Tutoring Research Articles

Inequality in the shadow: The role of private tutoring in SES achievement gaps

Despite the rapid growth of private tutoring, previous studies have not systematically addressed its implications for socioeconomic status (SES) disparities in education, as they have only separately examined differential access to and the effects of private tutoring. This study directly estimates the causal contribution of private tutoring to SES disparities in educational achievement and cognitive ability among Chinese middle school students. Using nationally representative longitudinal data and a novel gap-closing approach, we find that unequal access to private tutoring does not uniformally result in significant learning gaps between high- and low-SES students. When comparing disadvantaged students with their most socioeconomically advantaged peers, we find that the proportions of SES disparities attributed to differences in participation in and intensity of private tutoring increase with these differences. These findings have important policy implications for reducing SES disparities in learning outcomes.

The paradoxes of U.S. graduate assistantships in education: navigating competing tensions and the impact of stress on graduate wellbeing

Purpose Graduate students employed in graduate teaching and research assistantship positions have a unique experience of the institution because of their status as student-employees. Graduate assistants (GAs) face specific challenges around their well-being as they navigate various relationships and environments throughout their educational trajectory. The purpose of this study is to examine the specific workplace challenges GAs experience and their overall effect on GA wellbeing. Design/methodology/approach This research study examines graduate assistant responses from 12 US research universities to the Faculty Survey of student Engagement for Graduate student Instructors survey. This study’s analysis examined the open-ended responses (n = 493) at the end of the survey that asked participants for additional comments regarding their departmental and/or institutional experiences. Three waves of coding were implemented by the authors to identify common themes and areas of concern on GA working conditions. Findings The findings led to the creation of a concept map on GA working conditions that include three main components: contextual factors, stress and well-being and competing tensions. Within each component are subthemes related to social identity, funding, campus climate, time and priority concerns and assistantship structure and support. The map demonstrates the enmeshed connection across areas. Practical implications Findings suggest institutional investments through programming, system-level changes and interpersonal support to improve GA working conditions and their well-being. Originality/value Research on GA experiences with working conditions and well-being in a US context is limited. This study is valuable because many graduate students who occupy graduate assistantships are asking for increased pay and benefits at their institution. Graduate assistantship labor organizing is occurring alongside institutions’ focus on improving health outcomes for graduate students.

Teaching future faculty: Pedagogical training in public administration PhD programs in the US

ABSTRACT While pedagogical practice is not mandatory in doctoral programs, many doctoral students often serve as graduate student instructors or teaching assistants for college courses. However, most institutions neither mandate nor offer pedagogical training as part of doctoral education. Effective teaching necessitates subject matter expertise and proficiency in pedagogical techniques, which are best acquired through mentorship, training programs, and administrative support. In this article, we discuss the results from a content analysis of US Public Administration PhD programs to evaluate the status of pedagogical training through publicly available information. Given that these sites and handbooks offer critical information for potential doctoral students, we evaluate the type of public information that would help potential students when applying to and making decisions regarding PhD programs. Our study reveals a significant disparity in pedagogical training requirements and resources across the sample of PhD programs.

The Impact of Hagwon (Private Tutoring Centers) on High School Students’ Academic Performance in South Korea

This study investigates the impact of Hagwon (private tutoring centers) attendance on the academic performance, mental health, and social lives of high school students in South Korea. Hagwons have become an integral part of the South Korean education system, driven by the country’s highly competitive academic environment. The analysis reveals that Hagwon attendance significantly enhances students’ academic performance, particularly in standardized tests like the College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT). However, it also highlights substantial negative impacts on students’ mental health, including increased stress, anxiety, depression, and burnout. Furthermore, the demanding schedules associated with Hagwon attendance adversely affect students’ social lives and participation in extracurricular activities. The study underscores the socio-economic disparities in access to Hagwons, with wealthier families more likely to afford these services. Policy implications and recommendations are discussed, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach to education that supports both academic excellence and students’ overall well-being.

학생주도 생명존중교육 프로그램에 참여한 고교생의 경험에 대한 합의적 질적연구

Objectives This study developed an alternative program that could overcome the limitations of existing life-respect education and then analyzed the experiences of students who participated in the program using qualitative research methods. Methods A student-led life respect education program based on Flipped Learning and Problem Based Learning was developed and implemented for 450 high school students in Seoul. Qualitative data (satisfaction survey open-ended questions, written interviews, group interviews, impression sharing activities, etc.) were collected from 190 general students and 33 student instructors participating in education at two high schools. The collected data were analyzed using a consensual qualitative research method to examine the meaning and context of the students' experiences. Results The meaning of the experiences of general students who participated in education can be condensed and expressed as ‘education to think and communicate together from the perspective of youth.’ In addition, the meaning of the experience of the student instructors who led the education can be said to be ‘learning to explain, learning more deeply, one stone and two birds.’ This can be understood in the context of the ‘Learning Pyramid’, a schema that defines efficient learning methods. Conclusions We propose to improve educational effectiveness through exploration of learning strategies for life-respecting education, and limitations of the study and future research tasks were presented.

Tailoring Shadow Education: Leveraging ChatGPT to Transform Private Tutoring Landscape to Optimized Performance of Students

Tailoring Shadow Education: Leveraging ChatGPT to Transform Private Tutoring Landscape to Optimized Performance of Students

Spatial distribution and influencing factors of Shadow Education Enterprises in primary and secondary schools: A case study of Zhengzhou’s main urban area

Spatial distribution and influencing factors of Shadow Education Enterprises in primary and secondary schools: A case study of Zhengzhou’s main urban area

A bibliometric analysis of shadow education in Asia: Private supplementary tutoring and its implications

This study examines shadow education research in Asia using bibliometric indicators and Scopus data. It uncovers this field’s leading scholars, scientific origins, and progression through various analyses, including co-citation, bibliographic coupling, co-authorship, and co-occurrence. H-classics publications are also reviewed to highlight impactful contributions. Mark Bray was identified as a key figure, and China, Hong Kong, and South Korea emerged as leading contributors, forming collaborative networks. Network analysis reveals thematic clusters aligning with diverse dimensions of shadow education, including economic, sociological, political, linguistic, and psychological aspects. The main themes in the corpus include the tangible benefits of private supplementary tutoring (PT) in achieving high scores during critical educational transitions, the impact of PT on the dynamics of mainstream schooling as demonstrated by the behaviour of some tutees and teachers, and the role of PT in exacerbating educational and social inequalities in Asia. Concerns about corruption in tutoring practices are also noted. This study depicts the multifaceted nature of shadow education, emphasising the importance of considering the soft benefits of PT and enhancing the quality of teaching in mainstream schooling, as well as implementing effective PT regulatory measures.

Shakaijin, shadow education, and the entrepreneurial self: fabricating personhood in neoliberal Japan

Under the neoliberal vision for free-market capitalism, discourses validating meritocratic competition reproduce homo œconomicus, narrowly self-interested human capital seeking to maximise its economic utility. Against this background, juku, Japan’s network of for-profit, deregulated shadow education institutions, eases educational transitions for enterprising citizens seeking advantage within the nation’s highly competitive exam and graduate recruitment systems. However, while ‘rational’ investments in juku aid neoliberal biographical projects (youth→adolescence→adulthood), they do so through panoptic systems of tension and accommodation, with pivots to individualistic self-interest producing docile entrepreneurs of the self. More damagingly, ‘agentive’ and ‘rational’ decisions to engage with juku anchor to transmissible cultural patrimony, creating opportunities to blame those who, through no fault of their own, lack the financial means to self-commodify within Japan’s enterprise society. The association between economic output and entrepreneurial selfhood shapes notions of ‘worth’ in increasingly neoliberal terms. Thus, only by relating juku investment to its social origin may we appreciate the corrosive impact of economic liberalisation on Japan’s learning ecology.

Peran Mahasiswa Kuliah Praktek Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (KPPM) di Desa Sipahutar Kec. Sipoholon

Practical Lectures and Community Service (KPPM) is a form of student service required by IAKN Tarutung, which is carried out in semester VI and lasts for three months. This program aims to improve community welfare and make the nation's life smarter through social activities that use science and technology. In Sipahutar Village, Sipoholon District, KPPM activities are carried out with the aim of increasing children's learning motivation through private tutoring programs, encouraging a spirit of mutual cooperation with the community, and holding healthy exercise with PKK mothers. The research method used involved two main stages: initial observation to identify educational problems in schools, and implementation of a free private tutoring program every Friday for 120 minutes for elementary school children. Apart from that, mutual cooperation activities and healthy exercise with PKK mothers were carried out as part of efforts to improve community welfare and health.The results of KPPM activities show that private tutoring has succeeded in increasing children's interest and motivation in learning in Sipahutar Village. An interactive learning approach adapted to school subjects helps children understand the material more easily. Mutual cooperation carried out with the community shows an increase in togetherness and citizen participation in social activities. Meanwhile, regularly held healthy exercise improves the fitness and health of PKK women, as well as strengthening social relations between them. The conclusion of this activity emphasizes the important role of students in serving society through education, health and other social activities. The KPPM program in Sipahutar Village has succeeded in creating positive change by involving all levels of society in a joint effort to improve welfare and education.

Tantangan Manejemen Pelatihan dalam Mengatasi Perbedaan Usia dan Ketersediaan Waktu di Kursus Pelatihan Komputer Alberto

Research conducted at LKP ALBERTO found problems or challenges that included time and differences between the students, considering that the students had their own responsibilities. Starting from minors who are still attending formal school, or adults who are already working. Plus, the age difference creates different ways of thinking and understanding. The purpose of this research is to find out the challenges and how Alberto's LKP overcomes challenges so that we can propose suggestions or solutions for the LKP. The method used in this research is an interview method where we get direct views from the LKP on student instructors. The interview results show that effective time management is very important to achieve learning goals, but age differences can also influence the way participants understand and react to lesson material. These findings provide insight into how appropriate time management can increase the effectiveness of learning in LKP by taking into account the needs and characteristics of participants from various age ranges.

Exploring The Relationship Between Private Tutoring And Mathematics Achievement Among Qatari Primary School Students

This study aims to shed light on the association between private tutoring and academic achievement in mathematics among primary school students in Qatar. Utilizing data from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2019, we employ a propensity score technique to elucidate the disparities in mathematics achievement levels between two distinct groups: students who receive private tutoring and those who do not. Our findings indicate that students who engage in private tutoring have lower odds of attaining higher achievement scores in mathematics. .

A book review of teachers as tutors: shadow education market dynamics in Georgia

A book review of teachers as tutors: shadow education market dynamics in Georgia

Learning to Guide Elementary Education Majors in Teaching Physical Education: A Journey of Teacher and Student Socialization

ABSTRACT Professors in teacher education are positioned to be significant socializing agents to their students. In turn, teacher education faculty members undergo their own unique brand of socialization through association with faculty peers, students, and others. This self-study by a visiting faculty was improvement-oriented and influenced by a personal drive to be an effective instructor for students who were not majoring in physical education. I analyzed my journey via a range of data sources including: a reflective journal, critical friendship discussions, and student course ratings. These sources helped me view my teaching practice through my own lens and through the eyes of my students. Data analysis focused on identifying turning points and critical incidences that changed or challenged my thinking and/or practice. Two interrelated themes were developed: (a) A Journey from Seeking Role Model Status to a More Authentic Focus on Students; and (b) Navigating Mounting Internal Pressures. I discuss my results from a socialization lens. I found it particularly impactful to my self-study journey to have the support of a faculty team invested in my growth and development as a professional.

Examining the Applicability of Constructivist Theory in History Teaching in Bulo Parents Secondary School, Bulo Sub County of Butambala District, Uganda

This study examined the application of construction theory in history learning at Bulo Parents Secondary School. The study found that the procedure was time-consuming and needed to be replaced with others. The study recommends that history teachers must work hard to elicit students' past knowledge because new knowledge is built on pre-existing knowledge. Teachers should use pre-tests, informal interviews, and small group warm-ups that require prior knowledge to achieve this. History professors should challenge students' thinking with difficult issues and exercises to create cognitive dissonance. As learners solve difficult tasks and change schemas, they build knowledge. Teachers should empower students to evaluate and modify knowledge. This requires presentations, small group or class discussions, and tests to compare pre-existing schema to the fresh circumstance. Teachers should provide students a chance to demonstrate their learning through presentations, reflection articles, or step-by-step tutorials. Student instructors must be introduced to constructivism and its use in the classroom. The constructivist approach must be used to create and implement educational plans. In-service programmes should include conferences, workshops, and seminars to train instructors in the constructivist approach. Keywords: Application, Construction theory, History teaching, Students, Teachers.

Spatial Agglomeration and Influencing Factors of Urban Shadow Education under Field Perspective: A Case Study of Xi'an 's Main Urban Area

Spatial Agglomeration and Influencing Factors of Urban Shadow Education under Field Perspective: A Case Study of Xi'an 's Main Urban Area

Understanding How and When Graduate Student Instructors Break Through Challenges with Active Learning

Understanding How and When Graduate Student Instructors Break Through Challenges with Active Learning

Achievement Motivation of Female Elementary School Teachers as the Backbone of the Family, as a Writer, as a Finalist for Outstanding Teacher in Mathematics at the Provincial Level, as a Private Tutor and Math Olympiad Teacher

The family is based on marital ties consisting of a husband, wife and unmarried children. With the turning of time, the family economy is getting bigger in daily needs, causing a mother to have to participate in earning a living to meet her needs in a family. The reason behind a housewife becoming the backbone of the family, there are two factors, namely internal and external factors. The research method used is qualitative research method. According to Creswell (2008), qualitative research methods define it as an approach or search to explore and understand a central symptom. The results of qualitative research are strongly influenced by the views, thoughts, and knowledge of the researcher because the data is interpreted by the researcher. This method does not use detailed questions, questions start with the general then go into detail. The description of achievement motivation in the subject is seen where the subject wants to show and prove to the old school where the subject teaches that the subject is able to develop. There are many factors that make the subject obtain achievement motivation in herself, namely: The subject has an environment with a high intellectual group, the subject is motivated by other writers in living life as a writerSubject is a teacher and also a housewife. The subject started teaching in 1997 and first taught in high school and then vocational school and stopped teaching due to marriage and then when he had children. The subject's initial motivation for teaching was only to prove that the subject could teach then when he stopped teaching and then returned to teaching his motivation was to replace the role of his husband who was not working at that time.

James Gray (?1770–1830): East India Company chaplain

James Gray was for most of his professional life a school master in Dumfries and Edinburgh. He was also a poet in touch with the major talents of his day. Of humble Scottish origins, in later life he was ordained as an Anglican priest and was for three years a chaplain in the East India Company, serving in the remote post of Bhuj in Cutch. His short ministry was remarkable as he translated the Gospels into Hindustani and the local language of Kachchi, founded a school, and was private tutor to the local ruler or Rao. In many ways he was far ahead of his time. He died in Bhuj after only three years of service there.

국제 바칼로레아 초등 프로그램(IB PYP)의 종단적 효과: 초등학생의 학업성취도와 학습동기에 미치는 영향

Despite the burgeoning enthusiasm for the implementation of International Baccalaureate (IB) education within the Korean public education system, there is a paucity of research investigating the effects of IB PYP on student learning outcomes. In order to reduce the research gap, we conducted a longitudinal study to track the progress of 212 third-grade students at IB PYP World Schools over a period of three years. Using a propensity score matching method with socioeconomic status and private tutoring experiences as covariates, we statistically sampled 212 third graders attending to non-IB PYP schools as a control group. The results from repeated-measure analyses of variance revealed that students attending IB PYP schools exhibited superior academic achievement and motivation in Korean language and mathematics, compared to students in non-IB PYP schools. The impact of the implementation of the IB PYP was more pronounced when students were third graders than when they were fifth graders.