Computer Numerical Control Machine Research Articles

Examining the Impact of Internationalization and Competitive Advantages on Enterprise Performance in Taiwan’s Computer Numerical Control Machine Industry

An enterprise must have good operating performance to operate continuously. A good company itself must have a good management team and a large enough market to operate. Taiwan is located in East Asia, and has neighboring countries, such as Japan, South Korea, and the Philippines. Taiwan’s machine tools industry cannot be developed on a large scale due to the geographical environment and land area restrictions. Enterprises are constrained by the external environment, which includes economic cycles, raw materials supply, user demand, and other factors that influence their performance. This is the primary challenge currently faced by Taiwan’s CNC industry. According to relevant research, companies can utilize various strategic models to identify operational shortcomings from the perspective of their employees, in order to enhance business performance. Therefore, Taiwan’s machine tool industry has to be extended to a larger scale. In the international market, only by exporting products and, then, taking full advantage of higher-quality capabilities, can we create good corporate performance. Therefore, internationalization is an important factor for Taiwan’s companies to improve their operating performance. This article uses Taiwan’s machine tools industry to explore the impact of factors, such as international perspectives and competitive advantages, on operating performance; this study selects 62 companies as a sample, the period is 2022. and analyzes the data type using class regression. The empirical results show that in the initial stage of internationalization, internationalization and competitive advantages help companies improve their operating performance. The industrial environment has a positive regulatory effect on internationalization and enterprise performance. However, when the company reaches the stage of internationalization, its operating performance begins to decline. Therefore, companies must recognize their own operating capabilities and create a more favorable operating performance under internationalized strategies. The important factor is that only through continuous innovation can companies gain an advantage in their long-term operations. With the advent of the era of Industry 4.0, industry knowledge is highly intensive and competition within the international environment is fierce. Companies should plan for a long-term competitive advantage to improve enterprise performance.

Optimasi Perancangan Sistem Kontrol Mesin CNC Pengebor PCB berbasis Ant Colony Optimization

A Print Circuit Board (PCB) is a micro (small) sized board that contains various electronic components that are used in an automatic circuit. PCB drilling is usually done manually with human power, which takes a lot of time when there are more and more holes in the PCB. And precision is required when the drill bit touches the PCB board which creates frictional forces and can cause drilling errors. This research uses data collection after carrying out several simulation methods using Matlab 13a. With optimal division methods including without control, Conventional PID, auto PID and PID - ACO. The aim of this research is to determine the advantages of the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) method in controlling Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines. The simulation results show that the best optimization method is produced by the PID - Ant Colony Optimization method which produces overshoot: 0.1199, undershoot: 0.0544, and settling time at 2.532 seconds which is the smallest value, while the design without control never reaches stable steady with the largest undershot. : 0.523. so PID - Ant Colony Optimization was chosen as the best method and is suitable for use in controlling PCB Drilling CNC Machines. By applying the PID - Ant Colony Optimization method to the CNC PCB Drilling Machine, it will be able to produce more precise drilling results

Room temperature roll-to-roll additive manufacturing of polydimethylsiloxane-based centrifugal microfluidic device for on-site isolation of ribonucleic acid from whole blood

Polymer-based lab-on-a-disc (LoaD) devices for isolating ribonucleic acid (RNA) from whole blood samples have gained considerable attention for accurate biomedical analysis and point-of-care diagnostics. However, the mass production of these devices remains challenging in manufacturing cost and sustainability, primarily due to the utilization of a laser cutter or router computer numerical control (CNC) machine for engraving and cutting plastics in the conventional prototyping process. Herein, we reported the first energy-efficient room-temperature printing-imprinting integrated roll-to-roll manufacturing platform for mass production of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based LoaD to on-site isolate ribonucleic acid (RNA) from undiluted blood samples. We significantly reduced energy consumption and eliminated thermal expansion variations between the mold, substrate, and resists by accelerating the PDMS curing time to less than 10 min at room temperature without using heat or ultraviolet radiation. The additive manufacturing technology was applied to fabricate a multi-depth flexible polymer mold that integrated macro (2 mm) and micro-sized (500 μm) features, which overcomes the economic and environmental challenges of conventional molding techniques. Our integrated R2R platform was enabled to print adhesion-promoting films at the first printing unit and continuously in-line imprint with a high replication accuracy (99%) for high-volume manufacturing of a new centrifugal microfluidic chip with an enhancement of mixing performance by integrating an efficient mixing chamber and serpentine micromixer. This research paved the way for scalable green manufacturing of large-volume polymer-based microfluidic devices, often required in real-world sample-driven analytical systems for clinical bioanalysis.

Analysis of Dual-Driven Feed System Vibration Characteristics Based on Computer Numerical Control Machine Tools: A Systematic Review

Vibration in state-of-the-art machining impacts accuracy by diminishing the machine’s dynamic precision and the workpiece surface quality. The dependability of the cutters and productivity becomes a severe problem for optimizing the computer numerical control machine tools’ (CNCMT) efficiency. Therefore, investigating the twin ball screw drive system vibration properties as well as its corresponding control measures is vital. This paper thoroughly reviews the recent works on methods of analyzing and controlling vibration for dual-driven feed systems (DDFS). The research on vibration control technologies, parameter identification, and system modeling are identified and summarized; the merits and drawbacks of various methods are discussed for comparative purposes. Furthermore, the asymmetrical relation between DDFS and single-driven feed systems are thoroughly discussed based on their dynamic properties. Finally, based on existing studies, related research prospects are described systematically, and these research directions are sure to markedly contribute to developing methods for dampening vibrations on DDFS of CNCMT.

Analysis of the application of intelligent CNC technology in machinery manufacturing

The application of intelligent computer numerical control(CNC) technology enjoys a key strategic position in various countries, and countries that attach importance to the development of CNC machine tools and their fields of innovation branches generally have a solid foundation of intelligent manufacturing and strong production capacity. Combined with big data and artificial intelligence, CNC technology has become an important cornerstone of smart manufacturing. In order to achieve the goal of sustainable development, the machinery manufacturing industry should not only improve product accuracy and enrich product types, but also shorten the production cycle as much as possible and avoid the impact of human errors on product quality. Based on this, this paper mainly analyzes in detail the actual development of machinery manufacturing based on intelligent robot numerical control technology in order to provide some help for the long-term development of the industry. This paper is dedicated to the visualization of relevant data and finally provides a reliable basis for the corresponding decision-making based on the current actual development of intelligent CNC technology. After this paper analyzes the current situation of the industry, we find that intelligent numerical control technology has a vital role in the intelligent transformation of China’s industry, high-tech innovation, and rationalization of AI applications, and we hope that this paper can provide a reference for China’s industrial production industry.

Cybersecurity Challenges for Manufacturing Systems 4.0: Assessment of the Business Impact Level

An ever-growing number of companies are moving toward the Industry 4.0 paradigm, adopting a range of advanced technologies (e.g., smart sensors, big data analytics, and cloud computing) and networking their manufacturing systems. This improves the efficiency and effectiveness of operations but also introduces new cybersecurity challenges. In this article, the impact assessment methodology is applied in the context of manufacturing systems 4.0 (also known as smart manufacturing systems, cyber manufacturing systems, or digital manufacturing systems), thus identifying the critical assets to be protected against cyber-attacks and assessing the business impacts in the case of subtractive and additive technologies. The research design of the single case study with multiple units of analysis is applied. In particular, a large company, a leader in the manufacturing of aeronautical components, is considered a representative case study, and its two main types of manufacturing cells that is, those based on networked computer numerical control machines and 3-D printers, are taken as applicative cases for the methodology. The application of the impact assessment methodology in the manufacturing context 4.0 of aeronautical components represents a useful guide for researchers in the field of cybersecurity and for companies intending to implement it in their smart manufacturing environments. In particular, based on this study, companies can define the critical manufacturing data to protect against cyber-attacks, isolate the business impacts in case of cybersecurity breaches, correlate the identified business impacts with the specific data category, and assess the level of business impacts.

Handcrafted Reproduction of a 17th Century Bema Door Supported by 3D Digitization and CNC Machining

During the Ottoman period, wood had replaced marble in Orthodox churches. Between the 16th and 19th century, common, unknown craftsmen created wonderful wood-carved ecclesiastical works by hand, though many of them have been partially or completely destroyed, usually without any of their images being saved. Advances in technology now make it possible to develop a detailed digital copy of an object of our cultural heritage, creating an unaltered prototype material to be studied by all, while offering in parallel the ease of reproducing precise copies, ensuring even museum quality standards. In the present study, a corresponding attempt to record, scan and then reconstruct a 17th century “Bema Door” (located in the Holy Monastery of Hilandar in Mount Athos) is implemented, presented step-by-step and discussed, in order to highlight the challenges and potential of the applied methods. The process included on-site recording of a 3D digital scan, and then the creation of the Bema door copy, first applying Computerized Numerical Control (CNC) machining and then, with elaborate handwork by experienced wood-carvers who successfully completed the process, imparting the necessary and unique human artistic character. The current work transfers the experience on this reproduction technique applied in a Bema door element, shares significant information and details on tools, materials, process steps, etc., in order to be an inspiration and stimulus for the preservation or reproduction of other cultural heritage monuments of high importance.

Cascaded 2D Micromirror with Application to LiDAR.

This paper introduced a novel approach to enhance the vertical scanning angle of a large aperture 2D electromagnetic micromirror through the utilization of a cascaded torsional beam design. The primary objective was to increase the vertical scanning angle without compromising the robustness, which was achieved by optimizing the trade-off between the rotation angle and the first mode of resonant frequency. The cascaded design provides flexibility to either increase the outer frame's rotation angle without sacrificing torsional stiffness or enhance the torsion beam's stiffness while maintaining the same rotation angle, thus elevating the first-mode resonant frequency and overall robustness. The effectiveness of the cascaded design was demonstrated through a comparative study with a non-cascaded 2D micromirror possessing the same aperture size, torque, and mass moment of inertia. Theoretical analysis and finite-element simulation are employed to determine critical parameters such as the stiffness ratio between the cascaded torsion beams, and to predict improvements in the scanning angle and primary resonant frequency brought by the cascaded design. Prototypes of both cascaded and non-cascaded designs are fabricated using a flexible printed circuit board combined with Computer numerical control (CNC) machining of a Ti-alloy thin film, confirming the superior performance of the cascaded 2D micromirror. The cascaded design achieved vertical scanning angles up to 26% higher than the traditional design when both were actuated at close resonance frequencies. Additionally, the micromirror was successfully integrated into a 3D LiDAR system. The light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system was modelled in Zemax OpticStudio to find the optimized design and assembly positions.

Evaluations of patient-specific bolus fabricated by mold-and-cast method using computer numerical control machine tools†.

The patient-specific bolus fabricated by a mold-and-cast method using a 3D printer (3DP) and silicon rubber has been adopted in clinical practices. Manufacturing a mold using 3DP, however, can cause time delays due to failures during the 3D printing process. Thereby, we investigated an alternative method of the mold fabrication using computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools. Treatment plans were conducted concerning a keloid scar formed on the ear and nose. The bolus structures were determined in a treatment planning system (TPS), and the molds were fabricated using the same structure file but with 3DP and CNC independently. Boluses were then manufactured using each mold with silicone rubbers. We compared the geometrical difference between the boluses and the planned structure using computed tomography (CT) images of the boluses. In addition, dosimetric differences between the two measurements using each bolus and the differences between the measured and calculated dose from TPS were evaluated using an anthropomorphic head phantom. Geometrically, the CT images of the boluses fabricated by the 3DP mold and the CNC mold showed differences compared to the planned structure within 2.6mm of Hausdorff distance. The relative dose difference between the measurements using either bolus was within 2.3%. In conclusion, the bolus made by the CNC mold benefits from a stable fabricating process, retaining the performance of the bolus made by the 3DP mold.

Analyzing the Effects of Lubrication Techniques on CNC Spindle Bearing Heat: An Experimental Investigation

The machining ability and accuracy of a machine are determined by parameters such as the stiffness and load capacity of its spindle unit. In addition, the effectiveness and technique of lubrication and cooling can significantly affect the operational characteristics of the machine spindle. The current study investigated the effects of two different lubrication methods, grease and air-oil mixture, on the temperature which is generated at the spindle bearings of a Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine. The temperature distribution and rise rate of the bearings were measured using a thermal imaging camera and thermocouples. The results indicated that the air-oil mixture method was more effective in dissipating heat and reducing the temperature of the bearings than the grease method, due to the direct cooling provided by the air-oil mixture to the bearing balls, resulting in improved lubrication efficiency and heat exchange with the environment. Compared to the grease lubrication method, the temperature of the bearings was lower by 7°C to 9°C depending on the position of the bearing on the CNC spindle. Therefore, it is recommended to use the air-oil mixture lubrication method, especially for high-speed processing on CNC machines. However, the discharge of oil particles from the ventilation system should be carefully controlled. Overall, the findings offer valuable insights into optimizing lubrication methods for CNC machines to enhance processing quality and reduce the impact of temperature on the bearing performance.

Evaluation of the mechanical performance of chairs without fasteners constructed of wood–based panels

According to the literature review, limited studies were performed related to the production of "without fastener and ready to assemble (RTA)" furniture made of wood-based panel materials with Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines and the evaluation of their strength. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cyclic loading performance of different types of RTA chairs without fastener which produced with CNC machines by using engineering design approach and product engineering methods including performance tests. In the production of chairs, 18 mm thick oriented strand board, medium density fiberboard and Oriental beech plywood were utilized as wood-based panels. Within the scope of the study, 4 different chair types without fasteners were designed and produced, and performance tests were carried out in 3 different loading directions (front to back, back to front and side thrust) with cyclic stepped increasing loading method according to the principles of American Library Association specification. Totally, 108 real size chairs without fastener were prepared and tested. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the chairs produced from Oriental beech plywood gave the best performances, while the chairs produced from medium density fiberboard gave performance values close to Oriental beech plywood, except for the side thrust test. However, the mechanical performance values of the chairs constructed of oriented strand board were very low. In conclusion, it could be said that the chairs constructed of Oriental beech plywood and medium density fiberboard without fastener have been found to have sufficient mechanical performance.

On C0 and C1 continuity of envelopes of rotational solids and its application to 5-axis CNC machining

We study the smoothness of envelopes generated by motions of rotational rigid bodies in the context of 5-axis Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) machining. A moving cutting tool, conceptualized as a rotational solid, forms a surface, called envelope, that delimits a part of 3D space where the tool engages the material block. The smoothness of the resulting envelope depends both on the smoothness of the motion and smoothness of the tool. While the motions of the tool are typically required to be at least C2, the tools are frequently only C0 continuous, which results in discontinuous envelopes. In this work, we classify a family of instantaneous motions that, in spite of only C0 continuous shape of the tool, result in C0 continuous envelopes. We show that such motions are flexible enough to follow a free-form surface, preserving tangential contact between the tool and surface along two points, therefore having applications in shape slot milling or in a semi-finishing stage of 5-axis flank machining. We also show that C1 tools and motions still can generate smooth envelopes.

Industry 4.0 and Technological Evolution in CNC Machines

This work, entirely based on a documental research strategy, consists of an analysis of the technological evolution of the machining processes with Computer Numerical Control machines regarding the new concept of Industry 4.0. This concept involves integration of cyber-physical systems with the manufacturing processes, the use of the Internet of Things in industrial processes and the development of complex virtual systems. An attempt was made to understand how current processes can be adapted or changed to the concept under study when analyzing the evolution of machining tools for CNC machines. A thorough study was done to adopt the distinguishing features of the Industry 4.0 concept, applying it to machining processes in CNC machines. The use of virtual technology in machining tools is still a subject in development, and it was one of the main focus of this work. The main factors that can influence directly or indirectly the production processes of a factory with CNC machines were analyzed. The types of machining processes for CNC machines and the types of machining tools developed with virtual technology possibilities were studied and explored. Following the analysis, suggestions for future applications and for improvements in production structures are proposed.

G-code converter using interface system for a STEP file (ISO 10303)

The STEP file is the “standard for the exchange of product model data,” which is usually used to exchange geometric data in boundary representation (B-rep) between different computer-aided design (CAD) platforms. These data can be fully utilized and integrated into a larger manufacturing organization, such as a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) environment for computer numerical control (CNC) machining applications based on ISO 6983. The 3D models of 2D machining profiles were created in CAD software and saved as STEP files. The data structure was analyzed by comparing the geometric entities of the CAD model and the STEP file. The algorithm was created using the hypertext preprocessor (PHP) programming language and produced a computer interface system to convert STEP files into G-code format. The machining blocks with profile machining features were simulated using a CNC simulator and PC-based open architecture control (OAC) software. The G-code was validated on a three-axis CNC milling machine, and the result was compared to the CAD model to confirm the machining profile. The integrated interface system I2S demonstrates its ability to interpret all 2D profiles and generate machining tool paths and G-code, allowing data flow between CAD and CAM environments and shortening product development cycles.

Prediction of QCE using ANN and ANFIS for milling Alloy 2017A

Population growth and economic development, particularly in developing market nations, are driving up global energy consumption at an alarming rate. Despite increased wealth, growing demand presents new obstacles. Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools are widely used in most metal machining processes due to their efficiency and repeatability in achieving high-precision machining. It has been shown that figuring out the best cutting parameters can improve the results of machining, leading to high efficiency and low costs. This study identifies and examines thoroughly the scientific contributions of the influence of strategies, machining sequences, and cutting parameters on surface quality, machining cost, and energy consumption (QCE) using artificial intelligence (ANN and ANFIS). The results show that the 3.10−3 architecture with the Bayesian Regularization (BR) algorithm is the optimal neural architecture that yields an overall mean square error (MSE) of 2.74 10−3. The correlation coefficients ( R2) for Etot, Ctot, and Ra are 0.9992, 1, and 0.9117 respectively. Similarly, for the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), the optimal structure which gives a better error and better correlation is the {2, 2, 2} structure, and this for the three output variables (Etot, Ctot, and Ra). The correlation coefficient ( R2) for the variables Etot, Ctot, and Ra are respectively 0.95, 0.965, and 0.968. The results show that the use of the Bayesian Regularization algorithm with a multi-criteria output response can give good results when compared with the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system.

Design and application of a fault diagnosis system for machine tool angle heads based on Boolean matrix filtering and an optimized BP neural network

In this paper, a fault diagnosis method based on Boolean matrix filtering and optimizing backpropagation (BP) neural networks is proposed for angle heads of computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools. The matrix filtering is first carried out with the fault case database and the fault cause symptom Boolean matrix according to the fault types and characteristics of the machine tool angle head. On the basis of the combination of multiple fault causes obtained from the initial filtering, the Euclidean distance method is used to narrow the results of fault cause filtering. The BP neural network model with weight vector is established and optimized to perform an accurate diagnosis. Finally, the fault diagnosis and management system of the angle head of a CNC machine tool, integrating with the Boolean matrix filtering method, Euclidean distance method, and BP neural network model, is developed and implemented with the Python language and QT development framework.

Literature Review on the Utilization of Rice Husks: Focus on Application of Materials for Digital Fabrication.

To achieve a sustainable society, it is important to use biological resources effectively to the extent that they are renewable. Rice husk, which is abundantly produced in various regions, is a useful biomass resource. To promote their use further, it is important to expand the fields in which they are used. Therefore, this study reviews the research on rice-husk-based materials that can be used in digital fabrication, such as those used with 3D printers and Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines, which have become increasingly popular in recent years. After outlining the characteristics of each machining method, the authors surveyed and analyzed the original research on rice-husk-based materials for 3D printers and particleboard available in digital fabrication machines for 2D machining. This review identifies issues and proposes solutions for expanding the use of rice-husk-based materials. It also indicates the need for further research on various aspects, such as the workability and maintainability of the equipment.

Mixed tiny path smoothing method based on sliding convolution windows for CNC machining

The machining toolpaths of complex free-form surface parts are generated using computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) systems and programmed by a series of mixed tiny paths composed of tiny lines, arcs, and non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS). The mixed tiny paths need to be smoothed to eliminate the tangential discontinuities at corners. This paper proposes a mixed tiny path smoothing method based on sliding convolution windows (MSSCW). In this method, the mixed tiny path is firstly converted into a positional signal along the travel length in the spatial domain, and then sliding convolution windows, which centered on each original interpolation point, are used to generate high-order continuous smoothed toolpath. Finally, the smoothing error is checked and corrected by modifying the length duration of the sliding convolution windows. Compared with conventional path smoothing method, the MSSCW method is suitable for various computer numerical control (CNC) machining toolpaths, and the continuity of the smoothed toolpath can be adjusted according to user requirements. Consequently, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are validated in simulations and experimental results which realize the improvement of the machining quality of complex free-form surfaces.

Adaptive Quantization Range Division Technique for Electronic Control Data Compression in CNC Machine Tools

With the development of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data, Industry 4.0 in manufacturing has been launched. As the core pillar of industrial manufacturing, computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools face significant challenges in data acquisition transmission and storage due to their complex structure, high volume of data points, strong time-series characteristics, and large amounts of data. To address the shortcomings of existing compression algorithms in quantization methods for large amounts of data in the instruction-domain, this paper proposes a quantization method based on distortion rate evaluation and linear fitting entropy reduction transformation, which aims to compress state signals such as the load power and load current while ensuring the availability of the data. This approach provides technical support for the transmission of high-frequency big data and meets the lightweight data acquisition requirements of digital twins for CNC machine tools. Compared to the empirical approach, this approach was more accurate and more computationally efficient.

Hybrid manufacturing by additive friction stir deposition, metrology, CNC machining, and microstructure analysis

Aerospace flight panels must provide high strength with low mass. For aluminum panels, it is common practice to begin with a wrought plate and remove the majority of the material to attain the desired structure, comprising a thinner plate with the desired pattern of reinforcement ribs. As an alternative, this study implements hybrid manufacturing, where aluminum is first deposited on a baseplate only at the rib locations using additive friction stir deposition (AFSD). Structured light scanning is then used to measure the printed geometry. This geometry is finally used as the stock model for computer numerical control (CNC) machining. This paper details the hybrid manufacturing process that consists of: AFSD to print the preform, structured light scanning to generate the stock model and tool path, three-axis CNC machining, and post-process measurements for part geometry and microstructure.