Graphical Method Research Articles

Issues of developing an employee motivation system for energy sector companies

As the object of research in the paper practical solutions in terms of material and non-material incentives for personnel in energy companies as well as methodological guidelines justifying their implementation are chosen. The subject area chosen is the processes of personnel motivation in energy companies in Russia. The objective of the study is to formulate directions for improving this work based on the analysis of information presented in the open press about existing approaches to building a system of personnel motivation in energy companies, taking into account modern transformations in the industry and the demand for innovative development. The methods used in this article include theoretical analysis of scientific literature on personnel motivation in relation to the development of the energy sector, graphical method, analysis of statistical data, analysis of documents covering decisions on personnel motivation in energy companies and the application of advanced digital technologies in management. The main result of the study is the conclusion that the basis for the development of the motivation system should be the perception of employees not as one of the company's resources, but as its value asset, the growth of their involvement for the benefit of achieving the goals and objectives which implies a change in the approach to the personnel motivation system, namely, the strengthening of the personalised component. This approach will allow to focus on incentives, tangible and intangible, oriented to each specific specialist, according to his/her role, contribution and prospects for the organisation. Tangible non-monetary incentives may (with equal amounts in terms of monetary equivalent) differ depending on the employee's interests, his/her needs (education, sports, examinations, hobbies, etc.) and the needs of their family. Non-material incentives related to the formal and informal status and personal brand of an employee in the organisation should also be individualised. This implies the use of AI to process an array of information about existing employees and determine their real contribution to the company's development, their performance at their current place of work, and to develop individualised motivational proposals with subsequent measurement of their performance.

Feasibility study of measures to master a new technology for manufacturing thin-walled large-size bottoms by flanging (in conditions of «Atommash» the branch of «AEM-Technologies» JSC in Volgodonsk)

The object of research in this article is the «Atommash» the branch of «AEM-Technologies» JSC in Volgodonsk, an organisation that was designed and commissioned in 1976 as the head machine-building enterprise for the production of a complete set of hull and heat-exchange equipment for NPP power unit in the volume of the nuclear island. The subject area chosen is the organisation of production of large-size products, which the enterprise intends to diversify through the acquisition of a line for the manufacture of thin-walled bottoms of large-size pressure vessel housings for NPPs and oil and gas chemistry. The purpose of the research is to develop a project for the development of new technological capacities based on the analysis of existing technologies and methods of production, which will increase the efficiency of production activities at the «Atommash» the branch of «AEM-Technologies» JSC in Volgodonsk. The main methods in writing the article were theoretical analysis of scientific literature on the research problem, graphical method and study of local documentation of the research object in terms of modernisation of production facilities. The main result of the research is the conclusion about the necessity of introducing a new technology – cold rolling (flanging) in order to expand the technological capabilities of the enterprise, to increase the efficiency of production in this area, to gain profit from the supply of thin-walled vessel bottoms to other enterprises to replace European suppliers, and as a consequence an increase in competitive advantage.

Issues of Interaction Between Operational and Strategic Management of an Enterprise in a Market Environment

Main problem: One of the priority directions for improving the management system at the enterprise is the organization of effective interaction between strategic and operational management through the formation of a mechanism for their interaction, orienting operational management to achieve strategic goals and objectives. In market conditions, issues of interaction between strategic and operational production management are particularly relevant, allowing solving complex economic problems of the enterprise related to the rational use of resources involved in production, reducing production costs, improving the quality of products, optimizing production potential in order to increase the efficiency of the entire enterprise as a whole and its structural divisions. The role of the mechanism of interaction between strategic and operational production management also lies in the possibility of coordinating those final strategic goals that the enterprise strives for with the actual internal production capabilities. The purpose of this article is to study the issues of interaction between operational and strategic management of an enterprise in a market environment. The theory and modern practice of production management in a competitive environment show that the implementation of operational production management is a natural stage in the implementation of strategic management, therefore, there is a close relationship between them, which manifests itself in their interaction. Methods: The methods of analysis and generalization, the method of systematic and comparative analysis, structural and functional method, economic and mathematical methods, graphical and tabular method were used in the work. Results and their significance: the authors consider the theoretical aspects of the relationship between strategic and operational production management at an enterprise in a competitive environment. There is a low level of compliance of operational tasks of production with the strategic goals of development of domestic enterprises and the special role of information systems designed to link operational and strategic management tasks together. Accordingly, the key aspects of information technology implementation are investigated, including the need for employee training, strategic communications planning, information flow management and the use of data analytics. Examples of successful application of information technologies in various industries and organizations are given.

FEATURES OF THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENTERPRISE'S TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS SYSTEM

The modern industrial revolution and the concept of supply chain management have created opportunities for joint use of a complex of technologies that help create more efficient production and distribution systems. Such a system allows at any moment to collect and analyze information about changes in the environment, quickly adapt to them and create additional value in the process of managing supply chains. That is why the issue of digital transformation of transport and logistics systems is relevant. To implement the goals of the article, the following methods were used: information on the state of research in the field of digital transformation of transport and logistics systems was analyzed and synthesized. With the help of a system and information-logical approach, the directions of influence of digital transformation on the studied system are determined. In the course of the research, analytical methods, graphic methods and the synthesis method were also widely used to build a model of the digital platform for the transport and logistics system and to form the process of creating and verifying the project of implementing digital technologies during the transformation. The article further developed the components of the digital platform of the transport-logistics system, which, unlike the existing ones, are assembled into a system and supplemented with elements of insurance and routing. The proposed improvements will make it possible to increase the manageability, certainty, effectiveness and control of the transport and logistics system and its components and harmonize the process of digital transformation. The obtained results, consisting in the development of a digital platform of the enterprise's transport and logistics system and the process of creating and verifying a project for the implementation of digital technologies during the transformation, allow further research on the specification of certain aspects of the digital transformation of the enterprise's transport and logistics system.

Effect of insolation heating of roof coverings on their performance reliability

Introduction. The article addresses the issues of ensuring the performance reliability of warm roofs in terms of condensation moisture accumulating in their structures, which causes leaks on the upper floors of buildings. Such problems are often revealed when buildings are inspected during repair and reconstruction works. Leaks in the ceilings of buildings with warm roofs were detected in dry, sunny weather with significant heating of the roof covering due to solar radiation.Aim. To examine the effect of the insolation heating of a roof covering on the formation of condensate in the warm roof of a building in summer, taking into account its design solution.Materials and methods. Materials are presented on inspection of buildings in the Moscow region for repair and reconstruction needs; they reveal the problem of leak formation in the warm roofs of buildings on dry, sunny summer days. The process of moisture transfer through the exterior covering was analyzed through analytical calculations using the roof design solution in the considered structure as an example.Results. The calculation of moisture transfer yielded vapor transmission resistance, conventional true and maximum partial pressures of water vapor, as well as temperatures at the layer boundaries in the studied structures. Changes in these parameters across the thickness of structures were revealed via a graphical method, which showed where the dew point indicating possible condensation in the covering is formed. For a comparative analysis, moisture transfer was calculated for a similar design in which mineral wool insulation was replaced by extruded polystyrene.Conclusions. 1. The calculations of moisture transfer in the examined covering designs confirmed the formation of condensate due to the insolation heating of the roof in summer. 2. The choice of a covering design solution in the design of buildings should be based on accurate heat and moisture calculations taking into account climatic conditions in the construction area, including for the summer season.

Design and Characterization of Hallow Porous Floating Microspheres of Favipiravir

The present investigation deals with the design and characterization of favipiravir floating microspheres for gastro retentive drug delivery system by employing 3² factorial design and also to investigate the main effects of different independent variables on microspheres that float. The emulsion solvent diffusion method was used to manufacture floating microspheres with Eudragit S 100 as the polymer. These microspheres will extend the release of the medicine, reducing the frequency of administration and the harmful effects caused by fluctuations in plasma concentration with conventional dosage forms. The main effect of independent variables like polymer Eudragit S 100 concentrations (50, 100, 150 mg) and stirring time (1, 2 and 3 hours) on the performance of microspheres. Formulated microspheres were characterized for responses including drug release, particle size, and entrapment efficiency and floating time. Based on the results of the responses, the optimized composition was arrived using the response surface method graphical and numerical optimization method using design of experiments (DoE) software. Then, the optimized formulation (OFES) was prepared and evaluated for the four responses compared with predicted values to find the validity of the selected model. The optimized formulation was further analyzed for drug-excipient compatibility by fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and also analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Further zeta potential and micrometric properties were also observed. The results for the formulation FES 1 to 9 found were, that particles size ranged from 0.192 to 0.277 μm, entrapment efficiency ranged from 68.65 ± 1.9 to 76.25 ± 3.2%, percentage drug release range was from 89.25 ± 0.24 to 93.68 ± 0 .25%, and floating time range was from 12 to 23 hours. As per the design, OFES an optimized formulation fitted with the concentration of Eudragit S 100 of 139.1 mg and stirring time of 1-hour. Regarding the kinetic release, the responses were best fitted with Higuchi model of R² value of 0.9795 with kinetic mechanism of non-fickian diffusion with R² value of 0.9499, indicating good linearity. The combination of different variables and their effects on responses were investigated well using factorial design, and an optimized formulation was developed for favipiravir.

PECULIARITIES OF INNOVATION MANAGEMENT AT RTE

The purpose of the article is to identify the peculiarities of managing the innovation activity of an enterprise, as well as to determine the sources of information necessary for assessing the innovation activity of a road transport enterprise. The methodological basis of this article is the scientific works of prominent scholars and materials of periodicals. In the course of the study, the article uses the method of logical analysis to substantiate and determine the main prerequisites for innovation activity. The method of system analysis was used to assess the effectiveness of innovation activities. The article also uses a graphical method to present a classification of sources of information on the analysis of innovation activities of enterprises. An initiative in the field of innovation at any enterprise is always aimed at generating and attracting innovative ideas from the external environment in order to increase competitiveness, strengthen market positions and ensure development prospects. However, different enterprises have significant differences in their ability to attract innovations, which is mainly due to resource constraints. Certain features and the system of innovation management at motor transport enterprises are not equivalent to the management system of the enterprise as a whole. It includes certain functions and actions related to the selection, initiation and implementation of relevant innovation processes at the enterprise. These processes will contribute to the creation of significant competitive advantages under existing resource constraints and ensure proper economic return on resources. Evaluating the results of the study, it can be argued that the management of innovation activity is a key element of its high-quality, long-term and efficient functioning. However, innovation activity, like any other, requires appropriate management through a mechanism that should be part of the overall strategic management mechanism of the enterprise. Information for further analysis of innovation activities and minimization of investment risks has a decisive impact on the quality of the final data of the motor transport enterprise. A qualitative analysis of the level of technical and technological development of the enterprise serves as an information base for determining the directions of investment in the modernization processes of the road transport enterprise.

Free vibrations of variablesection beams taking rotational and frictional forces into account

Introduction. Beams are widely used in the construction industry as load-bearing structures of bridges, overpasses, coverings, slabs, stairs, equipment platforms, etc. In order to fully utilize the bearing capacity of such structures and to reduce the rate of material consumption, beams of variable cross-section along the length can be used. During operation, such structural elements are subjected to various types of vibrations, which determines the relevance of studying various aspects of vibrational motion.Aim. To apply numerical methods for studying the influence of rotational inertial forces in the presence of viscous frictional forces on free vibrations of variable-section beams. This area of research presents interest, since the calculations are directly related to the determination of frequencies and forms of natural vibrations of structures.Materials and methods. Free vibrations were described by a homogeneous partial differential equation of hyperbolic type. The methods of variable separation and finite differences were used. A discrete domain in the form of a set of uniform grid nodes and a homogeneous system of algebraic equations were introduced. The system of equations in the matrix-vector form was used.Results. The spectra of natural frequencies, damping coefficients, and eigenforms of beam vibrations are determined. It is shown that the coefficient matrix has a banded and pentadiagonal form. The matrix elements are functions of the characteristic index. The damping coefficient and the frequency of free vibrations are determined from a system of two nonlinear equations. The solution of the system of equations is found using the method of coordinate descent. An example of calculation of a welded I-beam is considered. Five elements of the spectra of damping coefficients and natural frequencies are calculated.Conclusions. State-of-the-art MATLAB solvers allows numerical and graphical methods to be combined. In the solved examples, the advantages of these methods were successfully applied to determine the eigenvalues of matrices and eigenfunctions. The high validity and accuracy of the results obtained confirm the simplicity and versatility of the methodology for determining the characteristics of free vibrations of beams of variable cross-section.

Leasing in Russian agricultural economy: current stage of development

The purpose of the study is to analyze leasing sustainable development as the main investment mechanism of the Russian agrarian sector technical re-equipment. The author uses general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, economic and statistical methods, graphical methods, etc.). The current state of the domestic agrarian sector technical equipment, the development of agricultural machinery leasing market development, issues and prospects for the use of agrarian leasing at the present stage have been considered. Considering the current situation in the domestic market, decreased prices for agricultural products and outstripping growth of prices for equipment, domestic agricultural producers need systemic state support to maintain the machinery and tractor fleet renewal pace. In conditions of agricultural machinery and investment resources for its reproduction deficit, leasing is one of the effective tools in solving the technical potential of the agricultural sector technical potential strengthening issues. The main promising areas of leasing mechanisms application, contributing to technical re-equipment acceleration in the agricultural sector have been proposed (sustainable development projects, national “green taxonomy”, “green” bonds; agricultural machinery market digitalization development; use of leasing mechanisms for the machinery and technology complexes development as a modern form of joint machinery use in agriculture). The proposed areas will ensure systemic development and acceleration of Russian agrarian sector technical re-equipment.

SIMULATION OF THE COOLING PROCESS OF RAILWAYS UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS

SIMULATION OF THE COOLING PROCESS OF RAILWAYS UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS

EU Cooperation Programmes for Central Asia: New Challenges and Responses

This article aims to analyse EU cooperation programmes for Central Asia, placing emphasis on the importance of cross-regional cooperation in creating a favourable environment for business development and foreign investment, aligning those cooperation programmes with the UN Sustainable development agenda and the implementation of the universal Sustainable Development goals. The author highlights regional and local social and institutional characteristics focusing on EU-Central Asia cooperation. The article assesses the importance of cross-regional cooperation in creating a favourable environment for both business development and foreign investment, and provides analysis on EU-Kazakhstan cooperation. The author applies the monographic method, as well as the graphical method, secondary data analysis, and the qualitative method in the form of an expert interview. The author concludes that the relationship between the European Union and Central Asia is of global significance and their ties are likely to increase in strength in the future bearing in mind, notably, Russia’s and China’s interest in retaining Central Asian countries within their own sphere of political and economic influence. The author puts forward proposals that additional EU multidimension external programmes are paramount for the EU’s and Central Asia’s productive relations.

Simulation Modeling Using Markovian Decision Theory on Cash Flow Analysis of Central Bank of Nigeria

This research aims to investigate the cash flow analysis of the Central Bank of Nigeria using Markovian decision theory. The specific objectives include determining the (i) cash flow solvency ratio, (ii) cash flow adequacy ratio, (iii) sufficiency ratio, (iv) cash flow profitability ratio, and (v) estimating the optimal policy of cash flow ratios performance in CBN. The identified problems are the effects of (i) insolvency, (ii) inadequacy, (iii) insufficiency, and (v) Unprofitability on Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) cash flows performance.The methodology involves a research design tailored toward collecting, arranging, and determining cash flow data for model prediction and optimization. The Markov chain is introduced as an operator to evaluate the distribution of cash flow ratios in the long term, using initial state vectors and state transition probabilities for forecasting behavior. Data validation is performed using graphical and Pearson moment correlation coefficient methods. The pre-model analysis of CBN cash flows problem during the period of January 2012 to December 2017 identifies six finite current states. State-2012 cash flows performance was exceptional (above the zero line), reflecting 100%, while State-2013 and 2015 reflect 75%, and State-2014, 2016 & 2017 reflect 50% healthy cash flows status. The model results introduce the Markovian Cash Flow Ratios Monitoring Curve (MCFRMC), specifying the minimum values for healthy status. The research explores the present status of cash flow ratios, presenting forecasted ratios in the form of an optimum policy or solution. Pearson moment correlation coefficient validation of the prototype and model results in a coefficient of 1.0, indicating a 100% higher performance of the model. Further research reveals strategic cash inflows policy allocation to the cash flows indicators, with (i) operational activity receiving 24%, (ii) investment active e

1D manipulator with vibration impact drive, based on which it is possible to create orthogonal manipulators and robots of any dimension

Manipulator of the investigated type may move according to a straight line. It has an advantage in the fact that by choosing geometrical parameters of the manipulator it is possible to achieve its effective operation. This is presented by using analytical and graphical methods. The performed research shows that manipulators with vibration impact drives have some positive qualities. In their structure it is not necessary to include the self-stopping mechanism. In the conservative case of the system static position of equilibrium of the impact pair can be with negative, zero or positive tightening. In the case of zero tightening eigenfrequency and period of the system does not depend on the quantity of motion of impact excitation. In the case of harmonic forced excitation resonant motions take place in the vicinity of the eigenfrequency of the conservative system with zero tightening. Analytical – numerical calculations contribute to the creation of manipulators and robots with vibration impact drives.

Microscopic characteristics and sources of atmospheric dustfall in open-pit mining coal resource-based city in the arid desert area of Northwest China

Atmospheric dustfall is solid air pollutant, has a major impact on the environment and human health. The objective of this study was to investigate the microscopic characteristics and sources of atmospheric dustfall in open-pit mining coal resource-based city in the arid desert area of Northwest China. The characteristics of size and shape factors, variation of shape factors with size distribution, types of individual particles, and sources of atmospheric dustfall, which were collected in the open-pit mining area and surrounding areas, were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM–EDS) combined with graphical method and shape factors. The results showed that the atmospheric dustfall in all functional areas was dominated by coarse-grained particles. The shape of the atmospheric dustfall deviated from spherical shape, and with decreasing particle size, the difference in shape factors increased in each functional area. The EDS and XRD analyses indicated the presence of 13 types of particles. The sources were mainly local and included soil dust from each functional area; industrial dust, construction dust, biogenic impurities, fossil fuel combustion, wear products of motor vehicle parts, motor vehicle exhaust emissions, and emission and excreta from biological activities in each functional area except the desert area; emissions from a steel plant in the industrial area; coal-associated ore, coal dust, coal gangue emissions, and emissions from the spontaneous combustion of coal gangue in the open-pit mining area; secondary chemical crystallization products in the industrial area and the open-pit mining area; dust generated by vehicles abrading the surface of the off-mine coal road and in the open-pit mining area.

Some Notes on Linear Programming Problems

The paper considers such problems of linear programming as the problem of using raw materials, the problem of composing a diet. The basic definitions, theorems, algorithm and solution of the linear programming problem by the graphical method are given.

SLABS: An improved probabilistic method to assess the avalanche risk on backcountry ski tours

The main danger to which backcountry skiers are exposed are dry slab avalanches triggered by skiers themselves. In this paper we present a new probabilistic method to assess the avalanche risk when planning a ski tour: SLABS (Screening the Likelihood of Avalanches on Backcountry Ski tours). The SLABS method is the first fully statistically derived probabilistic method for backcountry skiing. We used a data set with GPS (Global Positioning System) tracks of backcountry ski tours (57.8 thousand km) and a data set of 1250 accidents recorded in Switzerland during the last 20 winter seasons. A GAM (Generalised Additive Model) with binomial link discriminating between accidents and non-accidents was fitted to these data. As predictors the model uses a non-linear relation with the slope angle, and a linear relation with the danger level, the elevation and the aspect. Conditions with elevated and high risk were defined such that the accident prevention rate is 80% and 60%, respectively. A comparison of the SLABS method with the Graphical Reduction Method (GRM), the Professional Reduction Method (PRM) and the Quantitative Reduction Method (QRM) shows that it offers more freedom of movement for a given accident prevention rate. It is the first time that probabilistic methods are compared in terms of their trade-off between accident prevention and freedom of movement. Because the SLABS method is not suited for mental arithmetic it is implemented in the website www.skitourenguru.ch. This website evaluates on a daily basis the avalanche risk along thousands of backcountry tours throughout the Alps to help skiers plan their next tour. For a single slope the risk assessment of SLABS provides a starting point that has to be supplemented with local observations.

A unified analytical disk cam profile generation methodology using the Instantaneous Center of Rotation for educational purpose

Cam design is a fundamental part of the Mechanism and Machine Theory (MMT) and is included in the vast majority of MMT books. Cam profile design is usually determined with graphical and analytical methods. Graphical methods are didactically very successful to introduce the theory of cam profile generation in a simple way. In turn, analytical methods allow computer implementations of cam profile generation in order to reproduce it accurately. Most modern MMT books describe analytical methods using geometric equations and envelope theory. However, the analytical profile definition depends on the specific type of follower and there is a lack of a general formulation. This work presents a unified and general analytical formulation for the disk cam profile determination. Based on the Instantaneous Center of Rotation and the kinematic inversion, the formulation provides analytical expressions of the cam profile and is applicable to any type of follower. Thus, the unified formulation can be used in forthcoming books on this discipline.

Utility of in-session assessments during cognitive behavioral therapy for depression after traumatic brain injury: Results from arandomized controlled trial.

The development of depression after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be used to treat post-TBI depression, but the symptoms response is poorly described. This secondary analysis assessed: (1) the trajectory of depression symptoms up to 12 sessions of CBT, (2) which depressive symptom clusters were responsive to in-person and phone CBT, and (3) whether interim depression thresholds predict 16-week treatment response. This secondary analysis of the IRB-approved Life Improvement Following Traumatic Brain Injury trial included 100 adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) within ten years of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury from throughout the US. We used a combination of descriptive, graphical, and diagnostic accuracy methods. Cardinal and cognitive-affective symptom clusters improved most from CBT over 16 weeks. At 8 and 16 weeks, the most responsive individual symptoms were anhedonia, depressed mood, and fatigue; the least responsive were sleep and appetite. PHQ-9 thresholds with a Negative Predictive Value greater than 0.7 for sessions 6, 7, and 8 were, respectively: >15, >10, and >9. In-person and phone CBT led to similar symptom responses during treatment. Additionally, using PHQ-9 thresholds for predicting intervention response within eight sessions may help identify the need for treatment adjustments.

Experimental activities in view of hydrogen- deuterium equilibrium reaction in dielectric barrier discharge reactor: Effects of plasma treatment parameters and reactor design

Cryogenic distillation (CD) is a crucial process for separating and concentrating tritium in the tritium fuel cycle of fusion reactors. The equilibrator plays a vital role in decomposing HD, DT, and HT to improve the separation efficiency of hydrogen isotopes in CD. As the equilibrium reaction temperature decreases, a larger proportion of HD, HT, and DT decomposes into H2, D2, and T2, which enhances the performance of the equilibrator. While Pt/Al2O3 catalyst exhibits high activity at 303 K in the H2-D2 equilibrium reaction, it is almost inactive at 77 K. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology offers a promising and attractive alternative to conventional catalytic technology. In this study, H2-D2 equilibrium reaction was carried out without catalysts in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor, achieving efficient conversion of HD even at 77 K. In the single-electrode DBD plasma reactor (S-P-Reactor), with an input power of 50 W, the conversion efficiency of HD was found to be 99.5% at 303 K, 99.5% at 273 K, and 99.2% at 77 K. To further optimize the energy efficiency of the S-P-Reactor, the reactor structure was enhanced, leading to the development of a multi-high-voltage DBD reactor (M-P-Reactor). The input power of the M-P-Reactor was reduced by approximately 10 W compared to the S-P-Reactor, while maintaining a conversion efficiency of over 95% for HD. The energy density of the reactor was calculated using the Q-V Lissajous graphic method, demonstrating that the M-P-Reactor exhibited superior energy conversion efficiency compared to the S-P-Reactor. Furthermore, the yield of HD was solely determined by the energy density and temperature. At a specific energy density, the yield of HD remained consistent for the same temperature. However, generating HD at lower temperatures required more energy due to the lower reactant activity. These results illustrate the potential application of NTP technology in improving hydrogen isotope separation performance in the cryogenic distillation process for fusion applications.

Determination of Pedestrian LOS for Crosswalks at Intersections - A Case Study in Shivamogga City

The main objective of this research is to identify the variables that affect the level of service (Los) of pedestrians at intersections both (signalized and unsignalized) in shivamogga city. Based on the experiences of the pedestrians at the individual in intersections. A walker’s questionnaire survey was done to gather level of service of pedestrians in terms of protection, comfort, and convenience for every crossing at signalized & unsignalized intersections. Additionally, a video graphic method was employed to scan each crosswalk at the chosen three signalized and two unsignalized intersections. Pedestrian crossing time, pedestrian waiting time, pedestrian holding area, roadway width, and crosswalk surface condition were the key variables taken into account for the construction of the model. For each crossing, a considerable number of pedestrian ratings were collected, these ratings were used as the dependent variables in the analysis. In order to estimate the pedestrian level of service for each intersection's crosswalk, a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis utilizing SPSS software is used to construct a pedestrian Los model.