Computer-assisted Instruction Program Research Articles

Three Algorithms for Grouping Students: A Bridge Between Personalized Tutoring System Data and Classroom Pedagogy

Computer-assisted instructional programs such as intelligent tutoring systems are often used to support blended learning practices in K-12 education, as they aim to meet individual student needs with personalized instruction. While these systems have been shown to be effective under certain conditions, they can be difficult to integrate into pedagogical practices. In this paper, we introduce three group formation algorithms that leverage learning data from the adaptive intelligent tutoring system ALEKS to support pedagogical and collaborative learning practices with ALEKS. Each grouping method was devised for different use cases, but they all utilize a fine-grained multidimensional view of student ability measured across several hundred skills in an academic course. As such, the grouping algorithms not only identify groups of students, but they also determine what areas of ALEKS content each group should focus on. We then evaluate each of the three methods against two alternative baseline methods, which were chosen for their plausibility of being used in practice—one that groups students randomly and one that groups students based on a unidimensional course score. To evaluate these methods, we establish a set of practical metrics based on what we anticipate teachers would care about in practice. Evaluations were performed by simulating mock groupings of students at different time periods for real ALEKS algebra classes that occurred between 2017 and 2019. We show that each devised method obtains more favorable results on the specified metrics than the alternative methods under each use-case. Moreover, we highlight examples where our methods lead to more nuanced groupings than grouping based on a unidimensional measure of ability.

The Effect of Computer-Assisted Instruction on Piano Education: An Experimental Study with Pre-service Music Teachers

This study investigated the effect of computer assisted teaching practices in piano courses in Department of Music Education of Faculty of Education on students’ success, piano playing skills and to what extent they provided permanent learning. The research was carried out with the pre-test/post-test research design with a control group, one of quasi experimental designs. In the study, the experimental group was provided computer-assisted piano instruction, while the control group received the regular curriculum instruction. There were 7 female and 6 male students in the control group and 6 male and 7 female students in the experimental group. A computer-assisted piano instruction program was developed for the experimental group. Instruction in the experimental and control groups lasted for 10 lessons. Piano Achievement Test and Piano Observation Form were used as data collection tools. Mann Whitney U test was used to test permanent learning and the success and piano skills of the groups. The results of the research show that computer assisted piano instruction applied in the experimental group is more effective than the regular curriculum instruction in increasing students’ course success and permanent learning. However, no significant difference was found between the post-test levels of the experimental and control groups in terms of piano skills.

Headsprout: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Reading is a crucial skill for students to develop, not only as they enter school but also as they continue throughout K-12 education. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is one means of providing supplemental support for students to build the foundational key areas of reading—so they can use reading to learn in later schooling years. One such CAI program that exists in the marketplace is Headsprout, which includes both an Early Reading and Reading Comprehension component. To date, no peer-reviewed studies have conducted a systematic review of the effectiveness of Headsprout on the five key areas of reading in the school setting. The most recent governmental review was completed almost a decade ago. As such, the purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the existing literature base to determine the level of evidence for each component’s effectiveness on each of the key areas of reading and identify existing avenues of future research. Results indicated tentative support for both components in some of the key areas of reading based on effect sizes, though there were a limited number of studies and the methodological rigor of included studies did not always meet What Works Clearinghouse standards. Implications for educators and researchers are discussed.

Computer Assisted Instruction to Teach Academic Content to Students With Intellectual Disability: A Review of the Literature.

Special educators are relying more heavily on computer assisted instruction (CAI) programs to teach academic content to students with intellectual disability (ID) than ever before. Research in this area is growing; however, no formal review of the literature has been conducted to examine the efficacy of using CAI to teach academic content to students with ID. This review explores the nature of academic content taught to students with ID using CAI, the CAI programs used to provide instruction, research methodology, and student learning outcomes associated with CAI. We also address gaps in the research while making suggestions for focusing future efforts to keep pace with changes in technology and the increasing implementation of CAI in special education classrooms.

Improving the Fraction Word Problem Solving of Students With Mathematics Learning Disabilities

Students with mathematics learning disabilities (MLD) have a weak understanding of fraction concepts and skills, which are foundations of algebra. Such students might benefit from computer-assisted instruction that utilizes evidence-based instructional components (cognitive strategies, feedback, virtual manipulatives). As a pilot study using a multiple baseline design, with multiple probes, this study investigated the effects of Fun Fraction, a multi-component computer-assisted instructional program, on word problem solving with fractions abilities of three middle school students with MLD. Mixed findings were observed on word problem solving performance from the baseline to intervention phase after students received instruction through Fun Fraction. The percentage of non-overlapping data ranged from 56% through 100%. Limitations, suggestions for future research, and educational implications are discussed.

Building Vocabulary of English Learners With Reading Disabilities Through Computer-Assisted Morphology Instruction

Many educators in public schools in the United States experience challenges in meeting the unique needs of the growing population of English learners who must simultaneously attain academic skills while acquiring English language proficiency. Such unique needs intensify for English learners with reading disabilities. Morphological awareness is key to vocabulary knowledge, which is an essential area of literacy instruction. This article provides justification for the use of explicit morphology instruction and offers a structure for developing a computer-assisted morphology instructional program to increase morphological awareness and vocabulary knowledge of English learners with reading disabilities.

Programming for Generalization of Oral Reading Fluency Using Computer-Assisted Instruction and Changing Fluency Criteria

This study examined the effectiveness of a supplemental repeated reading intervention delivered through a computer-assisted instruction (CAI) program on the oral reading fluency (ORF), comprehension, and generalization of second graders who were at risk for reading failure. Six students received the Read Naturally Software Edition (RNSE) treatment passages three to four times a week for 7 to 12 weeks. A multiple baseline across participants design with embedded changing criteria tactics revealed ORF increases for all six participants. AIMSweb stories and classroom reading materials were used to assess clinical and classroom generalization. Five of the six participants increased their ORF on both generalization measures. Comprehension assessments revealed mixed results. Implications for urban students, generalization, limitations, and future research are discussed.

The Impact of Pedagogical Agent on Learners’ Motivation and Academic Success1

Abstract Pedagogical agent is generally described as educational programs that guide, motivate learners while encouraging them during learning by providing feedback. The tasks (informative, guiding, or friend, etc.) and types (human-like, cartoon character, audio, text, etc.) of these modules can be classified based on various variables. Although computer-assisted instruction software is commonly used as a teaching material, research on modules integrated on such programs is scarce. Studies in the field have revealed that such computer-assisted instruction programs increase motivation of learners. In order to keep motivation levels high, these programs need to be adopted depending on the individual needs. Therefore, it can be beneficial to integrate software designed that can be personalized. In this respect, the present study was conducted with secondary school students to identify the impact of pedagogical agent on learners’ academic success and motivation. For the purpose of the study, four groups were formed. The first group received education via fixed pedagogical agent, the second group had the option to choose among several pedagogical agents, the third group received the education without pedagogical agent and finally the last group received the same education through traditional (non-computer) way. This four-week program was introduced to students via MS Excel program and the data was gathered as pre- and post-test method. The findings have revealed that interfaces impacted motivation and accordingly academic success in a positive way. As a result of the study, it is suggested that learners should be provided programs that can be personalized depending on learners’ needs and preferences.

The Effect of Asynchronous/Synchronous Approaches on English Vocabulary Achievement: A Study of Iranian EFL Learners

The contribution of computer-assisted instructional programs to language learning process has been the focus of researchers for about two decades. However, the effect of synchronous and asynchronous computer-assisted approaches of language teaching on improving L2 vocabulary has been scarcely investigated. This study explored whether synchronous, asynchronous, and integrated approaches had any significant impact on vocabulary achievement of Iranian EFL learners in an intensive reading program. The participants were 120 students, majoring in English Teaching and Translation Studies at Islamic Azad University of Abadan. The participants were at intermediate level of language proficiency. They took a vocabulary pretest and posttest before and after the treatment. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the traditional approach and the other three approaches. That is, computer-assisted teaching approaches significantly influenced EFL learners’ vocabulary learning. The findings also manifested that integrated approach exerted significant influence on improving L2 vocabulary achievement of language learners. The findings implied that language learners, who were thought under computer-assisted approaches, had more autonomy and self-efficacy and showed more intrinsic motivation to learn the target language than the learners who were taught under traditional approach. Thus, computer-assisted approaches can help language teachers create more fruitful learning atmosphere to reduce distressful factors and accelerate learning process.

PENGEMBANGAN Computer Assisted Instruction MODEL TUTORIAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEPEKAAN ANAK TERHADAP ALAM SEKITAR

This study aimed to develop a Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) with tutorial model, in shaping students’ sensitivity to the surrounding environment on the local content of Environmental Education which was developed to improve students’ attitudes toward the environment. If the goal of EE is concerned with changes in the attitudes, the Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) Model Tutorial contains learning that can be taken to expose students to environmental problems that exist, then proceed with value clarification, the students are given the opportunity to assess the conditions, make a choice of available solution alternatives and determine the trouble shooting steps that are reinforced by increasing the sample by the CAI program. Therefore, its use is expected to counter environmental issues, particularly fundamental change of students’attitudes toward the environment. This study used employed the research and development method with evaluative models, and experimental research method that is used to produce a particular product in this case Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI).

Teacher Use of Computer-Assisted Instruction for Young Inattentive Students: Implications for Implementation and Teacher Preparation

Teacher preparation and training appear limited in the area of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) as well as more general instruction and management for students with disabilities including those with attention problems. Research suggests that CAI is a promising intervention for young inattentive students, with several inherent advantages; however, there are a number of implementation challenges that may interfere with more extensive and effective use in the classroom. Lessons learned from a recent randomized controlled trial of a CAI intervention highlight some of these challenges and suggest strategies for addressing them. Implications for instruction are discussed with regard to selection of appropriate CAI programs, integration into the classroom, and strengthening teachers’ more general management skills for inattentive students. Recommendations for pre-service training and professional development in CAI are provided.

Rancang Bangun Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Dalam Mata Pelajaran Fisika Sekolah Menengah Atas

Strategy of using of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) as learning media is needed for solving problems that rise in learning process. Good learning packaging give positive effect in improving human potency. CAI as learning media based on computer microprocessor is built as complement and support learning method that usually use lecturing method, information discussion, and presentation. The goal of this research is design and build interactive learning media CAI by multimedia technology. Result of this research is CAI visualisation by tutorial model and simulation as physics learning media by computer for senior high school students, XI Grade. This research involve a number of 8 teachers and 90 student XI Grade as respondents. Respondents questionnaire result show that 91.11% of students state that CAI product is qualified, 75.11% of students state that material presentation are qualified, 95.11% of students state that CAI program can increase study motivation. Keywords : Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI); Learning Media; Multimedia; Physics.

Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction for Struggling Elementary Readers With Disabilities

Despite a lack of conclusive evidence, many researchers in the field view computer-assisted instruction (CAI) as an opportunity for improved instruction for students with disabilities. This study examined the effects of a CAI program, Lexia Strategies for Older Students (SOS)™ on the word recognition skills of four, upper elementary students with mild disabilities. This study used a multiple-probe design across three targeted reading skill conditions per student. Findings revealed that some students were able to meet mastery of basic word reading skills with Lexia SOS alone, while others needed additional direct instruction. Student perceptions of Lexia SOS were positive. Results have particular implications for instruction in classrooms beyond the primary grades (K-3) when the focus of the curriculum shifts away from basic decoding instruction. Directions for future research are discussed.

A Novel Method to Characterize User Sessions of Educational Software

Software applications destined for the educational environment have a long history and have evolved side by side with the progress of technology from simple computer assisted instruction programs to sophisticated eLearning platforms. A study that we have conducted on a sample of 395 children aged 6 through 12, coming from both the rural and the urban environments, shows that an increasing number of children use computer related technologies. Given their exposure to these technologies it is imperative that the educational applications be designed in a way that takes into account the children's abilities, interests and the demands for their development. We have proposed a 5-dimensional model that uses Markov chains in order to model user emotions and how the user learnt from educational software. Using this model allows us to classify the different user sessions from the point of view of the pages browsed and the efficiency with which the application relays information to the user. To validate the model we conducted a study on an educational application. It showed that the proposed model is valid, allowing t he classification of the user sessions.

The Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction using Kurzweil 3000 on Sight Word Acquisition for Students with Mild Disabilities

This study was designed to examine the effects of a computer-assisted instruction program on the acquisition of sight words for four African American fourth graders with mild disabilities (i.e., learning disabilities, mild intellectual disabilities, and ADHD). Computer-assisted instruction using the Kurzweil 3000 text to speech program included the following practice activities: typing target sight words, highlighting spoken words on the computer screen, reading and saying sight words into a microphone, and completing a cloze passage. A multiple baseline design across word sets demonstrated that computer practice using Kurzweil 3000 was functionally related to increased sight word recognition. All four students mastered the target sight words within two to seven 20 to 25-minute sessions. Additionally, three students demonstrated maintenance of the sight words they acquired up to four weeks after the computer intervention was discontinued.

Motivational and Learning Effects of Computer-aided Procedures on Students' Reading Comprehension

Reading development and instruction is a pedagogical priority at all academic levels. Historically, in the educational field, numerous efforts have been made to facilitate the complex process of foreign language reading comprehension. More recently, increasing attention has been paid to the use of computers for developing reading comprehension skills and various efforts have been made in this regard. The present study investigates the connection between computer technology and reading comprehension. It relies on the current models of reading which emphasize the interactive nature of reading and constructive nature of comprehension. The study sample consisted of 30 freshman students studying English Language and Literature at Semnan University. Of this total, 15 students were subjected to a computer-assisted instructional program. They filled out a background questionnaire and during ten sessions they read computerized texts provided with comprehension aids (texts, pictures, and sounds). The other 15 students, randomly selected from the group, received no computer training and served as a control group. Both groups took a reading comprehension pre-test and post-test. After the treatment, the experimental group filled out an attitude questionnaire. Both quantitative and qualitative findings of the study are clear indications that the computerized reading contributes to the development of EFL reading skills more significantly than the conventional academic reading method.

Benefits of Computer-Assisted Instruction to Support Reading Acquisition in English Language Learners

Young children who are English language learners (ELLs) face major challenges in learning to read English. This study examined whether computer-assisted instruction (CAI) can be beneficial to ELL kindergartners enrolled in bilingual classes. The CAI programs provided systematic and structured exercises in developing phonological awareness and phonics skills. Comparisons were made between a treatment group given CAI support and a control group receiving the same classroom instruction without structured CAI support. Differences in pretest and posttest scores revealed significantly greater gains for the treatment group compared to the control group. The largest discrepancy between groups occurred in the area of phonological awareness. Significant differences favoring the treatment group were also found in sight word recognition. A subanalysis of low performers in the two groups showed similar outcomes as the full groups. Our findings indicate that ELL students benefit from intensive practice in basic reading skills as provided by CAI support.

A collaborative model for developing and maintaining virtual patients for medical education

There is great interest in using computer-assisted instruction in medical education, but getting computer-assisted instruction materials used broadly is difficult to achieve. We describe a successful model for the development and maintenance of a specific type of computer-assisted instruction – virtual patients – in medical education. The collaborative model's seven key components are described and compared to other models of diffusion of innovation and curriculum development. The collaborative development model that began in one medical discipline is now extended to two additional disciplines, through partnerships with their respective clerkship director organizations. We believe that the ability to achieve broad use of virtual patients, and to transition the programs from successfully relying on grant funding to financially self-sustaining, resulted directly from the collaborative development and maintenance process. This process can be used in other learning environments and for the development of other types of computer-assisted instruction programs.

Efficacy of Computer-Assisted Instruction for the Development of Early Literacy Skills in Young Children

Two studies examined the efficacy of using computer-assisted instruction (CAI) to supplement a phonics-based reading curriculum for preschoolers and kindergartners in an urban public school system. The CAI programs provided exercises in phonological awareness and basic phonics skills. We compared treatment classes using CAI with control classes receiving the same classroom instruction without CAI. For preschoolers, the treatment group made significantly greater gains than controls in phonological awareness. For kindergartners, treatment students with low pretest scores made significantly greater gains than controls, particularly in word reading. Overall, preschoolers and low-performing kindergartners benefited from intensive practice provided by CAI programs.

Multimedia CAI Program for Students With Mathematics Difficulties

This study investigated the effectiveness of Math Explorer at enhancing the word problem-solving skills of students with mathematics difficulties (MD). The study, which had a multiple-probe-across-subjects design, was conducted over 18 weeks. Four students with MD in Grades 2 and 3 participated. All students were able to use the four-step cognitive and three-step metacognitive strategies to solve addition and subtraction word problems and improved their word problem-solving performance on the computer- and paper/pencil-based tests. After the intervention phase, three out of the four students successfully maintained their improved word problem-solving performance levels during the follow-up phase. Implications for teachers and future software programmers are discussed, and directions for future computer-assisted instruction (CAI) research are suggested.