Graphical Animation Research Articles

The spectroscopic characterization of interstitial oxygen in bulk silicon: A quantum mechanical simulation.

The vibrational Infrared and Raman spectra of six interstitial oxygen defects in silicon containing a Si-O-Si bridge between adjacent Si atoms are obtained from all-electron B3LYP calculations within a supercell scheme, as embodied in the CRYSTAL code. Two series of defects have been considered, starting from the single interstitial defect, O1. The first consists of four defects, O1,n, in which two O1 defects are separated by (n - 1) Si atoms, up to n = 4. The second consists of four defects, On, in which nO1 defects surround a single Si atom, with n = 1-4, where O4 has the same local nearest neighbor structure as α-quartz. For both series of defects, the equilibrium geometries, charge distributions, and band structures are reported and analyzed. The addition of 1-4 oxygen atoms to the perfect lattice generates 3-12 new vibrational modes, which, as a result of the lighter atomic mass of O with respect to Si, are expected to occur at wavenumbers higher than 521 cm-1, the highest frequency of pristine silicon, thereby generating a unique new Raman spectrum. However, only a small subset of these new modes is found in the spectrum. They appear at 1153 cm-1 (O1), at 1049 cm-1 and 1100 cm-1 (O1,2), at 1108 cm-1 (O1,3), at 1130 cm-1 and 1138 cm-1 (O1,4), and 773 cm-1, 1057 cm-1, and 1086 cm-1 (O4), and can be considered "fingerprints" of the respective defects, as they are sufficiently well separated from each other. Graphical animations indicate the nature and intensity of each of the observed modes which are not overtones or combinations.

The Pransky interview: Dr James Kuffner, CEO at Toyota Research Institute Advanced Development, Coinventor of the rapidly, exploring random tree algorithm

PurposeThe following article is a “Q&A interview” conducted by Joanne Pransky of Industrial Robot Journal as a method to impart the combined technological, business and personal experience of a prominent, robotic industry PhD-turned entrepreneur regarding his pioneering efforts of bringing technological inventions to market. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe interviewee is Dr James Kuffner, CEO at Toyota Research Institute Advanced Development (TRI-AD). Kuffner is a proven entrepreneur and inventor in robot and motion planning and cloud robotics. In this interview, Kuffner shares his personal and professional journey from conceptualization to commercial realization.FindingsDr Kuffner received BS, MS and PhD degrees from the Stanford University’s Department of Computer Science Robotics Laboratory. He was a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Tokyo where he worked on software and planning algorithms for humanoid robots. He joined the faculty at Carnegie Mellon University’s Robotics Institute in 2002 where he served until March 2018. Kuffner was a Research Scientist and Engineering Director at Google from 2009 to 2016. In January 2016, he joined TRI where he was appointed the Chief Technology Officer and Area Lead, Cloud Intelligence and is presently an Executive Advisor. He has been CEO of TRI-AD since April of 2018.Originality/valueDr Kuffner is perhaps best known as the co-inventor of the rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) algorithm, which has become a key standard benchmark for robot motion planning. He is also known for introducing the term “Cloud Robotics” in 2010 to describe how network-connected robots could take advantage of distributed computation and data stored in the cloud. Kuffner was part of the initial engineering team that built Google’s self-driving car. He was appointed Head of Google’s Robotics Division in 2014, which he co-founded with Andy Rubin to help realize the original Cloud Robotics concept. Kuffner also co-founded Motion Factory, where he was the Senior Software Engineer and a member of the engineering team to develop C++ based authoring tools for high-level graphic animation and interactive multimedia content. Motion Factory was acquired by SoftImage in 2000. In May 2007, Kuffner founded, and became the Director of Robot Autonomy where he coordinated research and software consulting for industrial and consumer robotics applications. In 2008, he assisted in the iOS development of Jibbigo, the first on-phone, real-time speech recognition, translation and speech synthesis application for the iPhone. Jibbigo was acquired by Facebook in 2013. Kuffner is one of the most highly cited authors in the field of robotics and motion planning, with over 15,000 citations. He has published over 125 technical papers and was issued more than 50 patents related to robotics and computer vision technology.

数字媒体艺术专业线上与线下混合式教学的实践探索——以课程《Flash平面动画设计》为例

数字媒体艺术专业线上与线下混合式教学的实践探索——以课程《Flash平面动画设计》为例

ПСИХОСЕМАНТИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СПРИЙМАННЯ АНІМАЦІЙНОЇ РЕКЛАМИ МОЛОДІЖНОЮ ЦІЛЬОВОЮ АУДИТОРІЄЮ

The article is devoted to the analysis of the results of empirical research of psychosemantic features of perception of animation advertising by the representatives of the youth target audience. Differences in the perception of animation advertising between representatives of three age groups within the youth target audience were established. The authors identified four factors (“Confidence”, “Attractiveness”, “Trust”, “Consumer Activity”), which are manifested in the perception of animation advertising by young teens (12-15 y.o.). At the same time, for аdolescence teens (16-19 y.o.) and youth (20-24 y.o.) there are three factors (“Confidence”, “Attractiveness”, “Consumer activity”), which determine their attitude to animation advertising. The peculiarities of young people's attitude to animation advertising with different types of graphics (2-D, 3-D, combined) and consumer motivation of this target audience are revealed. It has been identified that commercials based on the use of 3-D graphics are evaluated by representatives of the youth audience (of all age groups) most positively and often make them want to buy the products of the advertised brand. Commercials based on the use of 2-D graphics technology attract the most attention of younger teens (12-15 y.o.) and create the appropriate consumer motivation. The commercials created on the basis of the combined graphics are the least interesting to the representatives of the youth target audience. However, the ideas underlying such advertising are the most understandable for youth, and the advertising itself is perceived as relevant and evokes a sense of trust in the product and brand. The connection between the level of emotional intelligence and creativity with the peculiarities of the perception of animation advertising is revealed. Subjects with higher level of emotional intelligence rate animation graphics in advertising more positively than people with low levels of emotional intelligence. Representatives of the youth target audience (all age groups) with high levels of emotional intelligence are most sensitive to animation advertising using 3-D graphics. A similar trend is observed in subjects with a high level of creativity, rate commercials using 3-D graphics higher and perceive it more positively (compared with subjects with lower level of creativity). It is established that young teenagers (12-15 y.o.) with a high level of creativity also positively perceive animation advertising using 2-D graphics technology. Prospects for further research include a more detailed study of the perception of animation advertising with different types of graphics by different age groups, determining the relationship between the perception of animation advertising and the value-semantic sphere of the personality of consumers.

Plurimidialidade no Mundo Digital de Alice Através do Espelho, de Paulo de Moraes

A versão digitalizada de Alice através do espelho (2014), de Paulo de Moraes, é uma mixagem de mídias que se concatenam ou superpõem, em cenas de musical com solos, coros, dança e, particularmente, animação gráfica, que movimenta a ação e fornece cenários. A cenografia utiliza-se de recursos do circo – malabarismos no trapézio, explosões inesperadas, escorregadores e cenários que despencam – e mais, de jogos de luzes e figurinos representativos dos seres do país das maravilhas. A partir do exame dos mecanismos utilizados para envolver a plateia, este artigo analisa o papel da imaginação na criação dos seres estranhos do universo de Carroll, com base no conceito de conceptual blending, proposto por Fauconnier e Turner (2003). Para os autores a imaginação é a mola propulsora da criatividade inerente aos seres humanos e o mecanismo básico na formação do pensamento.

Book Graphics by M.M. Tsekhanovsky. To the 130th Birth Anniversary of the Artist

The purpose of the article is to consider the book design works of the famous graphic artist and animation movie director M.M. Tsekhanovsky (1889—1965), using the complex of bibliological, art historical and historiographic methods, to identify the most characteristic features of his creative method, to reconstruct the important stage of biography of the master, analysing previously unpublished archival materials. Already in the very first illustrative cycles, the artist finds his theme: he gives a clear preference to inanimate heroes, spectacularly and clearly depicts the attributes of modern life, symbols of technological progress. Further, making illustrations to the works of S.Y. Marshak, B.S. Zhitkov, M. Ilyin, he refines his artistry and takes the prominent place among the creators of children’s “manufacturing”, technical, popular science books. He manages to adapt the extremely complex topics to the perception of a child, to fill dry language schemes, drawings or geographical maps with lively, exciting content and vivid imagery. The visual series of such graphic works is not a banal pictorial parallel of the text, its explanation, but it leads an independent party, significantly complements and enriches the content of the book. People appear quite rarely in these graphic series; they are treated very schematically and mechanistically, sometimes they seem to be the creations of the world of things and machines, so close to the artist. However, in the best works of M.M. Tsekhanovsky, and above all, in the illustrations to the famous “Post” by S.Y. Marshak, human images are shown generically, and at the same time individualized, endowed with characteristic, memorable features, clearly inscribed in the plot and rhythmic outline of the dynamic narrative. In the heritage of the master, there are also completely different works, indicating that he could become a remarkable animalist, illustrator of fairy tales or “adult” historical and revolutionary works. However, these sides of his talent were not demanded by the technocratic era of the 1920s. Transition of the artist from book graphics to cartoon animation was in some sense predetermined by the very nature of his talent: M.M. Tsekhanovsky was always interested in the problem of plastic transfer of movement and unification of disparate episodes into a coherent story.

Creation of Virtual Three-Dimensional Animation Using Computer Graphic Technology for Videoscopic Transcervical Upper Mediastinal Esophageal Dissection.

Background: Videoscopic transcervical mediastinal lymphadenectomy has been attempted to reduce thoracotomy-related complications of surgical treatment for esophageal cancer. However, many surgeons would hesitate to attempt this procedure because of the difficulty in understanding the anatomical orientation. In this study, we aimed to create a three-dimensional computer graphic (3D CG) animation and compare it with the real-life operation. Materials and Methods: LightWave 3D® version 7 was used as a rendering software to create the 3D CG. The 3D CG images were superimposed to generate an animation using AfterEffects CC®. Results: The 3D CG animation for videoscopic transcervical upper mediastinal esophageal dissection was successfully created; it dynamically shows the scene, especially the separation between the esophagus and trachea, and enables surgeons to easily understand the anatomical orientation when using transcervical approach. This 3D CG animation was of high quality and similar to the real-life operation. Conclusions: We created a virtual 3D CG animation for the transcervical approach, which will contribute to understanding this procedure for esophageal cancer preoperatively.

Motion Graphic Animation Videos to Improve the Learning Outcomes of Elementary School Students

<p style="text-align:justify">The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the development of motion graphic animation video media in Natural Sciences subjects in Elementary Schools. This study uses a type of Research and Development research with quantitative tests. This study employed the experimental research method involving 27 students in the control group and 27 students in the experimental group. This research was conducted on 5th-grade students in elementary school in 2 different schools. Data collection uses interview methods for preliminary studies, observations and tests to test the effectiveness of animated video media motion graphics. The results of the study showed that there were significant differences between the results of the learning achievement of the experimental group and the control group. As well as motion graphic animation video media, its effectiveness has been tested in improving student achievement, especially the experimental group. Hence, the interactive motion graphic media is effective to be used to improve the students’ knowledge in the science subject of the fifth graders.</p>

LearnPopGen: An R package for population genetic simulation and numerical analysis.

Here, I briefly present a new R package called learnPopGen that has been designed primarily for the purposes of teaching evolutionary biology, population genetics, and evolutionary theory. Functions of the package can be used to conduct simulations and numerical analyses of a wide range of evolutionary phenomena that would typically be covered in advanced undergraduate through graduate‐level curricula in population genetics or evolution. For instance, learnPopGen functions can be used to visualize gene frequency changes through time under multiple deterministic and stochastic processes, to compute and animate the changes in phenotypic trait values or distributions under natural selection, to numerically analyze and graph the outcome of simple game theory models, and to plot coalescence within a population experiencing genetic drift, along with a number of other things. Functions have been designed to be maximally didactic and frequently employ compelling animated visualizations. Furthermore, it is straightforward to export plots and animations from R in the form of flat or animated graphics, or as videos. For maximum flexibility, students working with the package can run functions directly in R; however, instructors may choose to guide students less adept in the R environment to one of various web interfaces that I have built for a number of the functions of the package and that are already available online.

PERANCANGAN VIDEO INFORMASI MENGENAI ASAL-USUL AIR TERJUN SEDUDO NGANJUK DENGAN TEKNIK MOTION GRAPHIC 2D

Air Terjun Sedudo adalah sebuah air terjun dan obyek wisata yang terletak di Desa Ngliman Kecamatan Sawahan, Kabupaten Nganjuk, Jawa Timur. Jaraknya sekitar 30 km arah selatan ibukota kabupaten Nganjuk. Berada pada ketinggian 1.438 meter dpl, ketinggian air terjun ini sekitar 105 meter. Dalam upaya menyajikan informasi kepada masyarakat luas mengenai asal-usul dari air terjun, maka perlu adanya media informasi. Oleh karena itu animasi motion graphic merupakan salah satu alternatif media informasi yang digunakan dengan pertimbangan tampilan visual yang menarik sehingga audiens dapat menyerap informasi yang disampaikan. Dalam menunjang proses penelitian tugas akhir ini diperlukan metode penelitian diantaranya pengumpulan data, analisa serta perancangan konsep Kesimpulan dalam pembuatan animasi asal-usul air terjun sedudo nganjuk ini membutuhkan data serta analisa dengan tujuan agar informasi yang disampaikan dapat diterima dengan baik, dengan konsep kreatif yang tepat, mulai dari informasi data verbal yang disampaikan hingga perancangan ide visual. Dari hasil perhitungan kuesioner jawaban “Ya” sebanyak 82,8 % sedangkan jawaban “Tidak” sebanyak 16,2%, maka dapat disimpulkan berdasarkan kategori kelayakan media informasi ini sangat layak untuk di publikasikan sebagai video infromasi.

Multimedia e-Learning and Self-Regulated Science Learning: a Study of Primary School Learners’ Experiences and Perceptions

Multimedia-supported e-learning is considered useful as it can offer an enjoyable independent learning experience to learners. However, the effectiveness of e-learning for self-regulated science learning is still inconclusive. This study aimed to explore primary school students’ perceptions and experiences of self-regulated science learning in a multimedia-supported e-learning environment. A total of 11 classes from grades 3 to 6 from four Hong Kong schools participated in this study. All e-learning lessons were observed, and 33 (3 from each class) were interviewed using cognitive walkthroughs of how they made use of the multimedia resources and system tools, scaffolds, or prompts to direct their own learning in each of the three self-regulated learning phases (forethought, performance, and reflection). Results revealed that the combined use of the discussion forum and statistics table seemed to facilitate the students’ diagnosis of their prior knowledge of natural phenomena in the forethought phase. In the performance phase, the students mostly enjoyed learning with the graphic data, animations, and/or simulation experiments. Some perceived the prompts or tools from the e-learning system as useful for operation and science learning. In the reflection phase, the students self-assessed their learning using quizzes with emoticons as positive feedback which seemed to increase their enthusiasm for learning science. However, not all students were able to effectively use the system tools or prompts, to keep focused self-discipline, or to achieve deeper science learning without the teacher’s guidance. Hence, this study suggests providing more opportunities for students’ exposure to e-learning resources, while at the same time assisting them in the use of digital tools or resources, in adjusting their learning strategies, and in internalizing scientific ideas and inquiry processes so as to ensure more effective self-regulated science learning.

Tsunami hazard mitigation.

The effect of giant tsunamis such as the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 and the Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami in 2011 has been devastating. In this study, a numerical simulation of the tsunami has been developed to estimate the physical characteristics of tsunamis and their effect on human society. Several laws and equations have been introduced for the simulation of tsunami propagation in the ocean, tsunami refraction, and tsunami run-up on land under a stable computational condition with acceptable accuracy. Our proposed method has been accepted as the world standard since 1997 and has been widely distributed to many countries through UNESCO.1) Computer graphic animations prepared by using the results of numerical simulation have been effectively used in public education and to increase the understanding of behaviors of the tsunami on the earth. When the numerical prediction of tsunami becomes possible with sufficient accuracy, then their results can be used to predict future damages and prevent the occurrence of a disaster. Data in the past were collected and expressed in terms of a newly introduced tsunami intensity which is related to the locally observed tsunami heights.

Impact of Using Graphic Motion Animation in Learning Physics in Kenyan Public Secondary Schools

This project sought to show the impact of the use of graphic motion animation have in learning of Physics in Kenyan Secondary Schools. Learning materials by use of graphic motion animation which were assembled from different sources. According to Indian J. Sci. Res. 7 (1) : 820-824, 2014; influential factors of graphic motion and visual play a great role in effectiveness of this animations.A review of relevant literature revealed that among the different kind of animations, graphic motions are used more than any other is in science teaching. The key advantages been, they do not lose real life information required for learning, aligning them with curriculum is easy unlike others that require aspects that are more technical and that no expertise in programming technology is required.In the research experiment, the project used form 3 students from four sampled schools. Focus group used graphic motion animation while control group used lecture method and any other kind of animation where possible. The focus groups were able to perform given tasks faster than the control group. The concept taught was inertia. The performance was higher in focus group than the in control group on evaluation. Time was also recorded for the tasks completion, where focus groups saved more time.This implied that graphic animation has greater value addition in teaching Physics in Secondary schools than the rest.

Supervisory system for physical objects spatial location detection

In this paper was proposed the simple concept and realization of the technical system, for physical objects spatial location detection, with optimization methods for low quality hardware. This computer system consists of computers, software applications, video cameras, computer network, active and passive network equipment. The basic idea of the system is the principle of triangulation by the visual images and time data from at least 4 cameras with high number of frames per second. The system then creates photorealistic graphical 3D animation of object trajectory and space, using the calculated spatial location data. Experimental results and a computer simulation of a real system indicated that the proposed concept improves objects spatial location detection and 3D graphics on medium quality technical equipment.

Vectorization of Line Drawings via Polyvector Fields

Image tracing is a foundational component of the workflow in graphic design, engineering, and computer animation, linking hand-drawn concept images to collections of smooth curves needed for geometry processing and editing. Even for clean line drawings, modern algorithms often fail to faithfully vectorize junctions, or points at which curves meet; this produces vector drawings with incorrect connectivity. This subtle issue undermines the practical application of vectorization tools and accounts for hesitance among artists and engineers to use automatic vectorization software. To address this issue, we propose a novel image vectorization method based on state-of-the-art mathematical algorithms for frame field processing. Our algorithm is tailored specifically to disambiguate junctions without sacrificing quality.

High-Performance Graphics with DirectX in Racket

Parallel processing is ubiquitous with modern computer systems. This has been supported by two major hardware advances: on the one hand, computer CPUs nowadays include several processing cores, even mobile devices CPUs. On the other hand, the adoption of parallel processing has been bolstered in recent years thanks to the parallel processing capacities of graphics processing units (GPUs). General-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU) is one example. Relying on the DirectX 12 framework, we propose in this paper a novel approach to enable parallel processing for graphical rendering on both the CPU and GPU for the popular Racket functional programming language (formerly PLT Scheme), and importantly without compromising the usability and programmer-friendliness of Racket. Our performance evaluations show significant improvements with respect to execution time (x3 speed-up in some cases), CPU utilisation time (reduced by as much as 80% in some scenarios) and the frame rate when using animated graphics.

Flight manoeuvring and safe flight visualization with the aid of wide-ranging scrutiny and automation software

This document guides to an efficient use of FDVCAS system. FDVCAS is a reconstruction, playback, interactive visualization tool, which collects, stores, processes, analyses and present the flight data in high fidelity graphical presentation in 2D and 3D format. It synchronizes and presents in both graphical and synthetic visual form to the extends of analysing the impact of the data on the system in 3D graphic animation. The existing process involves in capturing the data from different input sources and formats, analysing the features of the data monitoring is done manually in offline in a unsynchronized fashion, This is difficult, time consuming and requires highly skilled technical expertise as it is visualized in plain data form. The above standard procedures followed shall be integrated and automated with minimum intelligence to be built, in with the system. In order to analyse the flight data in a coherent way it is required to integrate both 2D and 3D form The proposed concept is the Development of a system with a single solution by providing data display, graphical charts and replay features with a sophisticated graphical user interface, which is super imposed on the outside window imagery. FDVCAS consists of Bypass data acquisition system, Outside Window Imagery (OWI) system with graphical analyser. Bypass data acquisition system receives data from aircraft recorder and transmits the data in engineering format to FDVCAS system. The OWI system has three main modules namely, 3D Visual module, GUI based Graphical analyser and Warning display module. The warnings and the graphical plots are super imposed on the 3D Visual.

Can Slow-Motion Footage of Forehand Strokes Be Used to Immediately Improve Anticipatory Judgments in Tennis?

Slow-motion footage of sports actions is widely used as a visual learning tool in observing the dynamic motor behaviors of athletes. Recent studies on action observation have reported that extending the observation time in slow-motion footage provides benefits of understanding the intention of an opponent’s action, at least when observing rapid movements. As such, the use of slow-motion footage may have the potential to improve the anticipatory judgments of an opponent’s action outcome without training (or feedback). To verify this possibility, we examined the effects of the replay speed of slow-motion footage on the anticipatory judgments of shot directions and recognition of kinematic positions of opponents’ forehand strokes in tennis. Nine skilled and nine novice tennis players were asked to anticipate the direction of their opponent’s shots (left or right) and then attempted to recognize proximal (trunk center) and distal (ball) kinematic positions. Computer graphic animations of forehand strokes were used as visual stimuli, which were presented at four different replay speeds (normal, three-quarter, half, and quarter speeds). We failed to show the immediate effect of the use of slow-motion footage on the anticipatory performance of the skilled and novice players, although the anticipatory performance of the skilled players was superior to that of the novice players. Instead, we found an effect of the use of slow-motion footage in terms of promoting recognition of important kinematic cues (trunk center) for effective anticipation by skilled players. Moreover, no significant correlations were observed between the anticipatory judgments and motion recognition in all experimental conditions. These results suggest that even if the use of slow-motion footage enhances the recognition of key kinematic cues, it may not immediately improve anticipatory judgments in tennis.

GUESSING, MODEL CHECKING AND THEOREM PROVING OF STATE MACHINE PROPERTIES – A CASE STUDY ON QLOCK

It is worth understanding state machines better because various kinds of systems can be formalized as state machines and therefore understanding state machines has something to do with comprehension of systems. Understanding state machines can be interpreted as knowing properties they enjoy and comprehension of systems is interpreted as knowing whether they satisfy requirements. We (mainly the second author) have developed a tool called SMGA that basically takes a finite sequence of states from a state machine and generates a graphical animation of the finite sequence or the state machine. Observing such a graphical animation helps us guess properties of the state machine. We should confirm whether the state machine enjoys the guessed properties because such guessed properties may not be true properties of the state machine. Model checking is one possible technique to do so. If the state machine has a fixed small number of reachable states, model checking is enough. Otherwise, however, it is not. If that is the case, we should use some other techniques to make sure that the system enjoys the guessed properties. Interactive theorem proving is one such technique. The paper reports on a case study in which a mutual exclusion protocol called Qlock is used as an example to exemplify the abovementioned idea or methodology. Keywords: graphical animations of state machines, model checking, theorem proving, invariant properties

Importance of electrode position for the distribution of tumor treating fields (TTFields) in a human brain. Identification of effective layouts through systematic analysis of array positions for multiple tumor locations.

Tumor treating fields (TTFields) is a new modality used for the treatment of glioblastoma. It is based on antineoplastic low-intensity electric fields induced by two pairs of electrode arrays placed on the patient’s scalp. The layout of the arrays greatly impacts the intensity (dose) of TTFields in the pathology. The present study systematically characterizes the impact of array position on the TTFields distribution calculated in a realistic human head model using finite element methods. We investigate systematic rotations of arrays around a central craniocaudal axis of the head and identify optimal layouts for a large range of (nineteen) different frontoparietal tumor positions. In addition, we present comprehensive graphical representations and animations to support the users’ understanding of TTFields. For most tumors, we identified two optimal array positions. These positions varied with the translation of the tumor in the anterior-posterior direction but not in the left-right direction. The two optimal directions were oriented approximately orthogonally and when combining two pairs of orthogonal arrays, equivalent to clinical TTFields therapy, we correspondingly found a single optimum position. In most cases, an oblique layout with the fields oriented at forty-five degrees to the sagittal plane was superior to the commonly used anterior-posterior and left-right combinations of arrays. The oblique configuration may be used as an effective and viable configuration for most frontoparietal tumors. Our results may be applied to assist clinical decision-making in various challenging situations associated with TTFields. This includes situations in which circumstances, such as therapy-induced skin rash, scar tissue or shunt therapy, etc., require layouts alternative to the prescribed. More accurate distributions should, however, be based on patient-specific models. Future work is needed to assess the robustness of the presented results towards variations in conductivity.