Ppm Concentration Research Articles

Characterising the Chemical Composition of Bushfire Smoke and Implications for Firefighter Exposure in Western Australia

This study evaluates bushfire smoke as a workplace hazard for firefighters by characterising its chemical composition and potential health risks in Western Australia. Portable Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry was used to measure airborne chemical concentrations at prescribed burns across five regions, including peat (acid sulphate) fire events. Samples were collected during both flaming and smouldering phases, as well as in perceived “clear” air resting zones. Results indicated that carbon monoxide (CO) was the dominant gas, reaching concentrations of 205 ppm at the fire front, followed by nitrogen monoxide (26 ppm) and methane (19 ppm). Peat fires produced distinct profiles, with ammonia (21.5 ppm) and sulphur dioxide (9.5 ppm) concentrations higher than those observed in typical bushfires. Smouldering phases emitted higher chemical concentrations than flaming phases 75% of the time. Even clear air zones contained measurable chemicals, with CO levels averaging 18 ppm, suggesting that firefighters are not free from exposure during rest periods. These findings highlight the need for fit-for-purpose respiratory protective equipment (RPE) and improved rest protocols to minimise exposure. The study underscores the importance of comprehensive health monitoring programs for firefighters to mitigate long-term health risks.

Exploring the Physicochemical, Antioxidant and Sensory Properties of the Flavoured Virgin Olive Oil With Chavir Extract During Storage

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to study the impact of Ferulago angulata (Schlecht) Boiss (known as an antioxidant known as Chavir) extract, obtained through ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE), on the physicochemical, antioxidant and sensory properties of virgin olive oil (VOO) during a 90‐day storage period at room temperature. For this purpose, different concentrations of Chavir extract (100, 200 and 300 ppm) were added to VOO. Key parameters, including total phenol content (TPC), extract composition by HPLC‐DAD and quality indicators like acidity value (AV), p‐anisidine value (p‐AV) and UV indices (parameters: K232, K270 and ΔK), were determined. AVs increased overall during the storage period, but adding Chavir extract at 300 ppm appeared to counteract the rise in free fatty acids, suggesting a potential role in reducing hydrolysis. p‐AVs decreased in unflavoured and flavoured samples, indicating reduced oxidation in Chavir‐flavoured VOO. K232 values exhibited a decline in the presence of flavouring agents and their concentrations. In contrast, the values of K270 showed an increase over the storage period, which indicated the formation of aldehyde and ketones in the second oxidation step. All samples maintained ΔK values below permissible limits (≥ 0.01), signifying good stability. The sensory evaluation emphasised positive attributes such as bitterness, fruitiness and pungency, indicating the high quality of VOO. The addition of Chavir extract further enhanced all of these positive characteristics, particularly at the 300 ppm concentration. However, a gradual decline was observed in all these attributes over time. Notably, the Chavir extract played a crucial role in delaying the formation of secondary oxidation products, which contribute to negative attributes like rancidity in VOO. Moreover, adding Chavir extract increases oxidative stability, infuses the positive qualities in VOO and provides valuable insights into its potential applications for enhancing the overall quality of VOO during storage. This enhancement not only helps maintain high quality and nutritional value but also makes the product more appealing to consumers.

Origin of the Oligocene–Miocene Sailipu ultrapotassic volcanic rocks in southern Tibet: Melting of Asian mantle pyroxenites triggered by eastward tearing of the subducting Indian continental slab

Widely distributed Oligocene−Miocene ultrapotassic volcanic rocks in the Lhasa terrane of southern Tibet have been associated with the melting of the lithospheric mantle, plateau uplift, and porphyry Cu-Au mineralization. This study presents the mineral chemistry of olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts, whole-rock major and trace element data, and zircon U-Pb geochronological and Hf isotopic data for the Sailipu primitive ultrapotassic volcanic rocks. The Sailipu volcanic rocks exhibit high MgO (5.6−11.4 wt%), Cr (386−981 ppm), Co (22−43 ppm), and Ni (95−423 ppm) concentrations and have highly fractionated rare earth elements [REEs; (La/Yb)N = 23−73] and high-Fo (89.1−90.8) olivine phenocrysts containing elevated NiO (up to 0.59 wt%), which suggests a pyroxenitic mantle source that partially melted in the garnet stability field. Their high K2O contents (4.8−8.0 wt%) and global subduction sediment-like trace element patterns suggest that the metasomatic agents, which reacted with mantle peridotites to form phlogopite-bearing pyroxenites, were dominantly derived from the melting of subducted continental sediments. Their high whole-rock Ba/La and Th/Nd ratios are consistent with this hypothesis. The Sailipu ultrapotassic volcanic rocks also exhibit low initial 176Hf/177Hf ratios that resemble those of Himalayan leucogranites, and high Ca contents in olivine phenocrysts, which is consistent with contributions from the subducted carbonate-rich sedimentary strata on top of the thinned Greater Indian continental crust. The zircon U-Pb chronological data yielded concordant ages of 24.33 ± 0.19 Ma, 21.20 ± 0.62 Ma, and 17.05 ± 0.31 Ma for different exposures of the Sailipu volcanic rocks, which establishes a maximum age of ca. 24 Ma for these rocks. The northwest−southeast spatial distribution and the southeastward decrease in age (80°E−90°E) suggest west-to-east tearing of the thinned Greater Indian slab, which caused asthenospheric upwelling and melting of the Tibetan lithospheric mantle. Geothermometric calculations show relatively high primary magma temperatures (∼1250 °C) that are consistent with asthenospheric upwelling. We propose a mechanism that could genetically link the coeval Cu-Au ore-forming granitoids with the ultrapotassic magmatism of the Gangdese belt. The ultrapotassic rocks supply a large-volume of external magmatic volatiles, particularly H2O, which could trigger melting of the Tibetan lower crust and lead to the generation of the ore-forming granitoids and the establishment of oxidizing conditions for porphyry deposits. The oxygen fugacity (log ƒO2 values of ΔFMQ) of the primitive Sailipu ultrapotassic volcanic rocks (ΔFMQ = 0.48 ± 0.51 based on the Dol/melt V oxybarometer and ΔFMQ = 0.33 ± 1.19 according to the magmatic zircon U-Ce-Ti oxybarometer) is slightly lower than that of porphyry Cu-Au ore-forming granitoids in the eastern Gangdese (ΔFMQ = +0.8 to +2.9), which suggests that the direct injection of ultrapotassic melts into ore-forming granitoids played a limited role in changing oxygen fugacity, but more oxidized fluids/volatiles exsolved from these ultrapotassic melts may have facilitated the remelting of sulfide-bearing lower crust and/or directly scavenged sulfides from the mush-state reservoirs of the ore-forming granitoids in the middle−upper crust.

Application of additional dose of N could sustain rice yield and maintain plant nitrogen under elevated ozone (O3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) condition

IntroductionGlobal food security is challenged by the increasing levels of air pollutants like ozone (O3) through their impacts on crop productivity. The present study was conducted to quantify the interactive effect of elevated ozone (O3) and carbon dioxide (CO2), on different rice varieties in northern India.MethodsAn experiment was conducted in Genetic H field, Environment science, IARI for two consecutive years (2020 and 2021) during the kharif season, to quantify the impact of elevated O3 and CO2 interaction on productivity, and plant N in three rice varieties (Pusa basmati 1121, Nagina 22, IR64 Drt1) under different nitrogen (N) management practices. Rice crop was grown in Free Air Ozone-Carbon dioxide Enrichment rings (FAOCE) rings with two levels of O3 (elevated 60 ±10ppb and ambient) and two levels of CO2 (elevated, 550±25 ppm and ambient) concentration and their interaction with two N fertilizer treatments i.e., 100% RDN (recommended dose of N) and 125% RDN.Results and discussionElevated O3 significantly decreased physiological parameters like photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the crop. Grain yield reduced by 7.2-7.5%, in Pusa Basmati 1121 and from 6.9-9% in IR64 Drt1 varieties in elevated O3 treatment as compared to ambient treatment. Yield reduction in Nagina 22 variety was not significant in elevated O3 treatment. Elevated CO2 concentration of 550 ppm was able to fully compensate the yield loss in Nagina 22 variety and partially compensate (3.9-8.0%) in Pusa Basmati 1121 and IR64 Drt1 varieties. Grain N concentration in rice varieties decreased by 10.8-14.7% during first year and by 7.8-20.6% during second year in elevated O3 plus CO2 interaction treatment than ambient. Grain N uptake also decreased (13.2-17.1% in first year and 4.5-22.8% in second year) in elevated O3 plus CO2 interaction treatment as compared to ambient. Application of additional 25% of recommended dose of N improved grain N concentration, grain N uptake as well as available N of soil as compared to 100% RDN treatment in elevated O3 plus CO2 interaction treatment. Additional 25% N dose could help in sustaining rice productivity and quality under elevated O3 and CO2 condition.

Survey of Rice Sheath Blight Disease in Kuttanad and Effect of Biocontrol Agents and Fungicides against Rhizoctonia solani

Aims: Rice is an important crop cultivated worldwide, whose production is influenced by numerous factors like pest, disease, weather parameters. In India, diseases accounts for 35 per cent in yield reduction, with sheath blight being significant. This disease is notably prevalent in Kuttanad region of Kerala. This study involves a survey conducted in Kuttanad to assess the extent of the disease and in vitro management using biocontrol agents and fungicides. Study Design: Study was outlined in Completely Randomised Design (CRD) to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of bioagents. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani and M.S. Swaminathan Rice Research Station, Moncompu, between 2022 and 2023 Methodology: Survey was conducted in forty locations of Kuttanad in which the disease incidence was recorded and samples were collected. The isolates obtained were tested for pathogenicity by artificial inoculation on rice variety, Uma. Cultural characteristics of isolates were studied. The virulent culture obtained was further advanced for the in vitro studies with biocontrol agents and fungicides. The inhibition of fungal growth was also recorded. Results: Forty isolates of sheath blight pathogen (Rhizoctonia solani) were obtained. The virulent isolate among these was identified on the basis of number of days taken for symptom development by artificial inoculation and this was further advanced for the in vitro studies. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was found to be more effective with an inhibition percentage of 68.64. Among the tested fungicides, Kresoxim methyl 40% + Hexaconazole 8% WG showed cent per cent growth inhibition of pathogen at 500 and 1000 ppm concentrations which was on par with Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenoconazole 11.4% SC at 1000 ppm. Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that, that these biocontrol agents and fungicides are very effective in the management of the pathogen and hence can be used for further field-level studies in management of the disease.

Comparative efficacy of different chemical fungicides against Sclerotium rolfsii (sacc.) causing collar rot of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Present investigation was undertaken for efficacy of fungicides like i.e., carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% WS (vitavax), pyraclostrobin 100 g/L CS, propiconazole 25% EC, hexaconazole 5% EC, thiophanate methyl 70% WP, carbendazim 50% WP, mancozeb 75% WP, chlorothalonil 75% WP and captan 70% + hexaconazole 5% WP were evaluated in-vitro at three concentrations viz., 100, 125 and 200 ppm concentration against S. rolfsii on PDA by poisoned food technique. The result revealed that increase in concentration of the fungicides caused increased inhibition of mycelial growth of pathogen. Among these, carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% WS (vitavax) was completely inhibited mycelial growth of pathogen at 100 ppm, 125 ppm & 200 ppm. Followed by hexaconazole 5% EC in mycelial growth inhibition of 95.44, 97.22 and 100% at 100, 125 and 200 ppm, respectively. At 200 ppm both hexaconazole 5% EC and carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% WS (vitavax) is statistically at par in growth inhibition. While, mancozeb 75% WP was found least effective at all concentrations against S. rolfsii. Most effective in-vitro evaluate fungicides tested for their efficacy against disease under pot experiment along with treatment application methods viz., pre-emergence drenching, seed treatment and integration of both seed treatment and post emergence seedling drenching at 7 days after germination (7 DAG) against collar rot disease of chickpea in pot experiment. All the treatments proved significantly superior when compared with inoculated control. Maximum percent reduction in PESR (100.00%) was recorded in vitavax power applied through seed treatment followed by hexaconazole recorded (90.91%) reduction in PESR. Maximum percent reduction in PESM (62.50%) was recorded in hexaconazole applied through integration of seed treatment & post emergence seedling drenching at 7 DAG. Which, was followed by vitavax power observed (50.00%) reduction in PESM. Seed treatment alone reduced PESR while, integration of seed treatment and post emergence seedling drenching at 7 DAG also reduced PESM. Among treated pots highest grain yield recorded (45.90 g/pot) in hexaconazole applied through integration of integration of seed treatment and post emergence seedling drenching at 7 DAG followed by vitavax power (43.33 g/pot).

Comparing the individual and combined effects of nano zinc and conventional zinc fertilization on growth, yield, phytochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside content in linseed

Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), a conventional Zn fertilizer, is widely used due to its high solubility and ease of application. In contrast, nano Zn represents an innovative approach, utilizing nanoscale particles to enhance Zn bioavailability and uptake efficiency. This study compares these two Zn fertilizers regarding their impact on plant growth, yield, Zn uptake, and overall crop quality. In our study, we explored the potential of nano Zn and ZnSO4 by applying two different doses of each (100, 1000 ppm ZnO NP and 30, 50 kg ha−1 ZnSO4) both individually and in combination, to linseed accession. The results obtained showed the potential of nano Zn over conventional Zn fertilizer in terms of enhanced linseed growth and yield together with greater antioxidants enzyme, oil content, protein content, Zn accumulation, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) content, and the accumulation of bioactive metabolites. Nanoscale ZnO (with particle size less than 100 nm) at a 1000 ppm concentration sped up growth, yield, increased SDG content, and antioxidant activity. However, when nano Zn (1000 ppm) was applied in combination with ZnSO4 (30 kg ha−1), it maximally enhanced plant fresh and dry weight, photosynthesis, and yield compared to their individual treatment. The combined application increased seed yield by 4.55 folds compared to the control. The treated plants were assessed for SDG content using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS), which showed maximum increase with 1000 ppm ZnO NP. SDG is a type of lignan known for their antioxidant properties and potential health benefits paving way for its pharmaceutical importance.

Insecticidal efficacy of local diatomaceous earth compositions with different particle sizes against stored grain pests

In this study, the efficacy of a mixture of local diatomaceous earth (DE) with different diatomite compositions and particle sizes against stored-grain pests, Sitophilus oryzae L., 1763 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Tribolium confusum du Val, 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Rhyzopertha dominica (F., 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) adults was investigated in 2023 in the Entomology Laboratory of the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, KSU. In biological tests, 500 and 1000 ppm concentrations (mg DE/kg wheat) of different particle sizes (≤ 20, 20-75, 75-150, and ≥ 150 µm) of DE mixture and original DE (≤ 250 µm) were applied to wheat. The highest mortality rate for all insect species tested at 500 ppm was obtained from DE treatments of ≤20 µm. At 1000 ppm, 100% mortality was observed for T. confusum and S. oryzae in almost all particle size DE-treatments, whereas no local DE treatments resulted in 100% mortality for R. dominica adults. Moreover, the greatest reduction in the number of F1 generation adults for S. oryzae and R. dominica was obtained in the DE treatment of ≤20 µm at 500 and 1000 ppm. In conclusion, local DE mixture treatments with ≤ 20 µm particle size were found to be highly effective in the control of stored-grain pests.

Efficacy of antibiotics and bactericides against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri causing bacterial canker disease of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia)

Diseases are the major constraints for citrus production which impede the fruit yield and quality. Citrus suffers from a number of diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and viriods. Among these diseases, canker caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, foot rot or gummosis caused by Phytophthora spp., twig blight caused by Diplodia natalensis and Fusarium spp. Three antibiotics and three bactericides viz., Streptocycline, Kasugamycin 5% + Copper oxychloride 45% WP, Kasugamycin, Bacterimycin, Copper oxychloride 50% WP, Copper hydroxide 53.8% W/W were evaluated for their effectiveness in controlling the growth of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri at the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Ummendganj-Kota, (Agricultural University, Kota) Rajasthan. Inhibition was highest in case of copper oxychloride 50% WP (34.20 mm) followed by bronopol 27% (28.90 mm) and streptocycline 90% W/W (12.48 mm) at 500 ppm concentration and no inhibition zone was found in kasugamycin. All the antibiotics/bactericides inhibited bacterial growth at higher concentrations.

Active-bromide and surfactant synergy for enhanced microfouling control.

Biofilms are structured microbial communities encased in a matrix of self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and pose significant challenges in various industrial cooling systems. A nuclear power plant uses a biocide active-bromide for control of biological growth in its condenser cooling system. This study is aimed at evaluating the anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy of active-bromide against planktonic and biofilm-forming bacteria that are commonly encountered in seawater cooling systems. The results demonstrated that active-bromide at the concentration used at the power plant (1 ppm) exhibited minimal killing activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa planktonic cells. The bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity assay using Staphylococcus aureus and P. aeruginosa indicated that Triton-X 100 significantly decreased the hydrophobicity of planktonic cells, enhancing the susceptibility of the cells to active-bromide. Biofilm inhibition assays revealed limited efficacy of active-bromide at 1 ppm concentration, but significant inhibition at 5 ppm and 10 ppm. However, the addition of a surfactant, Triton-X 100, in combination with 1 ppm active-bromide displayed a synergistic effect, leading to significant biofilm dispersal of pre-formed P. aeruginosa biofilms. This observation was substantiated by epifluorescence microscopy using a live/dead bacterial assay that showed the combination treatment resulted in extensive cell death within the biofilm, as indicated by a marked increase in red fluorescence, compared to treatments with either agent alone. These findings suggest that active bromide alone may be insufficient for microfouling control in the seawater-based condenser cooling system of the power plant. Including a biocompatible surfactant that disrupts established biofilms (microfouling) can significantly improve the efficacy of active bromide treatment.

Decoding the performance of a blend of metal-oxide nanoparticles in Eichhornia crassipes biodiesel at varying injection timing through the routes of thermodynamic analysis and statistical optimization

Biodiesel, known for its large cetane number, low pour point, and lower aromatics and sulfur content, has appeared as a promising alternative to diesel. This study focuses on testing the biodiesel extracted from Eichhornia Crassipes with TiO2 nanoparticles at 150 ppm concentration in a diesel engine. The experiment involved varying injection timings (ITs) of the biodiesel and nanoparticle blend, with three ITs of 20, 23, 25 and 28⁰bTDC, and a standard IT of 23⁰bTDC for diesel. The engine was tested at five different engine loads, ranging from 20 % to 100 %, with an increment of 20 % after each step. The experimentation was conducted at a constant an engine speed of 1500 rpm and a compression ratio of 17.5. The result showed an enhanced performance and a decreased emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons for 20⁰bTDC of biodiesel and nanoparticle blend. However, the emission of nitrogen oxides increased for the same blend and IT of 20⁰bTDC. The study suggests that using a 150 ppm concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles in Eichhornia Crassipes biodiesel could be an alternative to diesel for diesel engines when IT is set at 20⁰bTDC. Further, the statistical optimization using RSM suggests that the engine load around 61 % and IT of 20 ⁰bTDC gives optimum values of response variables.

Extraction and evaluation of chitosan as an insecticide against saw-toothed grain beetle, <i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i> L. (Coleoptera: Silvanidae)

Rice samples infested with saw-toothed grain beetles have been collected from a local market in the city of Kirkuk/Iraq. The study was conducted in Kirkuk during the period 15 December 2023 to 25 April 2024, at College of Pure Sciences at the University of Kirkuk, Iraq. Chitosan was utilised in the study to examine its toxic effects at three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 ppm) on the life cycle of the saw-toothed grain beetle, focusing on oviposition rate, duration of larval and pupal stages, and mortality rate of its adults. The chemical demonstrated a substantial effect in lowering the number of eggs laid as the concentration increased, with the control treatment registering the highest oviposition rate of 314.14 eggs compared to 209.31, 117.03, and 61.12 eggs for chitosan concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm, respectively. The shortest egg incubation period recorded was 8.17 days, Incubation times for chitosan treatments increased significantly to 9.66, 11.69, and 14.00 days for concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm, respectively, demonstrating an inverse association with concentration levels. Furthermore, the emergence rate of beetles decreased as concentration increased. The emergence counts for the chitosan treatments at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm dropped to 133.11, 55.69, and 30.12 beetles, respectively, with the control treatment having the highest average emergence of 289.43 beetles. The larval stage duration showed a direct proportionality with chitosan concentrations, with the 1.5 ppm concentration marking the longest larval duration at 22.00 days, significantly surpassing all other concentrations. The control treatment recorded the shortest duration at 13.56 days, whereas 0.5 and 1.0 ppm concentrations resulted in duration of 17.19 and 19.66 days, respectively. For the pupal stage, significant differences were observed with increasing chitosan concentration; the control treatment displayed the shortest pupal duration at 4.33 days. A direct relationship was found between the concentrations and pupal stage duration, reducing the period to 6.00, 7.59, and 9.07 days for concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm, respectively. Chitosan exhibited significant differences from the second day of the experiment, as the mortality rate increased with concentration and over time. The concentration of 1.5 ppm showed the highest mortality rate at 98.62% after 16 days, whereas the control treatment recorded the lowest rate at 33.17%. Based on the results of the current study, chitosan can be utilized as an effective pesticide for controlling stored-product pests, particularly the saw-toothed grain beetle.

Extraction and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Chitosan as Insecticides on the Immature Stages of the Saw-Toothed Grain Beetle Oryzaephilus Surinamensis L. (Coleoptera: Silvanidae)

This study aimed to collect samples of amber rice infected with the saw-toothed grain beetle from local markets in Kirkuk city during 13 December 2023 to 25 April 2024, and the experiments were conducted in the laboratories of the College of Education for Pure Sciences at Kirkuk University from February to April 2024. The toxic effects of chitosan were studied at three different concentrations: 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm on the immature stages of the saw-toothed grain beetle. The substance exhibited significant effects on the immature stages of the insect , recording the shortest egg incubation period with an average of 8.17 days, while chitosan treatment showed a significantly longer periods of 9.66, 11.69, and 14.00 days for concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm respectively. The larval stage duration had a direct proportionality with the chitosan concentrations, where the 1.5 ppm concentration registered the longest larval period of 22.00 days, as opposed to the control which recorded the shortest period of 13.56 days, and the 0.5 and 1.0 ppm concentrations recorded durations of 17.19 and 19.66 days respectively. In the pupal stage, significant differences were found when the chitosan concentration was increased, with the control treatment having the shortest pupal stage duration of 4.33 days; a direct correlation was found between the concentrations and the pupal stage duration, which decreased to 6.00, 7.59, and 9.07 days for the 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm concentrations, respectively.

Eco-friendly Chlorella vulgaris extracts for corrosion protection of steel in acidic environments

This study evaluates the potential of Chlorella vulgaris sp. extracts as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors for API 5L 42 Steel in a 1M HCl acidic environment, offering sustainable alternatives for industrial applications. Two corrosion inhibitors were obtained through solvent extraction methods: M1 (methanol) and M2 (methanol/chloroform). The extracts were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, the analysis revealed hydroxyl, methyl and vinyl groups as the most representative. The effect of corrosion inhibition was study by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization. The results show significant reductions in corrosion current density and increases in charge transfer resistance, with M2 achieving the highest protection efficiency of 91.20 % and a charge transfer resistance of 501.80 Ω at a 120 ppm concentration, while M1 reached 88.22 % efficiency with a charge transfer resistance of 102.30 Ω. Uv–Vis measurements were performed to determine the electronic transitions of the metal-inhibitor system for each of the extracts. ANOVA highlighted the significant influence of biomass concentration on corrosion resistance. The adsorption of M1 and M2 extracts on the carbon steel surface obeyed the Langmuir isotherm and Gibbs free energy calculations indicated a physisorption mechanism for both extracts. Surface morphology analysis by Scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed less pitting and reduced surface roughness as inhibitor concentration increased. These findings underscore the potential of Chlorella vulgaris extracts, particularly M2 at 120 ppm, as effective and sustainable corrosion inhibitors for steel in acidic environments.

Gravimetric and SIM-Headspace GC-MS for Residual Organic Solvents Detection in Halal and Wholesomeness Food Analysis

The demand for halal foods and beverages is increasing globally. While most halal analysis focuses on porcine, this study focuses on assessing residual organic solvents to ensure their halal compliance and wholesomeness, following several Malaysian standards and guidelines. A significant challenge in this study was the volatility of the residual solvents during the preparation of standards and quality control. To address this issue, a gravimetric technique was employed and effectively minimized the difference between theoretical (1,000 ppm) and actual (710 – 892 ppm) concentrations of the residual organic standard stock solution, except for acetone (588 ppm). The aim of this study was to establish a validated, reliable, and accurate method using SIM-headspace GC-MS to identify and quantify residual organic solvents for halal and wholesomeness analysis. Confirmation of each residual organic solvent was achieved by comparing the obtained spectra with the NIST 11 spectral database, containing 70,832 compounds, with similarity ranging from 80.9% to 96.6%, except for acetonitrile at 52.2%. The validation parameters were carried out according to ISO 17025:2017, the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, and the European Guidelines. The parameters included recovery ranging from 95.65% to 95.68%, precision from 10.08% to 19.65% RSD, linearity between 0.996 to 0.999, limit of detection from 0.01 to 0.08 ppm, and limit of quantification from 0.02 to 0.24 ppm. Uncertainty considerations were limited to recovery, precision, and linearity, as other uncertainties were negligible based on the bottom-up approach using in-house validation data. This combination of gravimetric and SIM-headspace GC-MS techniques has provided valuable insights for discussions and collaborations among halal authorities worldwide to establish a consensus analytical methodology for halal and wholesomeness assessment.

Detection of Essential Trace Element of Chromium by Electroanalytical Methods

A detailed study of essential ultra trace element of chromium present many of industrial waste lakes of western rajasthan. Aconvinent method of electroanlytical technique used for the essential trace element present in the industrial waste water as a polarography method for identification of essential trace element by using concentration of ppm to ppb. According to this method prepare solution of sodium chromate as a stock and identify electroanalytical potential by using as a supporting electrolyte 0.05 M HCl + 0.25 M NaCl give a sharp peak at ࡱ૚ ૛ ൗ = 0.91(V) and result compare with other electroanalytical instrument like UV-Vis Sprctrophotometer, Atomic absorption spectroscopy

Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Bioreductors of Bilimbi Fruit Extract (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) as an Antioxidant

The rapid development of technology today affects the birth of renewable technologies such as nanotechnology. This study reports the results of synthesizing gold nanoparticles with a more environmentally friendly method (green synthesis) using bilimbi fruit extracted through the infusion process. This synthesis method approach can be widely used in biological preparation. This study aims to determine the characteristics of synthesized gold nanoparticles and their potential as antioxidants shown through IC50 intensity. UV-Vis spectrophotometer and TEM were used to analyze the quantitative formation of gold nanoparticles. The analysis used 20, 10, 5, and 2.5 ppm concentration variations. The UV-Vis spectrum characterization results showed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of 534-536 nm. The average diameter of the synthesized nanoparticles was 7.98 nm withΩΩ, an approximate overall particle size of 7-12 nm characterized using TEM. Antioxidant activity was carried out using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) silencing assay. The percent attenuation at each gold nanoparticle concentration of 20, 10, 5, and 2.5 ppm was 99.4%, 90.7%, 79.5%, and 71.9%, respectively. So, the IC50 value can be obtained at 0.514 ppm, which is included in the strong antioxidant. This shows that gold nanoparticles mediated by bilimbi fruit extract are effective antioxidant agents.

Development of a worm-hole structured CuZnO<sub>2</sub>/MSU Photocatalyst for Enhanced Antibiotic Degradation

In this study, a CuZnO2/MSU photocatalyst was developed using a simple method and common resources. Characterization through XRD, BET, EDX, TEM, and SEM techniques revealed its worm-hole structure and uniform CuZnO2 distribution. The catalyst exhibited a reduced band gap of 2.4 eV and a substantial surface area of 307 m²/g, facilitating 94% degradation of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) within 4 hours of light exposure. Further investigation into the photodegradation process showed that a minimal catalyst quantity (10mg) and H2O2 oxidant led to 95% CIP transformation from a 30 ppm concentration, surpassing typical wastewater levels. Optimal efficiency was achieved with a 50/50 Cu2+/Zn2+ ratio, indicating a synergistic effect. These results underscore the CuZnO2/MSU catalyst’s potential for antibiotic remediation in water.

Occurrence of chlorine-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital water systems: threat of waterborne infections for patients

BackgroundSeveral healthcare-associated infection outbreaks have been caused by waterborne Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibiting its ability to colonize water systems and resist conventional chlorine treatment. This study aims to investigate the occurrence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital drinking water systems and the antimicrobial resistance profiles (antibiotic and chlorine resistance) of isolated strains.MethodsWe investigated the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water and biofilms developed in nine hospital water systems (n = 192) using culture-based and molecular methods. We further assessed the survival of isolated strains after exposure to 0.5 and 1.5 ppm concentrations of chlorine. The profile of antibiotic resistance and presence of antibiotic resistance genes in isolated strains were also investigated.ResultsUsing direct PCR method, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected in 22% (21/96) of water and 28% (27/96) of biofilm samples. However, culturable Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from 14 samples. Most of P. aeruginosa isolates (86%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic (mainly β-lactams), with 50% demonstrating multidrug resistance. Moreover, three isolates harbored intI1 gene and two isolates contained blaOXA−24,blaOXA−48, and blaOXA−58‌ genes. Experiments with chlorine disinfection revealed that all tested Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were resistant to a 0.5 ppm concentration. However, when exposed to a 1.5 ppm concentration of chlorine for 30 min, 60% of the strains were eliminated. Interestingly, all chlorine-resistant bacteria that survived at 30-minute exposure to 1.5 ppm chlorine were found to harbor the intI1 gene.ConclusionsThe detection of antimicrobial resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital water systems raises concerns about the potential for infections among hospitalized patients. The implementation of advanced mitigation measures and targeted disinfection methods should be considered to tackle the evolving challenges within hospital water systems.

Effect of ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorine solution in reduction of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin residues from cauliflower

The extensive utilization of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in agriculture raises concerns regarding the accumulation of pesticide residues in human food, posing a threat to human health. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ozonation on cauliflower to decrease the level of pesticides. Cypermethrin and organophosphate chlorpyrifos were applied to cauliflower at specific doses. High-performance liquid chromatographic techniques were employed to detect pesticide residues in cauliflower. The effects of common oxidizers (hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, and ozone) on the reduction of pesticide residues were investigated. Solutions of hydrogen peroxide (10 and 100 ppm), chlorine (10 and 100 ppm), and ozone (10 and 100 ppm) were prepared, and the cauliflower sample was immersed for 20 min. The immersion in 10 ppm hydrogen peroxide solution reduced chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin by 68 and 65%, respectively. Meanwhile, at 100 ppm hydrogen peroxide solution, the reduction rates of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin residues were 72 and 75%, respectively. Immersion in ozone solution at 10 ppm concentration reduced chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin by 58 and 57%, respectively. At 100 ppm ozone, chlorpyrifos was reduced up to 64%, and cypermethrin reduction was 74%. Chlorine immersion at 10 ppm reduced chlorpyrifos residues by 68% and cypermethrin residues by 81%, while a 100 ppm chlorine solution reduced chlorpyrifos residues by 100% and cypermethrin residues by 84%. From these results, it was concluded that chlorine was the most effective of all the cleaning solutions to remove pesticides from vegetables.