Concentrations Of Crude Extract Research Articles

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial, Anti-biofilm and Anti-virulence Activities of Plant Extracts Against Human Pathogenic Bacteria

Background: Bacterial multi-drug resistance is one of the serious issues in the worldwide. The majority of drug resistance developed by bacteria is derived from the formation of biofilm and the production of several virulence factors. Objective: To combat the emerging drug resistance nature of bacteria, we have used some medicinal plants such as Stevia rebaudiana, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Matricaria chamomilla, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus and Thymus vulgaris for the extraction of active molecules that can inhibit the biofilm formation and bacterial growth. Materials & Methods: Each extracted compounds were checked for anti-bacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-virulence activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Soxhlet method of extraction was used for obtaining crude extracts. Agar disc diffusion and 96-wells microplate spectroscopic reading were used to detect the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of extracts. Crystal violet staining was used for the detection of biofilm cells. GC-MS analysis was carried out to identify the chemical constituents present in the extracts. Results: At a concentration of 25 mg mL-1 , the highest antibacterial activities were obtained in M. chamomilla acetone extract (CHAAC) against E. coli (17.66±1.15 mm), S. Typhimurium (13.66±1.52 mm) and S. sonnei (14±1.73 mm). M. chamomilla chloroform extracted (CHACE) showed effective against S. aureus (30±2 mm) and P. aeruginosa (13.66±1.52 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration of crude extracts derived from M. chamomilla was 0. 781mg.mL-1 against S. aureus. Furthermore, the oil extract from C. flexuosus (LEGO) exhibited significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus (at 0.781 µg mL-1 ). The potent anti-biofilm activity was observed in G. superba (KALO) against E. coli (78.6%) and S. typhimurium (79.1%), and V. negundo (VNO) against S. Typhimurium (87.3%). Furthermore, the GC-MS analysis showed the presence of active chemical constituents in the extracts which might have been effective anti-bacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-virulence properties. Conclusion: The extracts from the medicinal plant showed antibiofilm, anti-virulence (attenuation of pyocyanin, LasA, vilacein, and swarming motility) activity towards the pathogenic bacteria. GC-MS analysis confirms the presence of an active component in the extracts. Future study is required to purify the bioactive molecules and elucidate the molecular mechanism of antibiofilm and anti-virulence properties.

Ulvan crude extract’s chemical and biophysical profile and its effect as a biostimulant on Arabidopsis thaliana

Seaweed-derived extracts hold the promise of providing novel biostimulants to sustainably increase crop yields. The objective of this work was to determine whether ulvan crude extract could be used as a biostimulant for terrestrial plants. Herein we show that the crude extract of ulvan, extracted from cultivated Ulva sp., promotes growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. Ulvan’s stimulative effect is both dose- and light intensity-dependent. We tested the effects of supplementation of 6 crude ulvan extract concentrations in the 0.01mg/ml - 1.43mg/ml range on A. thaliana growth for 3 weeks after sowing on agar plates under 90μmol m-2 sec-1 and 320μmol m-2 sec-1 light intensities. The addition of 0.07mg/ml ulvan extract to plant growth media for 3 weeks under 320μmol m-2 sec-1 light intensity led to an increase of 174% in root length, 83% in root dry weight, 54% in shoot dry weight, and 62% of total plant dry weight compared to untreated controls. The addition of 0.07mg/ml ulvan extract to plant growth media for 3 weeks in 90μmol m-2 sec-1 led to an increase of 120% in root length; no effect was observed on the total plant, shoot, or root weights compared to untreated controls. These results have applicative importance, as the use of biostimulants, such as ulvan, could potentially reduce the use of harmful agrochemicals, thus mitigating their negative environmental impacts, while increasing crop yield and contributing to global food security.

Application of Box-Behnken Design for Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Glycyrrhiza Polysaccharide and Antioxidant Activity Analysis

In the present paper, Glycyrrhiza was selected as raw materials, and ultrasonic-assisted water bath extraction method was used to investigate crushed particle size, liquid-material ratio, ultrasonic temperature and ultrasonic time. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology of polysaccharide from Glycyrrhiza was optimized by Box-Behnken design methodology and the quadratic polynomial regression equation of the prediction model was established, then the antioxidant activity of the polysaccharide in vitro was determined. According to the model regression analysis, the optimum conditions were as follows: particle size of 127 μm, liquid-material ratio of 19.32 mL/g, ultrasonic temperature of 65 ℃ and ultrasonic time of 30.2 min. Under these conditions, the yield of polysaccharide reached 10.867%. Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide showed ability to scavenge both DPPH· and ABTS+· with IC50 values of 2.80 mg/mL and 1.96 mg/mL, respectively, and there was a certain dose-effect relationship between the scavenging rate of two different free radicals and the concentration of crude polysaccharide extract. The model established in this study can analyze and predict the yield of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide to determine the natural antioxidant activity, which can provide an experimental basis for the development and utilization of Glycyrrhiza resources.

Effectiveness of Frangipani Leaf Extract (Plumeria alba Linn.) as a UV Filter

UV filters are necessary since UV rays are harmful to human skin. UV filter compounds in commercial sunscreen products can cause adverse effects. Thus, natural UV filters containing flavonoids, e.g. Frangipani (Plumeria alba Linn.) leaves, are needed. This research examined the use of flavonoids from P. alba leaf as a UV filter with in vitro and in vivo. Maceration was performed with 70% ethyl alco-hol and liquid-liquid extraction for flavonoid purification. Parameters tested were total flavonoid compounds, SPF value, and clinical symptoms of the melanogenesis inhibition scoring. The purification result was 43.6%. The flavonoid concentration in pure extract (64.4 mg QE /g) was higher than crude extract (57.6 mg QE/g). The highest SPF value (33.88) was observed in pure extract at 1400 mg/mL, while the same concentration of crude extract resulted in a lower SPF value (33.06). Pearson correlation analysis (0.536) indicated a di-rectly proportional relationship between SPF value and extract concentration. In vivo analysis was performed by scoring between 0-4 following the severity of erythema. After 21 days of sunlight exposure, the worst erythema was found in the negative control group (score 1.292). The best result was found in the group treated with pure extract 1400 mg/ml (score 0.542).

Antimicrobial activity of crude henna extract against Gram-positive bacteria

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effect of ethanolic extract of local Basra henna leaves on Gram-positive bacteria species. Also, to assess the antibacterial properties of henna crude extract in vitro and compare them with antibiotics. Methods: In this study, Lawsonia inermis (henna) leaves were extracted with ethanol using the solvent extraction technique. The pathogens were isolated from wound samples obtained from hospitalized patients in two different hospitals in Duhok city. The culture of thirty isolates had been recognized by routine methods. Different concentrations of ethanol crude extract were acquired and bio-assayed in vitro to inhibit the growth of five human pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. Agar well diffusion assay was used for achieving henna antibiotic activity. Moreover, an antibiotics susceptibility test was done by the disk diffusion method using the Muller-Hinton agar medium. Results: The growth of all tested bacteria was suppressed to various degrees by increasing the concentration of the extract. The data has revealed that Staphylococcus aureus was more sensitive than other examined isolates, where the diameter zone of inhibition was ranging from 16-27, 14-25, and 8-18 mm for Staphylococcus epidermidis, Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus pneumonia respectively. The antimicrobial activity of henna extract indicates that it is suitable for being used as significant certain medications. Consequently, henna is active to serve as an anti-bacterial agent against multi-drug resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity of henna extract indicates that it is suitable for being used as significant certain medications. Consequently, henna is active to serve as an anti-bacterial agent against multi-drug resistant Gram-positive bacteria.

Egg Strings of Dolabella auricularia: Its in vitro Antioxidants and Antibacterial Activities

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidants concentration and antimicrobial activities of the different crude extracts of egg strings from sea hare (Dolabella auricularia) taken from Guangguang, Pujada Bay, Davao Oriental. The determination of phenolics using the Aluminum chloride colorimetric method yielded 0.01 – 0.17 mg gallic acid equivalent / gram. On the other hand, Folin-ciocalteau assay for the total flavonoids gave a range of 6.27 – 8.83 mg quercetin/ gram. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity assay using the agar disk diffusion method gave a promising zone of inhibition for ethyl acetate extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (20 mm and 26.56 mm, respectively). The findings of this work may add to the overall value of the nutritional and medicinal potential of the egg strings from sea hare.

Pharmacological properties and preliminary phytochemical analysis of Pseudocaryopteris foetida (D.Don) P.D. Cantino leaves

Medicinal plants have significant contribution in pharmaceutical industries being producers of compounds utilized as precursors for drug development. A plant of Lamiaceae family; Pseudocaryopteris foetida had not been investigated for its biomedical potential. Current research was aimed to investigate phytochemical analysis, cytotoxic potential and antioxidant activity of crude methanolic extract and fractions of Pseudocaryopteris foetida (leaves). The preliminary phytochemical analysis of crude methanolic extracts and fractions of Pseudocaryopteris foetida revealed that plant is rich in phenolic and flavonoid classes of secondary metabolites while presence of tannin was observed only in crude methanolic extract. The cytotoxicity was determined using brine shrimp lethality test. Different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 µg/mL) of crude methanolic extract and fractions exhibited dose dependent cytotoxicity. However, The LD50 for all the extracts was more than 200 µg/mL indicating weak cytotoxic potential of Pseudocaryopteris foetida. The antioxidant capabilities of crude methanolic extract and fraction of Pseudocaryopteris foetida were analyzed by in vitro bio assays including DPPH, ABTS, Reducing power and phosphomolybdate antioxidant assays using ascorbic acid as standard. The crude methanolic extract showed IC50 (256.38 ± 0.6 and 314.95 ± 1.1 µg/mL) for DPPH and ABTS respectively, while total antioxidant capacity was calculated as 55.79 ± 0.5 µg/mL for crude methanolic extract of Pseudocaryopteris foetida while ascorbic acid indicated total antioxidant capacity of 71.89 ± 2.3 µg/mL. Study concluded that leaves of Pseudocaryopteris foetida were the rich source of antioxidant phytochemicals. Based on preliminary investigations further research should be focused to isolate bioactive phytochemicals as leading source of clinical medicines in future.

Antifungal compound, methyl hippurate from Bacillus velezensis CE 100 and its inhibitory effect on growth of Botrytis cinerea.

Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold is one of the major devastating fungal pathogens that occurs in strawberry cultivation and leads to massive losses. Due to the rapid emergence of resistant strains in recent years, an ecofriendly disease management strategy needs to be developed to control this aggressive pathogen. Bacillus velezensis CE 100 exhibited strong antagonistic activity with 53.05% against B. cinerea by dual culture method. In the present study, 50% of culture filtrate supplemented into PDA medium absolutely inhibited mycelial growth of B. cinerea whereas the highest concentration (960mg/L) of different crude extracts including ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-butanol crude extracts of B. velezensis CE 100, strongly inhibited mycelial growth of B. cinerea with the highest inhibition of 79.26%, 70.21% and 69.59% respectively, resulting in severe damage to hyphal structures with bulging and swellings. Hence, the antifungal compound responsible was progressively separated from ethyl acetate crude extract using medium pressure liquid chromatography. The purified compound was identified as methyl hippurate by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. The inhibitory effect of methyl hippurate on both spore germination and mycelial growth of B. cinerea was revealed by its dose-dependent pattern. The spore germination rate was completely restricted at a concentration of 3mg/mL of methyl hippurate whereas no mycelial growth was observed in agar medium supplemented with 4mg/mL and 6mg/mL of methyl hippurate by poisoned food method. Microscopic imaging revealed that the morphologies of spores were severely altered by long-time exposure to methyl hippurate at concentrations of 1mg/mL, 2mg/mL and 3mg/mL and hyphae of B. cinerea were severely deformed by exposure to methyl hippurate at concentrations of 2mg/mL, 4mg/mL and 6mg/mL. No significant inhibition on tomato seed germination was observed in treatments with methyl hippurate (2mg/mL) for both 6h and 12h soaking period as compared to the controls. Based on these results, B. velezensis CE 100 could be considered a potential agent for development of environmentally friendly disease control strategies as a consequence of the synergetic interactions of diverse crude metabolites and methyl hippurate.

Comparison of three methods for thermostable C-phycocyanin separation and purification

The efficient separation and purification methods are the major obstacles in the production and further use of bioproducts. One such valuable bioproduct is the thermostable C-phycocyanin (C-PC). There is a great commercial need to develop C-PC production with an appropriate degree of purity. However, the selected methods and their sequences are also depended on the quality of crude extract obtained from biomass. In this paper three down-stream processing methods, such as foam fractionation (FF), which according to our knowledge has not been used for separation of C-PC, aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) and conventional ultrafiltration were investigated for purification of thermostable C-PC from two crude extracts with lower and higher protein concentration and purity obtained from biomass of Synechococcus sp. PCC6715. The FF process resulted in a recovery yield of 49% and a purification factor of 1.472 without the addition of surfactants or pH adjustment. The most effective ATPSystem consists of polyethylene glycol 6000 and phosphate salt with a recovery yield of 97%, partitioning coefficient of about 28 and purification factor of 1.466. Ultrafiltration gave a recovery yield of 92% and purification factor of 1.123. Two possible ways of C-PC purification depending on the crude extract purity and concentration was proposed.

Screening of some weed extracts for ovicidal and larvicidal activities against dengue vector Aedes aegypti

BackgroundThe use of plant-based formulations is an easy and economical method to control insect pests. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate ovicidal and larvicidal potential of ethanolic leaf extracts of four plants, Cyathocline purpurea, Blumea lacera, Neanotis lancifolia, and Neanotis montholonii, and their effects on gut histology of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. We identified the phytochemicals present in the ethanolic extracts of these plants by LC-MS analysis. The eggs and larvae of A. aegypti were exposed to four concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/mL) of crude ethanol extracts for different time durations. We observed egg hatching for 48 h, mortality, and gut histology of the 3rd instar larvae after 24, 48, and 72 h of treatments.ResultsLC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various active compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids in the ethanol extracts of all these plants. The extracts of all plants showed ovicidal activity. The extracts of C. purpurea showed the highest larvicidal activity (LC50 at 72 h = 0.088 mg/mL) followed by B. lacera (LC50 at 72 h = 0.758 mg/mL) while N. lancifolia and N. montholonii extracts did not show significant larvicidal activity. All plant extracts affected gut morphology in concentration and treatment duration-dependent manner. The plant extracts used in the present study have ovicidal properties and affected the gut histology of A. aegypti larvae.ConclusionThese results suggest that C. purpurea has the highest larvicidal activity against A. aegypti larvae and can be further evaluated for application purposes.

Initial purification of antimicrobial fermentation metabolites from Paecilomyces cicadae and its antimicrobial mechanism

In present study, the antimicrobial compounds (AMCs) from Paecilomyces cicadae (P. cicadae) were initially purified, and its antimicrobial mechanism was investigated. The results showed that the molecular weight of AMCs in crude protein extracts was below 10 kDa. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of crude protein extracts against Escherichia coli (E. coli) was 0.050 mg/mL. After E. coli was treated by crude protein extracts, we found that it could disrupt the structure of cell membrane, change the content of whole-cell or membrane proteins. In addition, crude protein extracts with certain concentrations also could effectively interact with bacterial DNA. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results indicated that the expression levels of flagellar biosynthesis genes fliP, fliO, flgD and flhB were down-regulated, whereas dppF and dnaJ which are associated with the transport across the membrane and the interaction with dnaK, respectively, were up-regulated when E. coli was exposed to crude protein extracts. The present findings suggested that AMCs from P. cicadae showed a potential value for the development of antibacterial products.

Biomineralized separation, concentration, and evaluation of the effectiveness of Schisandra chinensis fruit extract

Here, we detail the biomineralization-assisted separation and concentration of crude food extract and an evaluation of its effectiveness. Schisandra chinensis fruit extract was used as a model plant extract. Hybrid grape-like mineral was assembled by calcium carbonate mineralization. The hybrid particles of S. chinensis mineral were fully characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and particle size analysis. Data including the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, single point total pore volume, and adsorption/desorption analysis of pore size were also investigated. Organic molecules, including lipids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linolenic acid in the Schisandra chinensis fruit, affect the formation of complex structures involving the CaCO3 mineralization pathway by inhibiting crystallization. However, the cosmetic active primary components were entrapped in a similar proportion in the preserved extract, and were efficiently separated without additional filtering and concentration steps for purification. In addition, the hybrid mineral was enriched (10.5 times) in Gomisin N, a representative component of S. chinensis fruit, relative to its concentration in the initial extract samples. The hybrid mineral inhibited both intracellular and extracellular melanin production and increased the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. The data provide the first evidence of the potential use of fruit extract for obtaining hybrid minerals and the effectiveness of the biomineralization-based separation and concentration strategy.

Extracts of Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham. showed both phytotoxic and insecticidal capacities against Lemna minor L. and Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa.

Many phytochemicals can affect the growth and development of plants and insects which can be used as biological control agents. In this study, different concentrations of crude, hexane, chloroform, butanol, and aqueous extracts of Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham., an endemic plant of the Cholistan desert in South Punjab of Pakistan, were analysed for their chemical constituents. Their various concentrations were also tested for their phytotoxic and insecticidal potential against duckweed, Lemna minor L., and the dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa. various polyphenols, i.e., quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and cinnamic acid were detected in different concentrations with different solvents during the phytochemical screening of E. nivulia. In the phytotoxicity test, except for 100 μg/mL of the butanol extract gave 4.5% growth regulation, no phytotoxic lethality could be found at 10 and 100 μg/mL of all the extracts. The highest concentration, 1000 μg/mL, of the chloroform, crude, and butanol extracts showed 100, 63.1, and 27.1% of growth inhibition in duckweed, respectively. In the insecticidal bioassay, the highest O. hyalinipennis mortalities (87 and 75%) were recorded at 15% concentration of the chloroform and butanol extracts of E. nivulia. In contrast, the lower concentrations of the E. nivulia extracts caused the lower mortalities. Altogether, these findings revealed that E. nivulia chloroform extracts showed significant phytotoxicity while all the extracts showed insecticidal potential. This potential can be, further, refined to be developed for bio-control agents.

Histopathological alterations in gills, kidney and liver of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings exposed to aqueous leaf extract of Desert Date (Balanites aegyptiaca)

One of the many biomarkers for determining the effects of pollutants on fish is changes in organ histopathology. Leaves of Balanites aegyptiaca have been reported to have phytochemicals with fish anaesthetic property. This study sought to determine the effect of graded acute concentrations (200.00, 250.00, 300.00.350.00 and 400.00 mg/L) of B. aegyptiaca on histopathology of gills, kidney and liver of mixed sex of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. A total of 120 O. niloticus fingerlings (mean weight 23±0.03 g and mean total length 12.50±0.39 cm) were exposed to the plant extract. Paraffin wax method and haematoxylin-eosin staining techniques of tissue processing were adopted for the examination of the gills, kidney and liver. Dose-dependent histopathological changes were observed in the three organs (gills, kidney and liver) i.e. histopathological alterations increase with increase in concentration of the plant extract. Gills showed lamellae fusion, haemorrhage, desquamation, atrophy and secondary lamellae erosion while kidney and liver indicated atrophy, necrosis, haemorrhage, hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Structural alterations were evident in the gills, kidney and liver of O. niloticus fingerlings exposed to the concentrations of aqueous crude leaf extract of B. aegyptiaca therefore it should be used with caution during fish anaesthesia.
 Keywords: Histopathology; Gill; Kidney; Liver; Balanites aegyptiaca; Oreochromis niloticus.

Uji Ekstrak Bawang Putih Tunggal (Allium sativum L.) Terhadap Bakteriuria Escherichia coli Pada Calon Pekerja Migran Indonesia

Garlic (Allium sativum L) is a tested type of phytopharmaca because it is proven to have beneficial benefits as antibacterial and protect the body from pathogens. The majority of Indonesian Migrant Workers, especially Prospective Indonesian Migrant Workers (CPMI), are indicated to be susceptible to Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), which is caused by the bacteriuria Escherichia coli. In this study, the crude extract of single garlic (A. sativum L) will be used as an antibacterial against E. coli bateriuria in the urine sample of CPMI, with variations in the concentration of single crude extract of garlic, namely; 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. This research was conducted in a period of 1 (one) year from January to December 2020, with urine research samples from CPMI in the Banyumas Regency area. Extraction was carried out by extracting a single garlic using 96% ethanol solvent in a ratio of 1: 1, then evaporated to produce a filtrate that would be tested with a varied concentrate composition. Isolation of bacteriuria in urine samples using EMBA selective media. From a total of 37 urine samples, 17 about 46% were positive for E. coli, and 20 samples were 54% negative for E. coli. Bacteriuria that was found challenged with crude garlic extract resulted in differences in the antibacterial test at several extract concentrations with amoxicillin positive control, with One Way Anova a P-value = 0.000 <0.05, and continued with the analysis of the Post Hoc Test and the Tuckey Test, that the garlic extract The single most effective used as an anti-bacterial agent is the concentration of 100%, resulting in an average inhibition of 12.81 mm. The ability of single garlic extract to inhibit increases with increasing extract concentrate.

Allelopathic Effects of Sphaeranthus suaveolens on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Phaseolus vulgaris and Oryza sativa

Weeds with allelopathic effect have been reported to cause significant damage in agriculture particularly in smallholder farming systems. This study assessed the allelopathic effects of different concentrations of crude extract of a noxious weed Sphaeranthus suaveolens on seed germination and seedling growth of Phaseolus vulgaris and Oryza sativa by examining germination, seedling height, and total chlorophyll content after seven and fourteen days of crude extract treatment, respectively. Results showed that seed germination and seedling growth were significantly ( p < 0.001 ) decreased with increase in concentration of crude extract, signifying concentration dependency. Highest concentration (100%) of S. suaveolens crude extracts resulted in 90% and 100% inhibition of P. vulgaris and O. sativa seed germination, respectively. Chlorophyll content, fresh weight, and root and shoot length of both P. vulgaris and O. sativa were also significantly ( p < 0.001 ) affected by highest concentration (100%) of S. suaveolens crude extracts. Results from this study suggest that the extract of S. suaveolens contains water-soluble allelochemicals which significantly reduce growth and productivity of P. vulgaris and O. sativa.

Effect of Typha capensis crude rhizome extract on LNCaP prostate cancer cell line

Typha capensis, commonly referred to as one of indigenous medicinal plants that are traditionally used to treat male fertility problems and various other ailments. Previous studies revealed that T. capensis has indeed a beneficial effect on male reproductive functions and aging male symptoms. LNCaP cells incubated with different concentrations of crude aqueous extract of T. capensis rhizomes (0.01, 0.02, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/ml) and control (without extract) for 24 and 96 hours, after incubation. The following parameters were evaluated: cell morphology and viability (determined by means of MTT assay). LNCaP cells showed a decline in cell viability at the incubation period 96 hours (-82.4%) more than 24 hours (-64.7%) indicating more cell death. cell early apoptosis (determined by means of Annexin V-Cy3 binding), DNA fragmentation (determined by means of the TUNEL assay). After 96 hours of exposure, all concentrations caused a dose-dependent increase in early apoptosis in the cells. At higher concentrations (10 and 100 μg/ml), a significant increase of 38.8% (P=0.009) and 52.3%(P<0.001), respectively, in the percentage of cells with signs of early apoptosis was significant. a significant increase of TUNEL-positive cells was found between the control and 1, 10, 100 μg/ml.

Homogenate Extraction of Dihydroartemisinin from Artemisia Hedinii and Its Antifungal Activity.

Artemisia hedinii is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine. It can be used to extract dihydroartemisinin (DHA). The purpose of this study was to explore the optimal conditions for the homogenate extraction of DHA from A. hedinii and the antifungal activity of DHA. In this study, single-factor experiments and the response surface method were used to determine the optimal extraction conditions of crude extract and DHA. The method of spore germination was used to study the antifungal activity of DHA on Alternaria alternata. The optimal conditions were found as follows: ratio of liquid to material 22 mL/g; extraction time 60 s; and soaking time 34 min. Under these conditions, extraction yield of DHA was (1.76 ± 0.04%). When the concentrations of crude extract were 0.5 and 8 mg/mL, the spore germination inhibition rates of A. alternata were (17.00 ± 2.05%) and (92.56 ± 2.01%), which were 3.34 and 1.15 times that of the DHA standard, respectively. Homogenate extraction technology is a fast and efficient method for extracting DHA from A. hedinii. The crude extract has significant antifungal activity against A. alternata and is inexpensive, providing possible DHA usage in the prevention and treatment of plant pathogenic fungi. The optimum conditions of the extraction of DHA from A. hedinii by homogenate extraction were obtained. DHA has antifungal activity against A. alternata. Compared with pure DHA, the crude extract has stronger antifungal activity against A. alternata.

Antimicrobial Study of Chloroform Fraction from the Leaves of Entada spiralis Ridl.

Introduction: Entada Spiralis Ridl., or locally identified as Sintok, contains flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and glycoside, compounds that have antifungal and antibacterial activities. This research aims to identify bioactive compounds and determine the antimicrobial activity from crude and fraction of E. spiralis extract. Methods: The crude extract was prepared by macerating the leaves with chloroform, and then proceeded to fraction it by vacuum liquid chromatography with Dichloromethane (DCM)/Hexane (Hex) (1/9) and Dichloromethane (DCM)/Methanol (MeOH) (9/1) solvent system. Disk Diffusion Test and Microdilution Assay evaluated the extracts' antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans. The determination of bioactive compounds was done by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Determination of Total Phenolic (TPC) and Flavonoid Content (TFC) were performed by Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 Colourimetric Assay Results: The greatest inhibition zone against C. albicans was obtained from fraction Chloroform (CHCl3) extract with an inhibition zone of 10.33 mm. DCM/MeOH (9/1) effectively killed S. aureus and E.coli with an inhibition zone of 11.67 and 12 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CHCl3 crude extract were 1.563 mg/mL for both E. coli and S. aureus, and 0.781 mg/mL for C. albicans. The TLC revealed the presence of tannins, saponin, glycosides, phenol, flavonoid, triterpenoid, and aromatic compound in CHCl3 crude extract. TPC of DCM/MeOH (9/1), CHCl3, and DCM/Hex (1/9) were 50.56 ± 0.188, 51.913± 0.089, 24.16 ± 0.175 mg GAE/g extract. Conclusion: In conclusion, E. spiralis leaves could be a source of active antifungal and antimicrobial agents used for food preservation by using a semipolar solvent for extraction.

Pharmacognostical Evaluation and In vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Alcoholic and Aqueous Extracts of Corm of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst)

Background Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells that can arise in any part of the body and causes death. It affects more than one-third in the world and is 20 higher in all fatalities. Tobacco viral infection chemicals radiation etc. causes cancer. Several cancer treatments include surgery chemotherapy and radiotherapy.Objective In this investigation a corm of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius AP was evaluated for pharmacognostical preliminary phytochemical investigation and curative effect of aqueous extract of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius APA and alcoholic extract of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius APE corm for in vitro anti-cancer activity.Methodology In the present study breast cancer cancer of prostate and cancer of cervical human cell lines were used by using MTT SRB and Trypan blue methods followed by their histopathological studies.Results The pharmacognostical studies helps in authentication and identification of plant. The results of cytotoxicity studies of aqueous extract of corm of AP revealed significant cytotoxic properties as compared to alcoholic extract and control group against breast carcinoma prostate carcinoma carcinoma of cervical cell lines in all the tested in vitro anti-cancer models with CTC50 value gt 500 mugmL. The inhibition depends on the increase in concentration of crude extracts and attains linearity till it reaches CTC50 value.Conclusion From the results we can conclude that aqueous and alcoholic extracts of corm of plant can be employed in treatment of various cancer diseases.