Concentration Factor Research Articles

Enhancing zinc biofortification and mitigating cadmium toxicity in soil–earthworm–spinach systems using different zinc sources

Cadmium (Cd) pollution poses significant threats to soil organisms and human health by contaminating the food chain. This study aimed to assess the impact of various concentrations (50, 250, and 500 mg·kg–1) of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), bulk ZnO, and ZnSO4 on morphological changes and toxic effects of Cd in the presence of earthworms and spinach. The results showed that Zn application markedly improved spinach growth parameters (such as fresh weight, plant height, root length, and root-specific surface area) and root morphology while significantly reducing Cd concentration and Cd bioconcentration factors (BCF-Cd) in spinach and earthworms, with ZnO NPs exhibiting the most pronounced effects. Earthworm, spinach root, and shoot Cd concentration decreased by 82.3 %, 77.0 %, and 75.6 %, respectively, compared to CK. Sequential-step extraction (BCR) analysis revealed a shift in soil Cd from stable to available forms, consistent with the available Cd (DTPA-Cd) results. All Zn treatments significantly reduced Cd accumulation, alleviated Cd-induced stress, and promoted spinach growth, with ZnO NPs demonstrating the highest Cd reduction and Zn bioaugmentation efficiencies compared to bulk ZnO and ZnSO4 at equivalent concentrations. Therefore, ZnO NPs offer a safer and more effective option for agricultural production and soil heavy metal pollution management than other Zn fertilizers.

Justification of membrane filtration parameters in the production of whey protein isolate

The research was aimed at studying the combined effect of micro- and ultrafiltration technological parameters for justification of rational modes in the production of whey protein isolate. The process flow of whey protein isolate production was determined. It includes whey purification from casein dust and fat, pasteurization, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration (combined with diafiltration), spray drying. Concentration was carried out from a dry matter mass fraction of 5.4-5.6% to 11.3-12.6% (protein concentration factor is 6.5-13). Microfiltration of the resulting retentate was used to maximize disposal of milk fat. The process was carried out using ceramic membranes (pore size from 0.14 pm to 1.4 pm). Their protein retention capacity was 0.2-0.4%, fat retention capacity was 64.6-76.2%. Rational microfiltration modes were selected. They are inlet pressure 0.15-0.2 MPa and temperature 10-15 °C. The microfiltration permeate was treated via repeated ultrafiltration combining it with diafiltration. It was possible to achieve the protein content in dry matter of the product not more than 87% using diafiltration with half the volume of water. However, it does not meet the requirements for the isolate. Increasing the amount of water for diafiltration caused a rise in the protein content in dry matter of the concentrate. The protein mass fraction in the whey protein isolate before drying was at least 17%. The whey protein isolate powder was characterized by the high protein content (93% in terms of SNF), quality and safety indicators met the requirements of regulatory documentation.

Influence of Artificial Pit on Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of 316LN SS and Its Weldment

AbstractThe effect of cyclic loading on smooth and pre-pitted type 316LN stainless steel and its weldment in acidified chloride environment is investigated in this study. The onset of fatigue cracks at the bottom of the pit is brought on by the maximum stress concentration effect in acidified chloride environment. Pre-pitted specimens exhibit a more pronounced fatigue life reduction compared to smooth specimens at lower stress amplitudes. The growth of a microscopic crack from an artificial pit, which is influenced by the combined effects of the pit electrolyte and stress concentration factor, is vital for maintaining structural integrity.

Impact of concentrated growth factor (CGF) injection on acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement in rabbits

BackgroundThe present study aimed to assess how a concentrated growth factor (CGF) injection affects the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in rabbits.MethodsThis experimental investigation employed a split-mouth configuration. Before orthodontic mesialization of the maxillary first molars, CGF was prepared and administered using submucosal injections on the buccal and palatal sides of the maxillary first molars in one randomly assigned quadrant. The opposite quadrant was used as a control. The study examined four time points:1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. The measurement of tooth movement was conducted at each follow-up point using a digital caliper. The rabbits were euthanized, and their maxillary segments, specifically the maxillary first molars, were studied histologically to identify any alterations occurring on both the tension and compression sides.ResultsSignificant tooth movement was observed in the experimental sides versus control sides in the second, third, and fourth week of follow-up periods (p ≤ 0.05). Histologically, on the compression side, the CGF group showed bone resorption and periodontal ligament active reactions from the first week and continued throughout the next three weeks. Also, on the tension side, the CGF group depicted cementoblastic and osteoblastic activities from the first week followed by fibroblastic activities from the second week and all activities continued till the fourth week.ConclusionsCGF has the potential to effectively enhance orthodontic tooth movement without adverse clinical or histological effects.

Study of the Stress Concentration Factor Under Circular Surface Loading as Affected by Soil Strength Properties: Finite Element Simulation and Experimental Validation

Study of the Stress Concentration Factor Under Circular Surface Loading as Affected by Soil Strength Properties: Finite Element Simulation and Experimental Validation

Experimental investigation on surface integrity and fatigue performance of Ti60 alloy under ultrasonic impact treatment

The surface integrity and fatigue properties of Ti60 alloy under different ultrasonic impact processes were investigated. Ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) with various parameters enhanced the surface integrity of the turned specimen. The Ra values of the UIT specimens were all less than 0.380 μm, with the surface stress concentration factor (Kst) values ranging from 1.075 to 1.120. The compressive residual stress values of the UIT specimens were enhanced, leading to the localization of the maximum residual stress (σrsm) in the subsurface. Increases in surface residual stress (σs) values exceeded 21.9 % and σrsm values were improved by more than 74.4 % compared to the turned specimen. The microhardness values showed improvement after UIT, with surface microhardness (HVs) values ranging from 408.5 HV0.025 to 461.6 HV0.025. The orientation of the grains was deflected in UIT specimens, and the depths of the plastic deformation layer (hp) values experienced increases of more than 17 times. The fatigue life (Nf) value of the Comb. U2 with the best surface integrity was approximately 9328.4 % higher than that of turned and about 4362.1 % higher than that of Comb. U1 with the worst surface integrity among the UIT specimens. Observing the fatigue fractures, the crack initiation locations of the UIT specimens were relocated to the subsurface at a distance of more than 150 μm from the surface. A higher fatigue life of the specimen was achieved when there was better surface integrity and when the fatigue crack source was located further away from the surface. The crack source in the UIT specimen exhibited a large and irregular shape, and there were numerous small, evenly distributed dimples and a limited number of cleavage planes in fatigue instantaneous fracture region. Additionally, it was found that the subsurface fatigue life prediction model demonstrates superior accuracy for shorter fatigue life.

Combination of ultrafiltration, activated carbon and disinfection as tertiary treatment of urban wastewater for reuse in agriculture

In the present study, three ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) membranes UF1 (20 nm), UF2 (50 nm) and UF3 (100 nm) were optimized using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM) to determine the most adaptable membrane for reuse. The effectiveness of membranes was based on the retention capacity of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand at 5 days (BOD5) and total suspended solids (TSS) as a function of transmembrane pressure (TMP), circulation velocity (CV) and volume concentration factor (VCF). In addition, the study investigated membrane fouling based on the variation in permeate flux under different operational conditions. Among the tested membranes, UF1 demonstrated superior retention efficiency compared to UF2 and UF3. Using granular activated carbon (GAC) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) with UF1 significantly improved water quality. Moreover, the combination of UF1 separately with GAC and PAC reduced amoxicillin residues by 60 % and 69 %, respectively. Furthermore, the UF1 membrane alone showed significant removal of bacterial loads, exceeding 90 % removal of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli, as well as complete (100 %) elimination of helminth eggs. The treatment process ended with disinfection by sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), providing total (100 %) elimination of all remaining bacteria in the water.

Unified method for predicting the fatigue life of pipe–sphere joints in grid structures

Pipe–sphere joints (PSJs), which are commonly used in grid structures, are susceptible to fatigue failure under cyclic loading caused by suspended cranes. This paper presents a unified method for predicting the fatigue life of PSJs, including the weld toes on both the pipe and sphere surfaces, based on equivalent structural stress. A decomposition and recombination fitting (DRF) method was proposed to determine the optimal functional form of stress concentration factors (SCFs). A nonlinear regression analysis was conducted on the calculated results of 61 common PSJs to obtain a semi-analytical expression for the structural stress of the weld toes. Using this unified method, the fatigue life of the weld toes on both the pipe and sphere surfaces was estimated. The results indicated that the logarithmic ratios between the predicted fatigue life and experimental results were typically 0.93–1.08 for weld toes on pipe surfaces and 0.97–1.13 for weld toes on spherical surfaces, confirming the accuracy of the method. This unified method is applicable to predict the fatigue life of PSJs of various sizes and involves concise mathematical calculations independent of finite element analysis, thereby facilitating engineering applications. The DRF method can be used as a reference for fitting SCFs to specific structures. Furthermore, this prediction method enables the identification of the failure modes in PSJs. As the size of the steel pipe increased, the fatigue failure gradually shifted from the pipe surface to the sphere surface.

Probability of maximum values of stress concentration factors in tubular DKT-joints reinforced with FRP under axial loads

In the paper, the most suitable probability distributions for SCFmax in DKT-Joints stiffened with FRP under axial loading conditions are studied. To this end, 1296 models were generated and then analyzed in the ANSYS to provide five reliable samples. Created FE models were validated using previous laboratory and FE data. Afterward, to predict the appropriate probability distribution models, 12 different kinds of distributions were utilized to check the fit distribution curve to the samples. Next, the accuracy and reliability of the distribution curves were assessed with the help of goodness-of-fit tests, such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) and the Chi-squared (CS). The results of the analysis reveal that the Birnbaum-Saunders distribution is the best option. Furthermore, based on the probability graphs, it was concluded that the developed distribution is suitable enough for the given data sets.

Phytoremediation ability of three succulent ornamental plants; cactus (Opuntia humifusa), kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana) and bryophyllum (Bryophyllum delagoensis) under heavy metals pollution

The current status of environmental pollution by heavy metals (HMs) will affect the entire ecosystem components. The results obtained so far indicate that some plants can be effective in removing toxic metals from the soil. For this purpose, the phytoremediation ability of three fleshy ornamental plants; cactus (Opuntia humifusa), kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana) and bryophyllum (Bryophyllum delagoensis), was evaluated under the stress of HMs. These succulents are known for their remarkable adaptive capabilities, allowing them to thrive in harsh environmental conditions, including those with high levels of contaminants. Their robust nature, efficient water-use strategies, and proven potential for heavy metal accumulation made them viable candidates for investigating their phytoremediation potential. This experiment was performed as factorial based on completely randomized block design with two factors; the first factor included the type of plant in 3 levels (cactus, kalanchoe and bryophyllum) and the second one included the type of metal in 5 levels (control, silver, cadmium, lead and nickel) in 3 repetitions. The concentration of each salt used was 100 ppm. The measured parameters included stem height, relative growth, diameter, dry matter percentage of root and shoot, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin, proline, and elements of nickel, silver, lead and cadmium, as well biological concentration factor. The results showed that the highest amount of final stem height, relative growth, dry matter percentage of shoot and the highest amount of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid and anthocyanin were obtained in bryophyllum. Also, the results of mean comparison of the data related to the effect of metal type on the plants showed that the highest amount of carotenoid, anthocyanin and biological concentration factor were induced by cadmium. On the other hand, the highest and lowest amount of proline as well anthocyanin and proline were induced by silver and lead, respectively. Totally, bryophyllum had a high resistance to HMs and the examined HMs had less effect on the growth of this plant. Cactus, among trial species, exhibited superior potential for HM absorption compared to kalanchoe and bryophyllum. The study underscores cactus as an excellent phytoremediator.

Fatigue lifetime predictions of notched specimens based on the critical distance and stress concentration factors

The theory of critical distances is used for evaluation of effects of notches on load-bearing capacity of notched components under static or cyclic fatigue loading. The theory can also be used to predict the fatigue life of notched components. One of the assumptions for a reliable prediction is that the critical distance is independent of the notch geometry and its stress concentration level. The study shows that the critical distance depends not only on the number of cycles to failure (under fatigue loading), but also on the notch radius. In this case, direct use of the critical distance leads to unreliable predictions. The study quantifies the relation between the model notch (from which the critical distance is determined) and the predicted notch by means of the ratio of their stress concentration factors. The predictions modified by the ratio of stress concentration factors provide results that are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. The predictions were made and verified on the basis of fatigue data measured on two stainless steels 1.4306 and 1.4307, and high strength structural steel S690QL. Smooth and notched specimens were tested on an ultrasonic fatigue machine in a symmetrical tension–compression mode. The results were evaluated in the regions of high cycle and very high cycle fatigue.

Investigation of europium(III) uptake from highly sulphate solution via cloud point extraction by mono-Schiff base combined with Triton X-100

ABSTRACT Owing to its unique physico-chemical properties, europium is one of the most precious and sought-after rare earth elements in the field of high technology. The major economic and commercial importance of such an element, combined with the pollution risks associated with its intensive use, require the development of efficient and eco-compatible recovery and recycling processes. This study focuses on the recovery of europium from highly saline sulphate media (0.5 mol/L) using an environmentally friendly two-phase aqueous extraction technique (known as cloud point extraction (CPE)), using 2((phenylimino)methyl)phenol mono-Schiff base (HPIMP) as the extractant and Triton X-100 as the non-ionic surfactant. The influence of key experimental parameters such as pH, extractant concentration, surfactant concentration and separation temperature on the europium extraction process was systematically studied and optimized. Under optimum experimental conditions, a quasi-quantitative extraction with a minimal volume fraction of surfactant-rich phase (φs = 0.025), and concentration factor of (CF = 38) was achieved at pH 9.8, in one stage. The analysis of the extraction data revealed that the CPE of europium(III) takes place by a cation exchange-solvation mechanism. The stoichiometry of the complex extracted into the surfactant-rich phase was ascertained to have a composition of 1:2 [Eu:HPIMP] with the slope analysis method. A higher extraction constant was obtained for CPE compared with conventional solvent extraction, confirming the feasibility and usefulness of CPE for Eu(III) recovery. On the other hand, this new HPIMP/Triton X-100 chelating system showed superior extractability for Eu(III) in the CPE process relative to other systems reported previously.

Development of a new magnetic solid-phase extraction method prior to HPLC determination of naproxen in pharmaceutical products and water samples

In this study, a new magnetic solid phase extraction based on magnetic composite modified with biochar obtained from pumpkin peel was developed for the enrichment and extraction of Naproxen in lake water, tablet and urine samples. The effects of main parameters such as pH, extraction time, amount of adsorbent and sample volume, which affect magnetic solid phase extraction, were investigated. Under optimal conditions, intraday and interday precision values for naproxen were below 5.9, with accuracy (relative error) better than 7.0 %. The detection limit and preliminary concentration factor were 12 ng/mL and 10, respectively. The method proposed here can be used for routine analysis of naproxen in lake water, urine and tablets.

O-151 Endometrial preparation using CONCEIVF algorithm with intrauterine and sub-endometrial endosera administration for enhanced pregnancy rates in women with thin endometrium

Abstract Study question Could personalized regenerative medicine based strategies promote endometrial growth and receptivity in women with refractory thin endometrium resulting in successful implantation and live births? Summary answer Personalized regenerative medicine based strategies remarkably promote endometrial growth and receptivity in women with refractory thin endometrium resulting in successful implantation and live births What is known already Thin endometrium (<7mm) is considered sub-optimal for embryo transfer and associated with reduced pregnancy chances. Regenerative medicine based strategies utilizing stem cells, growth factors alone or in combination for endometrial regeneration have been proposed as futuristic clinical therapies. Data-intensive biomedical technologies in research studies reveals that humans vary widely at genetic, biochemical, physiological, exposure and behavioral levels, especially with respect to disease processes and treatment responsiveness. Hence there is a need to deeply ‘personalize,’ interventional strategies at clinical and dosage level for individual patients. Study design, size, duration In this self- controlled study, 60 women with history of more than 3 failed IVF cycles due to persistent refractory thin endometrium (<7mm) were enrolled between July 21-December 23. 42 women were treated with intrauterine administration of Endosera and 18 patients were treated with sub-endometrial administration of Endosera as suggested by CONCEIVF - Proprietary Algorithm from Seragen.. Endosera is Autologous platelet derived implantation friendly anti-inflammatory cytokines and concentrated growth factors and progenitor cells. Participants/materials, setting, methods CONCEIVF-Algorithm classifies patients (High, Moderate, Poor responders) based on age, BMI, clinical history, guiding standardized dosage routines for proliferative, secretory, implantation phases including CD 33/CD34 cells minimal threshold, are specified. Intrauterine Endosera administration, 2 or 3 times from menstrual cycle day 5 during FET, precedes embryo transfer. Sub-endometrial administration involves Endosera with endothelial progenitor cell support on cycle days 5-7, followed by embryo transfer two days after the final Endosera infusion in the subsequent cycle. Main results and the role of chance Clinical pregnancy rate was 77%(46/60), no pregnancy in 10 patients accounting for 17%. 50% (30/60) delivered healthy babies and 17%(10/60) of uneventful pregnancies are progressing. 3 patients (5%) had miscarriage between 6-8 weeks. Improvement in endometrium thickness (EMT) was 90% with mean difference of 1.9mm improvement in 54 patients. No adverse effects reported. 33 patients out of 42 conceived and 6 out of 42 patients did not conceive and 3 out of 42 patients are yet to undergo embryo transfer in the intra-uterine group. 13 patients out of 18 conceived and 4 out of 18 patients did not conceive and 1 out of 18 patient is yet to undergo embryo transfer in the sub-endometrial group. Live birth rate and on-going pregnancies are indicators of overall endometrial quality (thickness and receptivity) improvement and validates that personalization helps to achieve maximum success rate. 15 out of 60 patients who were referred to surrogacy have conceived. In women with a history of cycle cancellations due to thin endometrium, CONCEIVF algorithm recommended personalized Endosera dosages resulted in improved endometrial thickness, clinical pregnancy and live birth. Personalization holds the key for precision because now two patients are alike! Limitations, reasons for caution This prospective self-control study, contains small sample size and lacks randomized controlgroup. Our results are encouraging but large cohort of patients is needed to establish efficacy. of protocols and positive patient predictors score to strengthen Conceivf personalized recommendations. Wider implications of the findings Despite global rise in FET for diverse indications, ongoing efforts to find the optimal endometrial preparation protocol persist. Our personalized approach achieved cumulative 74% pregnancy rate (40/54 ETs done), inspiring planned randomized trials to validate results and help women with resistant thin endometrium to conceive without surrogacy. Trial registration number Not applicable

Adsorption rate of uranium and thorium isotopes in soil and plants grown in a high background radiation area

ABSTRACT An important method for measuring radionuclide activity is alpha spectrometry. Ten soil samples were collected from the studied area. The activity concentrations of 238U and 234U in the collected soil samples ranged between 135 and 218 Bq kg–1 and between 117 and 183 Bq kg–1, respectively. 232Th, 230Th and 228Th activity concentrations ranged between 101 and 339, between 122 and 234 and between 106 and 385 Bq kg–1, respectively. When calculating the amount of radionuclide transport across the food chain, assessment models usually employ a transfer factor. Through root uptake, U and Th are transferred from the soil to food plants. To monitor the movement of radionuclides from the uranium series in diverse environments, it may be possible to use the ratios of uranium and thorium isotopes. Uranium mobility in soil depends on different physicochemical, organic and enzymatic factors and mechanisms. The high mobility of uranium is the main reason for the accumulation of uranium in the soil at root level and the possibility of its transfer to plants. A group of plants were selected that are grown in this area and the population relies on them mainly to meet their food needs. The concentration and transfer factor values of uranium isotopes were the highest in roots as compared with leaves and stems. Uranium in plants accumulates in roots and is then transferred to leaves. The mobility of uranium in plant tissues is constrained because it frequently adsorbs cell wall components. As a result, concentrations are frequently higher in tissues located in lower parts of the plant, with root surfaces having the highest concentrations.

Using a Negative Poisson's Ratio to Mitigate Stress Concentrations in Perforated Composite Plates

Stress concentrations pose a significant challenge in designing and optimizing composite components, often resulting in structural alterations and crack formation. This study delves into a detailed numerical and analytical analysis of stress concentration factors in composite materials, with a specific focus on the influence of negative Poisson's ratio and out‐of‐plane modulus. By exploring the interaction of these material properties, the objective is to devise effective strategies for alleviating stress concentrations in composite structures. Through analytical and numerical simulations, a robust correlation between the customized Poisson's ratio and modulus and the mitigation of stress concentration factors, particularly in epoxy/graphite‐reinforced composites are established. This tailored approach has the potential to enhance energy absorption capabilities and consequently reduce the risk of crack propagation in perforated laminated composite plates. This research findings offer valuable insights into composite material design, presenting innovative solutions for enhancing structural integrity and reducing susceptibility to stress‐related issues.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Stress Concentration Factors of Offshore Steel Tubular Column-to-Steel Beam (STCSB) Connections

Steel tubular column-to-steel beam (STCSB) connections are critical parts in offshore structures, where complex component connections and the stress concentration are of significant concern. This study conducted stress concentration tests on welded STCSB connections and subsequently developed a finite element (FE) model for the connections, with the experimental results validating the accuracy of the model. The discussion focused on the influence of parameters such as the width-to-diameter ratio of the beam to the column, the diameter-to-thickness ratio of the column, the diameter-to-thickness ratio of the column to the beam, and the height-to-thickness ratio of the beam web on the fatigue performance. The study proposed optimization methods including the addition of stiffeners and outer flange plates. The findings indicate that optimized connection configurations can effectively mitigate stress concentration in the connected areas, thereby enhancing the structural stability and fatigue life. The width-to-diameter ratio of the beam to the column and the diameter-to-thickness ratio of the column significantly affect the fatigue performance of welded STCSB connections, with an increased width-to-diameter ratio of the beam to the column or a reduced diameter-to-thickness ratio of the column leading to a substantial decrease in the maximum stress concentration factors (SCFs). The addition of stiffeners and adjustment of the outer flange plate can improve stress concentration effects in the connection area.

Role of Sticky Bone in the Management of Various Alveolar Bone Defects: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sticky bone in managing various alveolar bone defects, examining both its benefits and drawbacks. The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines and employed a thorough search strategy using major databases, medical subject headings (MeSH) keywords, and Boolean operators. As a result, the systematic review identified 12 studies focusing on the efficacy of sticky bone in treating alveolar bone defects. Inclusion criteria consisted of randomized controlled trials and case series reporting on the outcomes of sticky bone use for bone defect treatment. Two examiners meticulously performed screening, data extraction, and bias assessment, with the risk of bias evaluated using the Cochrane tool. The findings indicated significant improvements in bone quality, width, height, and volume, with enhanced predictability in socket preservation and implant placement. Sticky bone was particularly effective in ridge augmentation, guided bone regeneration, and filling periodontal defects, often outperforming alternatives like concentrated growth factors (CGFs) and autologous fibrin glue (AFG). It simplified procedures and reduced resorption during healing, underscoring its value as a versatile adjunct in bone reconstruction surgery. Sticky bone demonstrated exceptional results in various oral surgeries, effectively addressing issues such as furcation defects, bone loss, and ridge augmentation, with significant clinical and radiographic improvements. Further research is needed to explore its full potential and refine protocols for broader oral surgery and periodontics applications.

The impact of concentrated growth factor and low-level laser therapy on osseointegration of dental implants: An experimental study on sheep

The impact of concentrated growth factor and low-level laser therapy on osseointegration of dental implants: An experimental study on sheep

The Application of Blood Products in Plastic Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Due to their minimal trauma and relative safety, blood products are becoming increasingly popular in medical aesthetics. In recent years, research on the application of blood products has also been increased. This article will summarize the research progress of emerging blood products in plastic surgery in recent years. We searched the PubMed database for literature related to the application of blood preparation in plastic surgery over the past 5 years and summarized them. Commonly used in plastic surgery are platelet-rich plasma, platelet-rich fibrin, concentrated growth factor, platelet-poor plasma, and mesenchymal stem cells derived from blood products. They can be used for wound repair and skin and autologous fat transplantation, and can be combined with laser therapy and facial rejuvenation. Understanding the application pathways of blood products in plastic surgery and their respective advantages and disadvantages can help us better choose and use them.