Content Of Grains Research Articles

Influence of Micronutrient Application on Nutrient Content, Uptake and Residual Soil Nutrient Status in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Western Uttar Pradesh Condition

A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different nutrient treatments on nutrient content, uptake and residual soil fertility in rice crop at Crop Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut during kharif 2022 on clay loam soil, low in organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorous, zinc and iron, medium to high in available potassium and slightly alkaline in reaction. The treatments comprising of different combinations (10) of NPK, Zn and Fe with VAM {Control,100% NPK, 100% NPK + 25kg ZnSO4 ,100% NPK+ 25 kg FeSO4, 100% NPK + 25kg ZnSO4+25 kg FeSO4, 100% NPK + 12.5 kg ZnSO4+ 12.5 kg FeSO4+VAM, 100% NPK+ZnEDTA+FeEDTA, 100% NPK + 0.5% ZnSO4 at tillering and panicle initiation, 100% NPK + 0.5% FeSO4 at tillering and panicle initiation and 100% NPK + 0.5% ZnSO4 +0.5% FeSO4 at tillering and panicle initiation}were tested in RBD with 3 replications. Rice variety PB-1637 was transplanted on 23rd July and harvested on 10th November, 2022 with recommended package of practices except the treatments. Nutrient content, uptake and residual soil fertility were significantly affected by different nutrients treatments. Zn, Fe, Zn+Fe and Zn+Fe+VAM application favored nutrient content, uptake and residual soil fertility when compared to 100% NPK. Among the various treatments crop was applied with 100% NPK + 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 registered highest nutrient content in grain (N- 1.33% ,P-0.43%, K-0.39%, Zn-36.5 mg kg-1 and Fe-127.31 mg kg-1), nutrient uptake in grain (N-57.5 kg ha-1,P- 18.6 kg ha-1 K-16.8 kg ha-1 ,Zn- 157.7 g ha-1 and Fe-550.0 g ha-1) and residual soil nutrient status (N-221.1 kg ha-1, P-17.6 kg ha-1, K-214.7 kg ha-1, Organic Carbon-0.47%, Zn-0.98 mg kg-1 and Fe-6.56 mg kg-1).

Interaction between long noncoding RNA (lnc663) and microRNA (miR1128) regulates PDAT-like gene activity in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Amylose, a starch subcomponent, can bind lipids within its helical groove and form an amylose-lipid complex, known as resistant starch type 5 (RS-5). RS contributes to lower glycaemic index of grain with health benefits. Unfortunately, genes involved in lipid biosynthesis in wheat grain remain elusive. Our study aims to characterize the lipid biosynthesis gene and its post-transcriptional regulation using the parent bread wheat variety ‘C 306’ and its EMS-induced mutant line ‘TAC 75’ varying in amylose content. Quantitative analyses of starch-bound lipids showed that ‘TAC 75’ has significantly higher lipid content in grains than ‘C 306’ variety. Furthermore, expression analyses revealed the higher expression of wheat phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase-like (PDAT-like) in the ‘TAC 75’ compared to the ‘C 306’. Overexpression and ectopic expression of TaPDAT in yeast and tobacco leaf confirmed its ability to accumulate lipids in vivo. Enzyme activity assay showed that TaPDAT catalyzes the triacylglycerol synthesis by acylating 1,2-diacylglycerol. Interestingly, the long non-coding RNA, lnc663, was upregulated with the TaPDAT gene, while the miRNA, miR1128, downregulated in the ‘TAC 75′, indicating a regulatory relationship. The GFP reporter assay confirmed that the lnc663 acts as a positive regulator, and the miR1128 as a negative regulator of the TaPDAT gene, which controls lipid accumulation in wheat grain. Our findings outline TaPDAT-mediated biosynthesis of lipid accumulation and reveal the molecular mechanism of the lnc663 and miR1128 mediated regulation of the TaPDAT gene in wheat grain.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

During the Rabi season of 2018-19, a field experiment was undertaken at Vivekananda Global University's Research Farm in Jaipur to investigate the "Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)." The experiment followed a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisting of nine treatment combinations viz., 100% RDF (T1), 100% RDF + vermicompost 2.5 t ha-1 (T2), 100% RDF + vermicompost 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter (T3), 75% RDF (T4), 75% RDF + vermicompost 2.5 t ha-1 (T5), 75% RDF + vermicompost 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter (T6), 50% RDF (T7), 50% RDF + vermicompost 2.5 t ha-1 (T8) and 50% RDF + vermicompost 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter (T9) were applied to the barley var. RD-2035. The experimental results demonstrated that several integrated nutrient treatments greatly boosted barley growth, yield characteristics and yield, quality, and economics. With the application of 100% RDF + vermicompost 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter (T3), the maximum plant height at 60 DAS and 90 DAS, total number of tillers at 60 DAS and 90 DAS, effective number of tillers, ear length, number of grains ear-1, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield, and nitrogen content in grain and straw of barley were obtained. However, the application of 100% RDF yielded the significantly largest net returns and B: C ratio of barley (T1).

Soil and foliar application of Zn enhances its biofortification, bioavailability and productivity in both biofortified and non-biofortified wheat varieties

In a two-year field study, the agronomic approaches to enhance zinc content and bioavailability in grains of both biofortified and non-biofortified wheat varieties were investigated. During both years of the study, the biofortified variety PBW 1 Zn demonstrated significantly higher grain yield (5.8 and 5.7 t ha–1), which were statistically comparable to the non-biofortified variety HD 2967 (5.7 and 5.5 t ha–1). Similarly, upon Zn fertilization, PBW 1 Zn exhibited a 25% higher Zn concentrations in grains (50 mg kg–1), along with a greater total Zn accumulation (504 g ha–1) and higher Zn mobilization efficiency index (ZnMEI) of 2.0. Additionally, the PBW 1 Zn demonstrated elevated grain nitrogen content (2.2%) and total nitrogen accumulation (189 kg ha–1). Conversely, it displayed a reduced phosphorus content (0.30%), phytic acid content (9 mg g–1), and PA/Zn molar ratio (18) in its grains. Among the Zn fertilization strategies, soil + foliar Zn resulted in higher grain and straw yields by 14% and 7%, respectively, followed by foliar application, and soil application. Further, soil + foliar application of Zn increased the Zn concentration in grain and straw by 47% and 37%, respectively, and grain N content by 19%. Simultaneously, this method decreased the phytic acid content and PA/Zn molar ratio by 20%, and 47%, respectively. Conclusively, the soil + foliar Zn application augmented the qualities of the genetically biofortified variety PBW 1 Zn, leading to higher yields, nutritional attributes, and bioavailability of Zn.

Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of nitrogen fertilizers in starch synthesis and quality in waxy and non-waxy proso millet

Recent findings suggest that optimal application of nitrogen fertilizers can effectively improve the quality of proso millet (PM). Here, we aimed to investigate the pathways associated with starch synthesis and metabolism to elucidate the effect and molecular mechanisms of nitrogen fertilization in starch synthesis and properties in waxy and non-waxy PM varieties using transcriptomic techniques. Co-expression network analysis revealed that the regulation of starch synthesis and quality in PM by nitrogen fertilizer mainly occurred in the S2 and S3 stages during grain filling. Nitrogen fertilization inhibited glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and starch biosynthesis in grains, but increased starch degradation to maltose and dextrin and then to glucose. Moreover, nitrogen fertilization increased starch accumulation by upregulating the expression of SuS and malZ genes, thereby increasing the total starch content in grains. In contrast, nitrogen fertilization suppressed the expression of GBSS gene and decreased amylose content in PM grains, resulting in a relatively higher crystallinity, light transmittance, and breakdown viscosity in the two PM varieties. Overall, these results provided transcriptomics insights into the molecular mechanisms by which nitrogen fertilization regulates starch quality in PM, identified key genes that associated with the starch properties, and provided new insights into the quality cultivation of PM.

Androgenic response of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties and lines – sources of high grain protein content

Aim. Protein content is known to be one of the most important characters of grain quality. Investigation was aimed to determine the capability to haploid production in anther culture in vitro of spring barley accessions which are the sources of high protein content in grain. Methods. Infrared spectroscopy was used for evaluation of variability of barley genotypes in protein content. Anthers isolated from cold-pretreated spikes were cultivated on agar solidified nutrient medium containing N6 macro-and MS micronutrients, physiologically active substances and maltose (9.0 %). Results. Three years testing showed that mean grain protein contents in six spring barley accessions varied from 12.6 to 19.1 %. Commercial variety Yavir, accessions IR06605 and DD-21 from germplasm collection of the National Plant Gene Pool of Ukraine were selected as genotypes with a stable expression of this char-acter. Response to androgenesis in vitro varied from 6.9 to 45.9 % of morphogenic anthers and from 0.64 до 14.7 green plants per 100 cultivated anthers in dependence of genotype and donor plant growth conditions. Conclusions. Because of association between high protein content in grains and a relatively high androgenic response, varieties Velikan and Yavir were considered to be the most valuable ones for use in spring barley breeding for improvement of protein content via anther culture in vitro.

АНАЛИЗ БИОХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА ЗЕРНА ЯЧМЕНЯ КОНТРОЛЬНОГО ПИТОМНИКА

The paper presents calculations of static characteristics of a selection of breeding material by the mass fraction of protein, fat, starch in barley grain. The mathematical processing of the data was carried out for the most part with high accuracy, therefore, it is possible to monitor the entire assembly. The maximum protein content of grain (14.1-14.8 %) was noted in only 2 % of varieties, starchiness (60.7-62.8 %) in 10 %, oil content (1.8-2.2 %) in 22 % of varieties of the control nursery - which are recommended for further research. According to the obtained data of the correlation analysis, the relationship between the content of protein and starch in the grain is the average inverse ( r = -0.40), and between the content of starch and crude fat - a weak direct ( r = 0.26).

Growth responses of genetically diverse rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L.) cultivars to Arsenic stress

Although arsenic (As) is a toxic element for plant growth, it can accumulate in rice plants to higher levels. A case-control experiment was carried out to investigate the impact of As in soil on rice plant growth. Nine (9) different native and improved rice cultivars were grown in soils with 10 mg/kg As. Total As content in grains was quantified using an ICP-MS. The mean As content in control samples was 15.8 µg/kg while As treatment samples showed 122 µg/kg. Grains of improved rice variety of Bg 300 showed the highest As accumulation. The chlorophyll content declined by 28% under As stress and 56% tiller losses were also observed. The significant reduction of plant growth has given an impaired grain yield under As-treated conditions. Soil arsenic also showed a significant impact on Ni, Rb, and Ba uptake and accumulation. This study showed that As accumulation in rice is cultivar-dependent and also indicated a drastic reduction of the yield under elevated As levels. The native cultivar, Kahawanu was shown the lowest As-accumulation (90.1 mg/kg) under elevated As within the nine rice cultivars. So it can be identified as the best resistance cultivar for the As stress. The results can be utilized for developing high-tolerance rice varieties using new breeding technologies.

Selenium-Containing Organic Fertilizer Application Affects Yield, Quality, and Distribution of Selenium in Wheat.

This study was designed to investigate the effect on wheat yield of applying organic fertilizers (OF) with five different selenium (Se) concentrations. The mineral nutrients, cadmium (Cd) content, and the distribution of Se in wheat plants were also measured. The results showed that wheat yields reached a maximum of 9979.78 kg ha-1 in Mengcheng (MC) County and 8868.97 kg ha-1 in Dingyuan (DY) County, Anhui Province, China when the application amount of selenium-containing organic fertilizer (SOF) was up to 600 kg ha-1. Among the six mineral nutrients measured, only the calcium (Ca) content of the grains significantly increased with an increase in the application amount of SOF in the two regions under study. Cd content showed antagonistic effects with the Se content of wheat grains, and when the SOF was applied at 1200 kg ha-1, the Cd content of the grains was significantly reduced by 30.1% in MC and 67.3% in DY, compared with under the Se0 treatment. After application of SOF, the Se content of different parts of the wheat plant ranked root > grain > spike-stalk > glume > leaf > stem. In summary, SOF application at a suitable concentration could increase wheat yields and significantly promote the Ca content of the grains. Meanwhile, the addition of Se effectively inhibited the level of toxic Cd in the wheat grains.

Study of the baking qualities of a new variety of spring soft wheat Maestro depending on the level of mineral nutrition

Relevance. To ensure food security, it is necessary to increase the range of varieties of domestic selection in the conditions of the Central Non-Black Earth Region.Methods. The object of research is a variety of spring soft wheat Maestro. Medium-ripened, resistant to lodging and moderately resistant to diseases. The scheme of the experiment: 1. (NPK)0 — control; 2. (NPK)64 (before sowing); 3. (NPK)64 (before sowing) + N30 (in the phase «beginning of tillering»); 4. (NPK)64 (before sowing) + N30 (in the phase «the beginning of tillering») + N15 (exit to the tube). The studies were conducted according to generally accepted methods.Results. It was found that the variety is well responsive to mineral nutrition. The increase in yield varied from 1.69 t/ha (NPK)64 to 1.74 t/ha ((NPK)64 + N30). The weight of 1000 grains increased by 1.8–2.2 g, or 5.0–6.1%, the protein content in the grain — by 0.8% against the background of 0.15–0.37% with nitrogen fertilizing, the gluten content — by 1.0–2.0%. The impact on the baking qualities of grain was assessed. Sedimentation increased after application of basic fertilizer (NPK)64 and additional nitrogen fertilizing ((NPK)64 + N30, (NPK)64 + N30 + N15) by 3–6 ml, or by 8.1–16.2%, the maximum overpressure (P) is 4.2–8.3%, the deformation energy of the test (W) is 13.7–22.4% higher than the control. Correlation analysis was carried out and strong significant correlations were revealed in the indicators «yield» and «gluten content in grain» (r = 0.97), «yield with sedimentation» (r = 0.99), «protein content in grain» and «maximum excess pressure» (r = 0.99). The calculated coefficient of variation (Cv), according to all signs studied in the experiment, did not exceed 10%.

Analyzing protein concentration from intact wheat caryopsis using hyperspectral reflectance

BackgroundWinter wheat grain samples from 185 sites across southern Shanxi region were processed and analyzed using a non-destructive approach. For this purpose, spectral data and protein content of grain and grain powder were obtained. After combining six types of preprocessed spectra and four types of multivariate statistical models, a relationship between hyperspectral datasets and grain protein is presented.ResultsIt was found that the hyperspectral reflectance of winter wheat grain and powder was positively correlated with the protein contents, which provide the possibility for hyperspectral quantitative assessment. The spectral characteristic bands of protein content in winter wheat extracted based on the SPA algorithm were proved to be around 350–430 nm; 851–1154 nm; 1300–1476 nm; and 1990–2050 nm. In powder samples, SG-BPNN had the best monitoring effect, with the accuracy of Rv2 = 0.814, RMSEv = 0.024 g/g, and RPDv = 2.318. While in case of grain samples, the SG-SVM model exhibited the best monitoring effect, with the accuracy of Rv2 = 0.789, RMSEv = 0.026 g/g, and RPDv = 2.177.ConclusionsBased on the experimental findings, we propose that a combination of spectral pretreatment and multivariate statistical modeling is helpful for the non-destructive and rapid estimation of protein content in winter wheat.Graphical

Zinc oxide nanoparticles and PGPR strengthen salinity tolerance and productivity of wheat irrigated with saline water in sodic-saline soil

Background and aimsWheat growth and productivity need an exceptional approach to resist the deleterious effects of salt stress.MethodsThis study proposed to assess the effectiveness of the exogenous application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; i.e., Azospirillum lipoferum SP2, Bacillus coagulans NCAIM B.01123, Bacillus circulance NCAIM B.02324, and Bacillus subtilis MF497446) at a rate of 950 g ha−1 and foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs; 500 mg L−1) against irrigation with saline (from a groundwater well) and fresh water (from the Nile River water) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in sodic-saline soil during 2021 and 2022 growing seasons under open field conditions.ResultsThe integrated application of PGPR and ZnO-NPs protected wheat plants against irrigation with saline water through increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, i.e., catalase (47%), peroxidase (102%), and superoxide dismutase (106%), and K+ uptake (27%) over control. Conversely, higher stress mitigation through the integrated application was illustrated by a considerable decline in electrolyte leakage (−62%), proline (−39%), MDA (−56%), and H2O2 levels (−60%). The N uptake by wheat grains increased by 57% upon treating plants with PGPR+ZnO-NPs, which also increased the Zn contents in grain and straw by 117% and 72%, respectively. Also, PGPR+ZnO-NPs increased the activity of soil urease and dehydrogenase by 80% and 232%, respectively, in plots irrigated with saline water.ConclusionThe results of the present investigation suggest the use of the integrated application of PGPR and ZnO-NPs to protect wheat plants against salinity of soil and/ or irrigation water.

USE OF THE WORKING BODY OF THE UNIVERSAL VIBRATORY MILL FOR DRYING GRAIN MATERIAL

One of the most perspective directions of intensification of heat and mass transfer in the processes of drying plant materials and increasing the energy efficiency of drying plants is the application of a vibration field for mixing grain material while moving in the drying chamber. The analysis of existing vibration installations has revealed that the most promising is the usage of vibratory grinding chambers with spatial circulation of material for the implementation of grain heat treatment, in particular drying. As a result, it is proposed to use the proven element base of a vibratory mill as a working body of which grinding chambers with spatial circulation of the load are used. The article presents the structural and technological scheme of a vibratory thermal drying unit, the structural parameters of the unit, and a mathematical description of the grain drying process. The obtained differential equations constitute a mathematical model of the nonstationary process of continuous drying of grain material and determine the change in time, parameters of grain and steam-gas mixture at the outlet of the grain drying chamber. The constructed mathematical model of the drying process makes it possible to determine the modes of heating and dehydration of grain material during circulation in a vibrating chamber with a conductive energy supply and partial vacuuming of the chamber, to expand the technological capabilities of the "vibrating mill" type installations. The graphical dependences of the temperature and moisture content of grain over time, the data for which were determined experimentally, are presented when a monolayer of grain of mass m is heated on a heating surface of area F at a stabilized surface temperature θn. In this work, the kinetics of drying and heating of grain were obtained, which were used to calculate the parameters of the vibrothermal drying unit. Also, using the results of the experiments, the performance indicators of the vibration dryer created on the basis of the grinding chamber of the vibrating mill were determined.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Foliar Application Effectively Enhanced Zinc and Aroma Content in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grains

The search for an effective zinc fertilizer and its application method to effectively increase zinc content and enhance aroma in rice grains is a crucial objective. In this study, a 2-year field plot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of ZnO NPs foliar spraying on rice quality, grain zinc and aroma content, along with exploring the physiological mechanisms underlying these effects. Our results demonstrated that the rice breakdown value and taste value of foliar spraying zinc oxide nanoparticles were improved by 31.0–41.7% and 8.2–13.0% compared with CK (control treatment involved spraying water), improving the tasting and steaming quality of rice. While Fe and Cu content in grains decreased for the application of zinc oxide nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles foliar spraying significantly increased the zinc content and accumulation of grains by 33.6–65.1% and 37.8–74.7%, respectively. Further analysis showed that the sprayed zinc oxide nanoparticles achieved effective enrichment of zinc in edible parts and increased the final bioavailability of Zn. In addition, foliar spraying of zinc oxide nanoparticles significantly increased activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in leaves, which elevated nitrogen content in leaves and grains, and ultimately enhanced 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content in grains at maturity by 6.1–21.4% compared to CK. Our findings indicated that zinc oxide nanoparticles can be practically applied as a foliar fertilizer at the gestation for quality improvement, zinc enrichment and aroma enhancement of rice grains.

Yield and quality of different kidney bean varieties

Purpose. To determine the yield and quality of different kidney bean varieties. Methods. Field (determination of yield); laboratory (determination of the 1000 kernel weight and the protein and starch content in grain); mathematical and statistical analysis. Results. On average, over two years of research, the highest yield (3.31 t/ha) was obtained in ‘Podolianka’ variety, while the lowest (1.02 t/ha) in ‘Dvadesiatytsia’. The yield at the level of 2.04–2.72 t/ha was obtained in varieties ‘Bilosnizhka’, ‘Pervomaiska’, ‘Oniks’, ‘Bukovynka’, ‘Mavka’, ‘Zhuravka’, and ‘Shchedra’. However, the yield was 22–62% lower compared to ‘Podolianka’ variety. The yield of the rest studied varieties varied from 1.29 to 1.81 t/ha. The highest 1000 kernel weight was obtained in ‘Podolianka’ and ‘Bukovynka’ varieties (230 and 245 g, respectively). This indicator was the lowest in ‘Zlatko’ and ‘Dvadesiatytsia’, 106 and 113 g, respectively. In the rest of studied varieties, 1000 kernel weight ranged between 123 and 210 g. The highest protein content of 30.2% was obtained in ‘Onyx’ variety. In ‘Zhuravka’ and ‘Podolianka’ varieties, the protein content was 27.0–27.2%. The lowest protein content of 19.4% was obtained in the grain of ‘Dvadesiatytsia' variety. In the rest of varieties, this indicator was 20.0–26.0%. At the same time, the stability index of protein content formation was high – 0.94–0.99. The protein content of kidney bean grains in 2022 was higher (19.7–30.4%) and in 2021 lower (19.1–30.0%). The content of starch in kidney bean grains changed inversely proportional to the protein content, i.e., in 2021, this indicator was higher and in 2022 lower. However, the starch content changed little depending on the year, as the stability index was high and ranged between 0.97 and 0.99. Conclusions. The highest yield of 3.10–3.52 t/ha was obtained in ‘Podolianka’ variety. At the same time, the content of protein and starch in the grain was 26.4–28.0 and 40.5–41.5%, respectively; the 1000 kernel weight was 219–241 g. The highest protein content was in ‘Onyx’ variety – 30.0–30.4% for the yield of 2.00–2.64 t/ha. At the same time, 1000-kernel weight in this variety was 146–164 g. Kidney bean varieties react differently to weather conditions as the yield stability index varied between 0.52 and 0.88. However, the stability index for the formation of protein content was high – 0.94–0.99.

Жизнеспособность семян и адаптивность раннеспелых гибридов кукурузы в условиях Южного Урала

Abstract. The purpose is to study and identify the best high-yielding with rapid loss of grain moisture during ripening, ecologically plastic and stable corn hybrids adapted to the conditions of the Southern Urals. Methods. The studies were carried out in 2017–2020 in the North Caucasian and Ural regions of the Russian Federation at the earliest and optimal sowing dates, taking into account the temperature regime of the soil. Eight new early-ripening maize hybrids of the FSBSI ARRSI of corn breeding in 2016 were studied. Laboratory seed germination was determined at a temperature of +20 °C according to the method of V. S. Sotchenko and others and by cold germination in filter paper rolls after each year of storage. Field germination was determined by counting the number of seedlings after sowing. Plasticity and stability were calculated according to the method of S. F. Eberhart, W. F. Russel. Results. After four years storage of corn hybrids Nur and Mashuk 170 MV, the laboratory germination of seeds remained at the level of 98–99 % with cold germination. In the conditions of the Ural region, the hybrids Baikal and Mashuk 171 became ecologically plastic and productive, referring to high intensity forms. The hybrids with the lowest grainharvesting moisture for all the years of studying Bilyar 160 (27.0 %) and Ural’skiy 150 (27.5 %) were identified as adapted for growing for grain in the Ural region. Scientific novelty. For the first time, a variety test of new early-ripening maize hybrids bred by FSBSI ARRSI of corn was carried out in two ecological and geographical points. The results of the study of ecological plasticity, adaptability to natural and climatic conditions, yield, harvest moisture content of grain, preservation of the viability of seeds of hybrids during storage will make it possible to identify the most adaptive early-ripening hybrids according to a set of characteristics for the conditions of the Ural region.

The rapid detection of the tannin content of grains based on hyperspectral imaging technology and chemometrics

Tannins are one of the key components that constitute the nutritional structure of grains, and have a significant impact on the quality of grain products. The detection of tannins by chemical methods is both time- and manpower-consuming. In this study, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology was combined with an optimized algorithm, iteratively variable subset optimization (IVSO), in conjunction with the variable importance in projection (VIP) method to rapidly detect the tannin content of grains (sorghum, rice, glutinous rice, wheat, and corn). The IVSO algorithm and VIP method were employed to extract characteristic wavelengths. Subsequently, three tannin content prediction models based on full and characteristic wavelengths (BPNN, PSO-LSSVM, and DF) were respectively established. A comparative analysis demonstrated that the DF model based on the characteristic wavelengths had the best effect (Rp2 = 0.9922 g/100 g, RPD = 11.3), and the tannin content of grain particles was visually analyzed by using the best prediction model. The results show that HSI can realize the rapid non-destructive detection of the tannin content of grain particles, which provides a new technical reference for the food industry to improve product quality.

Inoculation with Glomus mosseae: An Efficient Biological Management Strategy for Arsenic Mitigation in Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Under Arsenic-Contaminated Soil

ABSTRACT A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on mitigation of arsenic (As) in As-contaminated soils with wheat (variety – HD 2967) as the test crop. Soil inbulk was collected from Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bihar,India farm with physicochemicalproperties to conduct a pot experiment using three doses of As (5, 10, 20 mg L−1) and application of Glomus mossaea inoculation (no inoculated, 5 g/pot, and 10 g/pot). Result indicated that the treatment spiked with As 5 ppm and Glomus mossaea @1 g kg−1 showedthe lowest available As (21.80 µg kg−1 soil) and lowest total As (2.533 mg kg−1soil) as compared to all othertreatments. The As content in different parts of plants are found in the orderof roots > shoots> leaves > grain parts in wheat crop. As uptake in grain was found to be positively correlated with available (r = 0.883, p < .001) and total As content in soil (r = 0.869, p < .001) as well. The application of AM fungi @10.0 g kg−1 soil significantly (p < .005) reduced the As content in grain under all the applied treatments. As content ingrain was found to be negatively correlated with total glomalin content of soil(r = –0.430, p < .005), colonization by AM fungi (r = –0.261) and available phosphorus (P) content of soil (r = –0.864, p < .001). The study noticeably indicated that the mycorrhizal inoculation can reduce the As content in the various parts of the wheat in As-contaminated soils.

Effect of Scheduling Irrigation Water and Adding Organic Matter and Bio-Fertilizer on the Concentration of some Nutrients in Wheat Plant (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field experiment was applied during the agricultural season 2021-2022 in one of the farms located in Al-Muthanna Governorate. In order to study the effect of scheduling irrigation water and adding organic matter and bio-bacterial fertilizer on the concentration of some nutrients in the wheat plant (Triticum aestivum L.), the experiment was carried out by distributing split plates using a randomized complete block design R.C.B.D. With three replications, the experiment included three factors, as the coefficients of irrigation periods for the first factor were set in the main panels at two levels (50 and 75%) of the field capacity, and the factors of organic and biological fertilization in the secondary panels, the organic fertilizer treatments included the use of three The levels are (0 and 40 and 80 tons ha-1), while the biofertilization treatments were at two levels, namely (adding the bacterial vaccine and not adding it). The results indicated that the treatment of adding organic fertilizer at the third level, O2, was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments, and the highest values were recorded in nitrogen and phosphorous and potassium concentration in the vegetative total, achieving an increase of (12.05% and 81.08 % 23.74%) sequentially, and the phosphorous concentration in the grains (86.11%), while there was no significant increase for the treatments of adding organic matter in affecting the nitrogen and potassium content of the grains. Also, the biofertilization treatments showed a significant effect in some of these, and the highest values were recorded in both the nitrogen and phosphorous concentration in the vegetative total, with an increase of (5.51% and 13.68%), and the nitrogen and phosphorous concentration in the grains (29.86% and 17.11%) sequentially but regarding as for the potassium concentration in vegetative total and grains, it was not significantly affected by the treatments of adding the bacterial vaccine to it. While the irrigation periods showed a significant effect only on the adjective phosphorous concentration in the grains

Genetic analysis of grain biochemical parameters and yield in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.

Pearl millet is a potential crop to combat micronutrient deficiency through genetic biofortification of micronutrients in addition to protein, carbohydrates and oil. There is very limited information available regarding gene action for micronutrient content and other biochemical properties like carbohydrate, protein, oil and tannin content in pearl millet. ANOVA revealed significant differences between families and generations for all biochemical traits except protein content. Generation mean analysis through a six-parameter model exposed a prevalence of all kinds of genetic effects that govern Fe and Zn concentrations in grain in crosses 15611R × 42182-HP and 15695R × 15787R, respectively. Furthermore, fixable and heritable genetic variance like additive and additive × additive were found substantial for Fe content in most of the families. Zinc, tannin content and grain yield per plant were governed by heritable but non-fixable intra-allelic interactions in most of the crosses. Likewise, carbohydrate content showed significant additive gene action in crosses except cross 6055B × 15611R. The cross 6055B × 15611R provided the opportunity for developing a biofortified variety with a low tannin level as it exhibited negative heterosis for tannin content and positive heterosis for iron, zinc and carbohydrates content.