Concentrations In Dogs Research Articles

Relationship of Circulating Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and Insulin Secretion and Resistance in Euglycaemic Dogs

Background: Insulin resistance is a state that is characterized with reduced sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin. It can be related with increased level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in dogs. Insulin resistance can be evaluated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR, HOMA-β). The aim of this study was to determine correlation of circulating TNF-α level with insulin production and insulin resistance indexes in euglycaemic dogs. Materials, Methods & Results: Seventydogs of normal body score were included in this study. After blood sampling levels of glucose, insulin and TNF-α were determined and indexes HOMA-IR and HOMA-β were calculated. Three groups in accordance to TNF-α levels were formed: the first-TNF-α 0-2.0 pg/mL, the second-TNF-α below median (2.1-17.0 pg/mL) and the third-TNF-α above median (17.1-51.8 pg/mL). Differences in insulin and glucose levels, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β were determined in all three groups. ANOVA and posthock LSD analyses were used. Correlation between HOMA-IR and HOMA-β was determined. Linear regression between HOMA-β/HOMA-IR ratio and glucose concentration was calculated. SPSS statistical program was used (IBM). Highest insulin level was detected in the second group and the lowest was detected in the third group. The lowest glucose level was detected in the first group. The highest value of HOMA-β index was noted in the first group and it decreases with TNF-α increase. The highest HOMA-IR value was detected in the second group and the lowest was in the third group. Positive correlation was noted between HOMA-IR and HOMA-β. Significant linear correlation was noted between glucose levels in function of HOMA-β/HOMA-IR (R2= 0.51-0.78, P = 0.0007). The first group showed the minor change of glucose level (b= 0.29 mmol/L). In the third group the greatest change of glucose level in function of HOMA-β/HOMA-IR was noted (b= 0.52 mmol/L). In the third group the highest increase of glucose level followed by decrease in HOMA-β/HOMA-IR ratio was noted. Discussion: Increase of TNF-α followed by increase of insulin was noted in the second group. That indicates reduced insulin action and compensatory increase in his concentrations in order to achieve the same effect. TNF-α induces reduction in expression of glucose transporter 4 that is insulin-regulating hormone. Serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 that is induced by TNF-α causes inhibition of insulin receptors. These actions cause insulin resistance and compensatory increase in insulin secretion. Increased tissue resistance is reflected in increased HOMA-IR index which is directly associated with insulin and glucose level. Increase of insulin value and HOMA-IR index were noted in second group. This indicates the influence of TNF-α on insulin resistance. The lowest insulin level was noted in the third group of dogs. Decrease in production and secretion leads to reduction in circulating insulin and can be evaluated by HOMA-β index. The highest value of this index was noted in first group and decreases with TNF-α increase. This can be related with apoptotic effect that TNF-α has on beta- pancreatic cells. Increase of HOMA-β index causes increase of HOMA-IR. This is indication of increased peripheral resistance. Compensatory mechanism for that state is increased insulin secretion. Glucose level will increase more during increase of HOMA-IR and decrease of HOMA-β. This indicates that TNF-α regulates glucose level directly and explains differences in glucose concentrations in dogs with different concentrations of TNF-α showed. Values of insulin resistance indexes, glucose and insulin were affected by circulating concentration of TNF-α. The most unfavorable change in glucose concentration based on insulin production and tissue resistance was founded in dogs with the highest circulating TNF-α concentration in blood.

Serum procalcitonin concentrations in dogs with induced endotoxemia.

BackgroundProcalcitonin (PCT) is an important biomarker for sepsis in human medicine, but there is little information regarding PCT as a biomarker for sepsis in dogs. There are no controlled studies evaluating serial concentrations of PCT in dogs.Hypothesis/ObjectiveThat PCT would be rapidly detectable in serum after injection of LPS and would remain increased for at least 24 hours. Objective was to evaluate serial serum PCT concentrations in dogs after a single IV injection of LPS compared to placebo.AnimalsSix healthy mixed breed dogs.MethodsA nonrandomized, placebo‐controlled, crossover study was performed. Dogs were initially injected with placebo (0.9% NaCl; 1 mL, IV) and then experimental endotoxemia was induced by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 2 μg/kg, IV, once) after a 5‐day washout period. Serial blood samples were collected for measurement of serum PCT after each injection. Difference in median PCT concentration between serial time points was assessed using a mixed effects model.ResultsAfter LPS administration, blood pressure decreased and body temperature increased along with the development of lethargy, vomiting, and diarrhea. Procalcitonin was significantly increased compared to baseline by 2 hours after injection of LPS (median = 67.9 versus 172.8, range = 46.0‐74.1 versus 99.5‐295.9, P = .0002) and remained significantly increased for 12 hours (median = 205.9, range = 119.9‐297.4) with return to baseline by 48 hours. Procalcitonin was significantly higher than placebo 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours after injection. There were no significant differences in PCT between time 0 and any of the subsequent time points in the saline group.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceProcalcitonin expression is likely to be a clinically useful biomarker for sepsis in dogs and might have an additional role in prognostication and therapeutic decision‐making.

Serum D-lactate concentrations in dogs with parvoviral enteritis.

BackgroundDogs infected with canine parvovirus (CPV) have compromised intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Production of D‐lactate by enteric bacteria may directly reflect disease severity or contribute to metabolic acid‐base status in these dogs.HypothesisSerum D‐lactate concentration will be increased in CPV dogs compared to healthy controls and correlate with markers of disease severity and acid‐base status.AnimalsDogs with CPV undergoing treatment (n = 40) and healthy control dogs (n = 9).MethodsProspective observational study. Dogs with CPV had a baseline and daily CBC, venous blood gas with serum electrolyte concentrations, composite clinical severity score, and serum D‐lactate concentration performed. A single serum D‐lactate measurement was obtained from healthy control dogs.ResultsThe CPV dogs had a higher D‐lactate concentration (mean ± SD) of 469 ± 173 μM compared to controls, 306 ± 45 μM (P < .001). There was no difference in baseline D‐lactate concentrations for CPV survivors (474 ± 28 μM), versus nonsurvivors (424 ± 116 μM; P = .70). D‐lactate concentration decreased over the first 4 days of treatment (−9.6 μM/d; P = .46). Dogs hospitalized for <4 days had lower baseline D‐lactate concentrations compared to those hospitalized ≥4 days (400 ± 178 μM versus 520 ± 152 μM; P = .03). No sustained correlation over time between serum D‐lactate concentration and clinical severity score or recorded acid‐base results.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceSerum D‐lactate concentrations are higher in dogs with CPV compared to healthy controls but do not appear to be clinically relevant. No relationship identified between serum D‐lactate concentrations and markers of CPV disease severity, acid‐base status, or outcome.

Elevation of Serum Cardiac Troponin I Concentraion in Dogs Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma Congolense

Summary: Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT) is a devastating protozoan disease of animals and humans caused by Trypanosoma spp resulting in a great economic loss in the livestock industries, in the sub-sahara Africa. Cardiac troponin I is released from myocytes in both reversible and irreversible myocardial injuries. This study investigated the expression of cardiac troponin I (cTn I) in dogs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Fifteen mongrel dogs of both sexes and with average body weights of 9.3 kg were divided into three groups (A, B and C). Dogs in group A were uninfected, group B were infected but untreated, while group C were infected and treated with Diminazene aceturate at a single dose of 3.5 mg/kg intramuscularly. The serum cTn I concentrations in infected dogs were elevated on days 1, 10 and 17 post-infection (pi). Serum cTn I concentrations in dogs that were infected and treated decreased on day 5 post-treatment (day 22 pi) compared to those that were infected but not treated. Post mortem and histopathological findings in the heart of a dogs that died of the disease in the infected but not treated group revealed no visible lesions. We concluded that the elevation of cTn I in Mongrel breed of dogs occurred without structural damage to cardiac muscles.

Decreased serum zinc concentration in dogs with lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis, and its associations with disease severity and prognosis.

Human patients with inflammatory bowel disease may have poor prognosis with hypozincemia. However, there are limited data on zinc concentrations in the blood of dogs with lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis (LPE). The purpose of this study was to investigate the serum zinc concentration in dogs with LPE and its influence on disease severity and prognosis. Thirty-five dogs with LPE were recruited. Serum zinc concentration was measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. Hypozincemia was observed in 18/35 (51%) dogs with LPE. Serum zinc concentration was inversely correlated with histological and clinical severities. Overall survivals were significantly shorter in dogs with hypozincemia than in those without it. These findings suggest that serum zinc concentration is a useful biomarker for LPE severity and prognosis in dogs.

Serum homocysteine concentration in dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy.

BackgroundHomocysteine (HCY) was evaluated in healthy and chronic enteropathic dogs, however no studies on dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy are available.ObjectivesThe aim was to evaluate serum HCY concentrations and its prognostic role in dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy compared to healthy dogs.MethodsSerum HCY concentration was statistically compared between 24 healthy dogs and 29 dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy. Correlation analyses between serum total protein, albumin (ALB), C-reactive protein (CRP), folate and cobalamin, and serum HCY concentration were performed in immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathic dogs.ResultsThe associations between serum HCY concentration and clinical, histological, endoscopic scores and follow-up were evaluated. Mean serum HCY concentration was higher in immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathic dogs compared to control dogs (30.22 ± 8.67 µmol/L vs. 5.26 ± 2.78 µmol/L; p < 0.0001). No association between serum HCY concentration and total protein, ALB, CRP, folate concentration as well as, clinical score, histological and endoscopic scores was found. A negative correlation between serum HCY concentration and cobalamin was noted (p = 0.0025, r = −0.54). No significant difference in HCY was found between responsive and non-responsive dogs or between survivors and non-survivors.ConclusionsAlthough, serum HCY concentration was higher in immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy, its prognostic value remains unclear. However, further prospective, large-scale studies are warranted to better investigate the possible prognostic role of HCY in immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathic dogs.

Effect of Delayed Serum Separation on Glucose Concentration of Dogs at Room Temperature

Effect of Delayed Serum Separation on Glucose Concentration of Dogs at Room Temperature

Evaluation of serum symmetric dimethylarginine as a biomarker of kidney disease in canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum

Canine leishmaniosis (CanL)-associated chronic kidney disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Mediterranean countries. Novel renal biomarkers, such as serum symmetric dimethylarginine (sSDMA), may be useful surrogates for the detection of renal functional impairment. The objectives of this study were to investigate sSDMA concentrations in dogs with CanL, with and without azotemia, and to establish any potential association with the prevalence and severity of proteinuria, with the prevalence of decreased urine specific gravity and with the LeishVet clinical stages of CanL. Serum samples from 68 dogs with CanL (50 nonazotemic and 18 azotemic) and 17 healthy dogs were retrospectively examined. Increased sSDMA was documented in 26 % of dogs with CanL without azotemia and in 83.3 % of dogs with azotemia. Serum SDMA was significantly higher in azotemic compared to nonazotemic dogs and was associated with the presence and severity of proteinuria, the decreased urine specific gravity and the advanced clinical stages of CanL. The results of the present study indicate that sSDMA may be a useful adjunct to serum creatinine and urine protein/creatinine ratio for the detection of CanL-associated nephropathy, but it is of limited value for distinguishing among the LeishVet clinical stages of CanL.

PCB levels in adipose tissue of dogs from illegal dumping sites in Campania region (Italy).

The aim of the study is to investigate the potential relationship between exposure to PCBs and cancer. In doing so we relied on a sample of dogs coming from a peculiar area of the Campania region (Italy), that has been suffering for illegal waste dumping and open air burning of plastic waste for many years. The latter determined the release of organic and inorganic pollutants, such as the PCBs. By comparing dogs with cancer and healthy dogs, we found much higher PCB concentrations in the former, with a significant difference (p<0.05) for the non-indicator ∑10NDL-PCB and the DL-PCBs. A regression analysis, controlling for three potentially confounding factors, that are sex, age and weight, confirmed the higher ∑10NDL-PCB concentration in dogs with cancer. Hence, our evidence suggests a potential health hazard for animals and likewise people living in a risky area due to the presence of environmental organic pollutants.

Kestose supplementation exerts bifidogenic effect within fecal microbiota and increases fecal butyrate concentration in dogs.

Kestose, a fructooligosaccharide (FOS) with one fructose monomer linked to sucrose, is a key component of the prebiotic activity of FOS. This study aimed to evaluate the prebiotic potential of Kestose in terms of the impact on population change in the intestinal microbiota and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration in dogs. Kestose 2 g per dog was administered daily with conventional diet to 6 healthy, adult beagle dogs for 8 weeks followed by 4 weeks of follow-up period without Kestose supplementation. Fresh fecal samples were obtained before and every 4 weeks until the end of the follow-up period. Genomic DNA extracted from the fecal samples was subjected to 16S rRNA gene analysis using next generation sequencer and to quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Fecal acetate, propionate, butyrate, lactate and ethanol concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. 16S rRNA gene analysis and qPCR showed increasing trend of genus Bifidobacterium after Kestose supplementation while genera Bacteroides and Sutterella decreased. Clostridium perfringens decreased below the detection limit within first 4 weeks after starting Kestose supplementation. Fecal butyrate concentration was significantly increased at week 8 and returned to the base level after 4 weeks of the washing period. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal effect of Kestose on the populational changes in fecal microbiota and fecal butyrate concentration in dogs.

Elevated Synovial Fluid Concentration of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Interleukin-8 in Dogs with Osteoarthritis of the Stifle.

Chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) have been shown to cause monocyte and natural killer cell chemotaxis and polymorphonuclear cell chemotaxis, respectively. Additionally, MCP-1 signalling has been implicated in modulating pain. Elevated synovial fluid concentrations of MCP-1 and IL-8 have been demonstrated in humans with osteoarthritis, but currently there are no studies evaluating synovial MCP-1 or IL-8 concentrations in dogs. Additionally, there are no canine studies evaluating the correlation between these chemokines and caregiver perceived pain and mobility, as measured by the clinical metrology instrument, Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs. This study documented elevated synovial fluid concentrations of IL-8 and MCP-1 in the stifle of dogs with secondary osteoarthritis compared with normal stifles. However, this study found no correlation between MCP-1 or IL-8 and Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs or radiographic severity of osteoarthritis.

Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration in dogs with acquired portosystemic collaterals

BackgroundThe renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated in humans with portal hypertension (PH) associated with liver disease. However, involvement of RAAS in dogs with intrahepatic PH is not clear.ObjectiveTo measure plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) in dogs with PH (chronic hepatitis [CH] and primary hypoplasia of the portal vein [PHPV]), dogs with extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunt (EH‐CPSS), and healthy dogs and to determine whether the RAAS is activated in dogs with PH.AnimalsTwenty‐seven dogs with acquired portosystemic collaterals (APSCs; 15 dogs with CH, 12 dogs with PHPV), 9 dogs with EH‐CPSS, and 10 healthy dogs.MethodsRetrospective study. Plasma renin activity and PAC were measured by radioimmunoassay.ResultsPlasma renin activity was significantly higher in the CH group (median, 4.4 ng/mL/h) than in the EH‐CPSS (median, 1.0 ng/mL/h; P < .01) and the healthy (median, 1.1 ng/mL/h; P < .01) groups. No significant differences were found between the PHPV group (median, 2.2 ng/mL/h) and other groups. Plasma aldosterone concentration was significantly higher in the CH (median, 111.0 pg/mL) and PHPV (median, 89.5 pg/mL) groups than in the EH‐CPSS (median, 1.0 pg/mL; P < .001, P < .01, respectively) and healthy (median, 14.5 pg/mL; P < .001, P < .05, respectively) groups.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceActivation of the RAAS contributes to the pathophysiology of intrahepatic PH in dogs, suggesting that spironolactone may not only be effective for the treatment of ascites but also for the suppression of intrahepatic PH.

Evaluation of the host cytokine response in dogs with sepsis and noninfectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

To quantify plasma cytokine concentrations in dogs with sepsis and noninfectious systemic inflammation and to evaluate the association between plasma cytokines and outcome in dogs with sepsis. Prospective, observational cohort study. University teaching hospital. Forty-five dogs with sepsis, 10 dogs with noninfectious systemic inflammation (nSIRS), and 15 healthy controls were consecutively enrolled from June 2015 to February 2016 and followed to hospital discharge. Dogs with sepsis satisfied ≥2 SIRS criteria and had a documented or highly suspected bacterial infection. Dogs with nSIRS satisfied ≥2 SIRS criteria but had no evidence of infection. Dogs<3kg and those with documented coagulopathy were excluded. Measurement of inflammatory cytokines and high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) was performed on each group. High-mobility group box-1 concentrations were analyzed by ELISA. Plasma concentrations of 13 cytokines were measured in singlet using multiplex magnetic bead assays. Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's multiple comparison tests were used to compare biomarker concentrations between groups. Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to compare biomarker concentrations between survivors and nonsurvivors. Associations between biomarkers were evaluated using Spearman's correlation coefficients. Independent outcome predictors were identified using multivariable logistic regression. Alpha was set at 0.05. Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL)-8, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC)-like, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and HMGB-1 were significantly greater in dogs with sepsis versus healthy controls (all P≤0.034). In dogs with sepsis, only CCL2 was independently associated with survival (odds ratio [OR] 0.996, 95% CI 0.993-0.999, P=0.004). A cut-off of 385 pg/mL for CCL2 was 80% sensitive and 91.4% specific for nonsurvival (area under the ROC curve [AUROC] 0.866). Dogs with sepsis have significantly increased concentrations of HMGB-1 and inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, CXCL8, and KC-like. Increased CCL2 concentration is a negative prognostic indicator in dogs with sepsis. These findings should be confirmed using duplicate analyses in larger, distinct populations of dogs with sepsis before applying them to clinical patients.

Symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations in dogs with International Renal Interest Society stage 4 chronic kidney disease undergoing intermittent hemodialysis.

BackgroundSymmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a methylated arginine derived from intranuclear methylation of l‐arginine by protein‐arginine methyltransferase and released into circulation after proteolysis. It is primarily eliminated by renal excretion, and its concentration is highly correlated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in animals and humans and is an earlier indicator of kidney dysfunction than serum creatinine concentration (sCr).ObjectivesTo evaluate and quantify the effects of IV fluid therapy (IF) or intermittent hemodialysis (IH) on renal function in a randomized group of dogs previously diagnosed with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD).AnimalsTwenty‐four client‐owned dogs with naturally occurring CKD.MethodsSerum from 14 dogs treated by IH and 10 dogs treated with IF was submitted for measurement of sCr and SDMA. Dogs in each treatment group received up to 5 treatment sessions, administered 48 hours apart.ResultsSignificant differences (P ≤ .05) were seen between treatment groups, but dogs from the IH group were the most affected based on SDMA (P < .001), sCr (P < .001), and blood urea (P < .001) concentrations. Furthermore, for each 10% increase in urea reduction ratio, there was a 6.2 μg/dL decrease in SDMA (P = .002).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAlthough SDMA is dialyzable biomarker and despite its removal by IH, SDMA correlates better with renal function than does sCr in dogs with CKD undergoing IF and IH.

Hepatic copper and other trace mineral concentrations in dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma.

BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver tumor in dogs. Abnormalities in hepatic copper, iron, zinc, and selenium concentrations increase risk for HCC development in other species, but trace mineral concentrations have not been evaluated in dogs with HCC.ObjectivesTo investigate hepatic trace mineral concentrations in dogs with HCC.AnimalsArchived liver specimens from 85 dogs with HCC and 85 control dogs.MethodsRetrospective case‐control study. A histopathology database was searched to identify dogs with HCC (test population) and an age‐matched control population. Demographic information was retrieved, and H&E and rhodanine stained slides were reviewed for all cases. Copper, iron, zinc, and selenium concentrations were determined in noncancerous liver tissues (test and control population) and in HCC tissues (test population) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.ResultsHepatic copper concentrations (non‐neoplastic hepatic tissue) were greater in test population dogs (median, IQR; 294.9 μg/g, 233.5‐475.9 μg/g) than in control dogs (202.8 μg/g, 135.0‐295.3 μg/g; P < .001). Hepatic zinc concentrations in test (132.1 μg/g,108.6‐163.2 μg/g) and control dogs (151.5 μg/g, 117.1‐184.5 μg/g) also were different (P = .03). Within test population dogs, all trace mineral concentrations were decreased in the HCC tissue as compared to the non‐neoplastic hepatic tissue (all P < .001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceHepatic copper accumulation and other abnormalities in hepatic trace mineral concentrations could be involved in the pathogenesis of HCC in some dogs.

7Hsp70 serum levels in pet dogs\u2014a potential diagnostic biomarker for spontaneous round cell tumors

The concentration of circulating heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) was measured in liquid biopsies of canine tumor patients as a potential biomarker. Compared with rodent tumor models, spontaneously occurring tumors in pet dogs reflect the clinical situation of human patients better, as dogs cohabitate with their owners in the same environment, reach a much older age than rodents, can provide blood samples much more frequently, and receive up-to-date medical care and, similar to humans, their tumors show a high genetic heterogeneity. Due to the species-specific sequence homology of human and canine Hsp70, two human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems (R&D and lipHsp70) were used to measure canine Hsp70 concentrations in serum and plasma. In general, higher Hsp70 concentrations were found in serum compared with plasma samples of dogs, and the lipHsp70 ELISA detected higher peak concentrations of Hsp70 in a broader range than the R&D ELISA. Compared with a tumor-free control group, serum Hsp70 concentrations were higher in tumor-bearing dogs, irrespective of breed, age, body weight, and gender. A sub-classification of the different tumors according to their cytological characteristics revealed significantly elevated Hsp70 serum concentrations in dogs with round cell tumors (p < 0.01), a heterogeneous group of malignancies with hematopoietic origin such as mast cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes, histiocytes, and melanomas. Future studies with larger patient cohorts and well-defined tumor sizes are necessary to elucidate the role of serum Hsp70 as a biomarker for tumor detection and monitoring of outcome in pet animals.

Evaluation of Serum Acute Phase Protein Concentrations in Dogs with Circumanal Gland Tumours

The aim of this study was to determine the serum concentrations of acute phase proteins (APPs), including C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) in dogs with circumanal gland tumours. Investigations were conducted on 39 male dogs of mixed breed. The animals were divided into four groups depending on the degree of tumour malignancy and type of hormones that were dominant in the bloodstream. All measurements of serum APPs were conducted by the use of commercial diagnostic kits. In dogs with benign tumours, the concentrations of each APP decreased during therapy, while in dogs with malignant tumours, despite anti-tumour therapy, concentrations of APPs in serum increased markedly. The results of this study suggest that changes in serum concentrations of CRP, SAA and Hp during anti-hormone therapy may be a reliable marker for differentiating tumour grade and degree of malignancy. Including APPs in routine diagnostics may assist with formulating a prognosis for the outcome of the disease, before implementing anti-tumour therapy. Moreover, monitoring the effectiveness of therapy may be possible based on the determination of serum APP concentrations.

Relationship of serum leptin concentration with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and cholestatic disease in dogs.

ObjectivesTo measure serum leptin concentration in dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism and varying degrees of cholestatic disease and determine whether serum levels differed between dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism and those with gall bladder mucocoele.Materials and MethodsClient‐owned healthy dogs (n=20), dogs diagnosed with gall bladder mucocoele (n=20) and dogs diagnosed with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (n=60) were enrolled. Only dogs of normal body condition score were included. Dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism were divided into three groups according to the severity of cholestatic disease: normal gall bladder (n=20), cholestasis (n=20) and gall bladder mucocoele (n=20). Serum leptin levels were measured using sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsSerum concentrations of leptin were similar between dogs with gall bladder mucocoele and those with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism accompanied by gall bladder mucocoele; these concentrations were significantly higher than those in healthy control dogs. In dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism, circulating leptin concentration significantly increased with the severity of cholestasis: higher in the cholestasis group than the normal gall bladder group and higher in the gall bladder mucocoele group than the cholestasis group.Clinical SignificanceElevated circulating leptin concentration was associated with canine pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism and gall bladder mucocoele. Homeostatic imbalance of leptin concentration might be associated with severity of cholestatic disease in pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism.

Changes in pre- and postoperative serum leptin concentrations in dogs with gallbladder mucocele and cholelithiasis

BackgroundLeptin has been shown to have various physiological and pathological roles in the canine gallbladder. In this study, we performed pre- and postoperative short-term follow-up analyses to confirm changes in serum leptin levels before and after cholecystectomy due to gallbladder mucocele (GBM) or cholelithiasis in dogs.ResultsTwenty-six cholecystectomized dogs (GBM: n = 14; cholelithiasis: n = 12) for prophylactic or clinical symptom relief were enrolled in the present study. Dogs were subgrouped according to clinical symptoms and prognosis after surgery as follows: 1) asymptomatic group (n = 13), 2) recovery group (n = 8), and 3) death group (n = 5). Liver enzymes, total bilirubin, lipid profiles, and leptin concentrations were determined from sera on the pre-operative day and at 1, 3, and 7 days postoperation. Serum leptin concentrations were gradually but significantly decreased in the asymptomatic group (p = 0.008, 0.004, and 0.004 on days 1, 3, and 7, respectively, compared with that before surgery) and the recovery group (p = 0.048 and 0.048 on days 3 and 7, respectively, compared with that before surgery). However, in the death group, leptin concentrations did not differ significantly over time (p = 0.564). Additionally, serum leptin levels in the recovery group (p = 0.006) and death group (p = 0.021) were significantly higher than those in the asymptomatic group. Liver enzymes and total bilirubin (T-Bil) were significantly decreased only in the recovery group, particularly on day 7. In the asymptomatic group, liver enzymes and T-Bil were not changed significantly over time, and in the death group, only T-Bil was significantly decreased on day 7. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were not significantly decreased over time in all groups.ConclusionsThese results indicate that leptin is a potential biomarker reflecting the severity and prognosis of GBM and cholelithiasis both before and after cholecystectomy in dogs.

Effects of marked hypertriglyceridemia and lipid clearance techniques on canine biochemistry testing.

Triglyceride concentrations in dogs with hyperlipidemic disorders can exceed concentrations used by assay manufacturers for interference testing. High-speed centrifugation or the polar solvent LipoClear reduce triglyceride concentrations, but efficacy requires evaluation in veterinary species. We determined the effect of marked hypertriglyceridemia on canine biochemistry testing; assessed the ability of high-speed centrifugation or LipoClear to correct lipemic interferences; and determined if LipoClear introduces inaccuracy into biochemistry assays. Fifteen pooled canine serum samples were aliquoted and spiked with equal volumes of water or Intralipid [triglyceride concentration 33.9 mmol/L (3,000 mg/dL)]. Intralipid aliquots underwent lipid removal by high-speed centrifugation or LipoClear treatment, and a water-spiked aliquot underwent LipoClear treatment. Biochemistry panels were performed using a Vitros 4600 chemistry analyzer. Results were compared by paired t-test or Wilcoxon test. Total observed errors were considered clinically acceptable if below veterinary allowable total error (TEa) guidelines. Statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) interferences were introduced by Intralipid for 15 of 15 analytes. Median observed error exceeded TEa for potassium and enzymatic carbon dioxide, neither of which were identified by the manufacturer as susceptible to lipemic interference. After centrifugation, median observed error exceeded TEa for potassium and chloride. LipoClear treatment resulted in median errors that exceeded TEa for total protein, chloride, and phosphorus. Given that severe lipemia can occur in dogs with primary or secondary hyperlipidemia, veterinary laboratories should perform their own interference testing at triglyceride concentrations relevant to their patient population and provide this information to clinicians to ensure optimal case management.