Pd oxide reduction is needed to reactivate the electrode surface. Although formic acid alone is easily detected and provides a stable detection signal at the Pd sensor electrode, simultaneous formation of formaldehyde during methanol oxidation degrades the detection signal at the Pd electrode over time. We show that dynamic detection of sub-millimolar formic acid concentrations in 2M methanol is possible at a time resolution down to 2 s. Dynamic detection during methanol oxidation at platinum shows that production of soluble intermediates occurs at all potentials where an oxidation current is observed. Furthermore, a higher faradaic efficiency to formic acid occurs during the main methanol oxidation peak in the positive-going sweep compared to the negative-going sweep, and is higher still at potentials above 1V. This work shows that microfluidic flow cells can be used for fast and dynamic detection of soluble reaction intermediates by using down-stream electrodes with custom potential step or sweep sequences.

The development of a disposable voltammetric sensor based on two-dimensional leaf-like ZIF-L (Zn) modified screen-printed graphite electrode for the simultaneous analysis of uric acid, dopamine and theophylline

The two-dimensional)2D) leaf-like zeolitic imidazolate framework-L (Zn) (ZIF-L (Zn)) was synthesized using a simple method in this study. The ZIF-L (Zn) was characterized using various techniques, such as FE-SEM, XRD, and EDX. The ZIF-L (Zn) was utilized to modify the surface of screen-printed graphite electrode (ZIF-L (Zn)/SPGE) to detect uric acid (UA). The sensor exhibited electrocatalytic behavior for uric acid in phosphate buffer solutions (PBS, 0.1 M), with a linear dependence between the current response and uric acid concentration in the dynamic range from 0.1 μM to 900.0 μM, a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.04 μM, and good sensitivity of 0.0393 μA/μM under optimized experimental conditions. The ZIF-L (Zn)/SPGE sensor was successfully applied for uric acid determination in the presence of dopamine (DA) and theophylline (Thp) without any interference. The proposed electrode exhibits well-separated oxidation peaks at potentials of 139, 260 and 900 mV for dopamine, uric acid, and theophylline, respectively. In addition, the practical application of the fabricated sensor was demonstrated by detecting dopamine, uric acid, and theophylline in real samples.

Influence of rooting media and indole butyric acid concentrations on growth and development of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus L.) cuttings

Influence of rooting media and indole butyric acid concentrations on growth and development of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus L.) cuttings

360.5: Pre-transplant residual diuresis and oxalic acid concentration significantly and independently influence kidney graft survival.

360.5: Pre-transplant residual diuresis and oxalic acid concentration significantly and independently influence kidney graft survival.

Group Hexavalent Actinide Separation from Lanthanides Using Sodium Bismuthate Chromatography

Advanced used nuclear fuel (UNF) reprocessing strategies are limited by the complex radiochemical separations and engineering required to achieve the separation of actinides (An) from neutron scavenging lanthanides (Ln). The accessibility of the hexavalent oxidation state for the actinides (U – Am) provides a pathway to achieving a group hexavalent actinide separation from the trivalent lanthanides and Cm. The solid oxidant and ion exchanger, sodium bismuthate (NaBiO3), has been demonstrated to quantitatively oxidize and separate Am from trivalent Cm in a column chromatographic system. This work expands on the use of NaBiO3 chromatography to characterize the adsorption, kinetic, and elution behavior of U, Pu, and Eu. Separation factors over 200 with rapid kinetics were observed at dilute nitric acid concentrations with a complete An/Ln separation achieved in under an hour. The adsorption and chromatographic behavior of key fission products present in various reprocessing raffinates was characterized which demonstrated potential application of a NaBiO3-based separation following a TRUEX process.

Towards maximization of parameters identifiability: Development of the CalOpt tool and its application to the anaerobic digestion model

This work addresses the need for robust approaches to estimate kinetic parameters in continuous anaerobic co-digestion plants. Specifically, it outlines a procedure for including data from batch activity tests on digestate samples, in addition to the poorly informative dataset from conventional monitoring of biogas facilities. To profitably make use of activity tests, the estimation of the biomass composition in digestate samples is required to improve parameters identifiability. To this purpose, an open-source tool (CalOpt) was developed and tested on a pilot-scale co-digester, simultaneously using data from both conventional monitoring and lab-scale activity tests. Targeting the prediction of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentrations in the digestate of the continuous co-digester, the kinetic parameters of different microbial groups were selected for calibration based on parameters importance ranking and collinearity index. The results demonstrate that the CalOpt tool significantly improved the fitting of acetic, propionic, and butyric acid concentrations in digestate as well as the methane flowrate from the digester. Furthermore, the study assessed the necessity of modifying the Monod kinetics to account for substrate inhibition by incorporating the Haldane term in the VFAs uptake kinetic model, which proved to be essential for better interpreting batch activity tests.

A superior chitin product: Black soldier fly larvae chitin, beneficial to growth performance, muscle quality and health status of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, in comparison to shrimp chitin

We appraised the effects of black soldier fly larvae chitin (BSFC) with four levels (0.4 %, 0.8 %, 1.2 % and 1.6 %) and shrimp chitin (SC) with three levels (0.4 %, 0.8 % and 1.6 %) in diets on the growth performance, nutrient composition and health status of largemouth bass (8.00 ± 0.29 g) fed for 56 days. The results showed that the dietary 0.4 % BSFC distinctly increased the specific growth rate and weight gain rate of fish (P < 0.05), and evidently promoted the deposition of C22:1n-9, C24:1n-9 and increased total monounsaturated fatty acid content in the muscle (P < 0.05). BSFC and SC distinctly stimulated the secretion of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the hindgut (P < 0.05). The antioxidant status of fish was improved by BSFC and SC, which was attributed to the decreased malonaldehyde contents in the muscle and midgut and the increased total superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the midgut. The 1.2 %–1.6 % BSFC and 0.8 %–1.6 % SC enhanced the non-specific immunity of fish, which was attributed to the marked promotion of lysozyme, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities by BSFC and the distinct enhancement of lysozyme activity by SC in the serum or midgut (P < 0.05). BSFC and SC notably reduced the abundance of potential pathogenic bacterium Vibrio and Photobacterium (P < 0.05), and 0.4 %, 1.2 %, 1.6 % BSFC and 0.4 % SC markedly increased the abundance of probiotic bacterium Cetobacterium (P < 0.05), and the BSFC and SC of 0.8 % significantly increased the abundance of the probiotics Bifidobacterium and Bacillus respectively (P < 0.05). The increase of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid concentrations in the hindgut might be related to the increase of intestinal probiotics, and 0.8 %–1.6 % BSFC and 0.4 % SC obviously increased the total short-chain fatty acid levels in the hindgut (P < 0.05). BSFC and SC remarkably reduced muscle fiber area and diameter (P < 0.05), while fiber densities were significantly increased under 0.4 %, 0.8 % BSFC and 0.4 % SC supplementation (P < 0.05), which was accordant with increased mRNA expression levels of myod, myf-5, smad-2, tgf-β1 and decreased mRNA expression levels of myos in the muscle. Collectively, BSFC and SC had no negative effect on the growth of largemouth bass, and improved the health status of fish. The dietary 0.4 % BSFC supplementation was beneficial to fish growth and muscle quality, and BSFC was a superior chitin product in comparison to SC.

Understanding of the effect of concentration of green polysaccharide-based TiO2 for photoelectrochemical, photocatalytic, and antibacterial properties

Composites formed by TiO2/babassu mesocarp were synthesized by the sol-gel method with a percentage variation of 3% and 5% (w/v) called 3BBT and 5BBT, respectively. The materials were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy, and surface area was calculated by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method (BET). Electrochemical studies were carried out, and photocurrent data was obtained as a function of the variation in gallic acid concentration and applied potential. The photocatalytic efficiency of the material was investigated by the degradation of the Methylene Blue (MB) dye under light. The antimicrobial activity of the materials was tested on Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. XRD showed that the composites obtained are in the anatase crystallographic phase, and the increase in the percentage of babassu mesocarp influenced the reduction of peak intensity and crystallite size. The microscopy showed a more porous aspect of the 3BBT material and a denser aspect of the 5BBT material. It was confirmed by textural characterizations, which showed reduced pore volume and specific surface area of 5BBT compared to 3BBT. Increasing the percentage of polysaccharides caused a reduction in the band gap energy of TiO2 (Eg = 2.90 eV and Eg = 2.47 eV for 3BBT and 5BBT, respectively). The electrochemical study showed that the composites could detect gallic acid, providing increased sensitivity according to the increased applied photocurrent. They also showed good precision for the photoelectrochemical measurements, as verified in the repeatability test (2.66% and 3.68% RPD for 3BBT and 5BBT, respectively). The 3BBT showed greater photocatalytic capacity, discoloring 63.4% of the MB dye in 120 min under light and electrons are the main species involved in photocatalytic activity demonstrated by 3BBT. Antibacterial tests indicated that the 5BBT material exhibits a greater capacity to inhibit E. coli and S. aureus bacteria.

Insights into the synergistic effects between deposited Fe oxides and dissolved organic matter in influencing perfluorooctanoic acid transport in saturated porous media

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) transport in the subsurface environment is relevant to drinking water safety, while the compounding effects of soil components on PFOA migration are poorly understood. Laboratory miscible-displacement experiments were conducted using saturated sand columns to explore how metal oxide surfaces and dissolved organic matter (DOM) jointly affect PFOA transport in porous media. Retardation factors indicated that Fe oxide coating inhibited PFOA migration due to electrostatic interaction. However, PFOA recovery rates changed insignificantly, decreasing by less than 4% when the proportion of Fe oxide-coated sand reached 50%. DOM (1mg/L humic acid) in the pore water slightly decreased PFOA recovery rates (by about 10%) in quartz sand, indicating the effect of hydrophobic interaction on PFOA migration. When the PFOA solution containing 1mg/L humic acid was injected into the column containing Fe oxide-coated sand, PFOA recovery was significantly decreased by nearly 20%, and the retardation factor was more than doubled. This could be attributed to the stronger hydrophobic effect provided by the higher DOM deposition on the Fe oxide surface. These results, supported by SEM-EDS, zeta potential, and model fitting data, highlight the microscopic mechanisms by which interactions between metal oxides and DOM influence PFOA transport. However, this inhibitory effect disappeared at higher humic acid concentrations (20mg/L), indicating the risk of PFOA re-migration when the DOM concentration greatly exceeds the adsorption capacity of the media for it. The findings of this work have implications for predicting or controlling the environmental risks of PFOA in soil and groundwater.

Photodegradation of tylosin tartrate by advanced oxidation processes.

Tylosin tartrate, a macrolide antibiotic, is one of a class of emerging contaminants that have been detected in natural bodies of water since they are not easily removed by conventional treatment processes. In this study, the direct and indirect photodegradation of tylosin tartrate was analyzed to understand the role of reactive oxygen species and organic matter that may be present in surface waters. While direct photolysis caused negligible degradation (k = (9.4 ± 1.8) × 10-5s-1), the addition of 0.4M hydrogen peroxide (k = (2.18 ± 0.01) × 10-4s-1) or usage of the photo-Fenton process (k = (2.96 ± 0.02) × 10-4s-1) resulted in greater degradation. The degradation was maximized by combining tylosin tartrate with an experimentally determined optimal concentration of humic acid (15mg/L), which readily produced singlet oxygen and increased the overall degradation (k = 1.31 ± 0.05) × 10-3s-1) by means of indirect photolysis. Absolute pseudo-first-order bimolecular reaction rate constants for tylosin tartrate were measured with singlet oxygen [(4.7936 ± 0.0001) × 105M-1s-1] and hydroxyl radical [(5.2693 ± 0.0002) × 109M-1s-1] using competition kinetics, and when combined with data on concentration of the reactive oxygen species, showed that the hydroxyl radical makes a contribution to the degradation that is approximately eleven orders of magnitude greater than singlet oxygen.

Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activity (Antioxidant and Antibacterial) of Punica granatum Fruit peel extract Cultivated in Sa'dah Governorate-Yemen

Punica granatum (Pomegranate) is a valuable source of secondary plant metabolism compounds (SMs) that are widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries. The phytochemical screening illustrates that the Sa’dah P. granatum cultivar peel ethanol extract containsvarious beneficial components, including Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Steroids, Phenols, and Tannins. Moreover, the Sa’dah P. granatum cultivar peel ethanol extract (1.3 μg/ml) exhibited significant antioxidant activity compared to low concentrations of ascorbic acid (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 μg/ml). Furthermore, the Sa’dah P. granatum cultivar peel ethanol extract displays potent antibacterial activities against selected pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) compared to two nominated antibiotics (Ampicillin and Gentamicin). This remarkable performance can be attributed to the presence of phenols and flavonoid compounds, which exhibit high antioxidant activity.